土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的地表径流迁移试验研究

为了探讨农田土壤中重金属的地表径流污染,以含有吸附性溶质重铬酸钾Cr(Ⅵ)的土壤为试验材料,开展了室内模拟降雨试验,以研究土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的地表径流迁移规律.通过对比分析不同试验条件下地表径流中溶解性溶质Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度变化过程,及其在地表径流和地下排水溶液中流失的质量速率过程后发现,溶解性溶质Cr(Ⅵ)流失到地表径流溶液中的质量浓度随时间以乘幂函数形式减小.当试验中地下排水条件越差、土壤初始体积含水率越大、地表最大积水深度越浅时,土壤溶质流失到地表径流中的溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度越高,相应的土壤溶质流失到地表径流中的质量速率越大.当试验中同时有地下排水和地表径流产生时,土壤中溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)流失到地下排水中的质量速率远远大于地表径流,表明土壤中溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)大部分流失在地下排水中.     

模拟降雨条件下土壤溶质迁移规律试验研究

为了研究不同条件下土壤溶质的迁移规律,考虑到在产生地表径流之前存在地表积水的过程,开展了室内模拟降雨试验,通过对比分析不同试验条件下土壤中吸附性溶质总磷TP与溶解性溶质Cl-在地表径流和地下排水溶液中的浓度和流失速率过程,研究了土壤中TP和Cl-的迁移流失规律。试验结果表明:同时存在地表径流与地下排水时,Cl-的地表径流溶质质量分数C_s远小于地下排水溶质质量分数C_g(C_s=0.010%C_g=80.700%和C_s=0.010%C_g=47.580%),总磷TP的C_s均大于C_g(C_s=0.002%C_g=0.001%和C_s=0.014%C_g=0.006%),故吸附性溶质TP主要通过地表径流途径流失,而Cl-表现为以地下排水流失为主,且Cl-比TP在地表径流中的流失速率快。在降雨条件下,土壤初始含水率θ0越低(0.0410.25)、地下排水条件越差(地下排水口高度hd=23cm0cm)、地表积水深度hp越大(5cm2cm)等都将导致土壤溶质在地表径流和地下排水中流失质量分数之和(C_s+C_g)越小(0.023%0.105%、0.71%28.97%和47.592%80.71%),可提高土壤溶质的有效利用程度,该成果可为提高土壤溶质的有效利用率和减轻农业面源污染等方面提供理论支持。     

自然红壤坡地氮素在地表径流-土壤水系统迁移转化规律试验研究

目前对红壤坡地氮素流失的试验研究主要集中在人工土槽装置中监测径流和壤中流氮素,缺乏在野外自然坡情况下氮素在径流-壤中流及土壤中迁移转化过程的整体研究。为了探究天然红壤坡地氮素在地表径流-土壤水系统中的迁移转化规律,在江西水土保持生态科技园开展了3次坡地人工降雨氮素流失试验,对不同坡面及土壤初始条件下人工降雨过程中地表径流、壤中流及土壤水分状况与氮素（硝态氮和铵态氮）浓度进行了监测和分析。结果表明,初始坡面粗糙截流能力强,能减少地表径流产流量,但会导致硝态氮大量渗入土壤,造成硝态氮随土壤水的下移。自然坡地土壤中的大孔隙和土壤空间变异性是导致壤中流的主要原因,壤中流硝态氮浓度显著高于地表径流硝态氮浓度,导致壤中流硝态氮流失占比较高,第一次试验中硝态氮壤中流流失占比超过50%。相比较而言,壤中流与地表径流铵态氮浓度均较小,与铵态氮在土壤中较强的吸附能力有关。历次试验中,土壤硝态氮和铵态氮沿顺坡方向空间变异性较大,随时间变化无一致性规律,除受到坡面水力特征影响外,还受到土壤温度的影响。     

农田地表径流氮素流失特性分析

为了了解不同的灌溉条件下水旱农田地表径流氮素流失特性,开展水旱作物节水与传统灌溉条件下农田地表径流氮素流失试验研究。结果表明,不同作物类型对氮素流失影响显著,旱地铵态氮质量浓度低于水田,而硝态氮则高于水田;灌溉方式对氮素流失有一定的影响,但并不显著。虽然节水灌溉农田地表径流氮素质量浓度较高,但由于排水总量大大减少,所以...     

雨滴动能对红壤地表溶质迁移特性影响试验

以非吸附性溴离子和吸附性磷元素为示踪剂,通过改变针头式降雨器的雨滴降落高度获取不同雨滴动能,并推算其相应的雨滴能量流(Rain droplet energy flux,DE),研究雨滴动能对红壤坡面溶质迁移特征的影响。试验结果表明,初始产流时间、地表土壤含水率、土壤水分入渗深度等均随着DE增大而线性减小;径流总量(Total runoff,TR)与DE呈幂函数递增关系;产沙量(Sediment yield,SY)与DE可用对数函数描述。在不同雨滴动能条件下,径流溴离子浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,土壤溴离子淋溶深度随着雨滴动能增大而减少;径流溶解态磷浓度随产流时间呈线性增大趋势,径流全磷(Total phosphorus,TP)流失总量与DE的关系可用指数函数描述,且径流全磷流失量与径流总量及产沙量高度相关;雨滴动能越大导致表层土壤磷素含量越低。     

不同坡度下紫色土坡耕地径流与氮素流失特征

采用野外径流小区对紫色土丘陵区2013年4次典型降雨产流事件进行了监测,研究了不同坡度下地表径流和壤中流产流及氮素流失特征。结果表明：自然降雨条件下,地表径流与壤中流径流量随坡度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。径流方式对紫色土坡耕地径流氮素质量浓度和排放通量具有明显影响。壤中流中的总氮排放浓度与氮流失通量在不同降雨条件不同坡度下的变化趋势与壤中流径流量的变化一致。在不同坡度下,壤中流中的氮素浓度比地表径流低,但氮排放通量是地表径流的1.15～4.18倍,以壤中流形式形成的氮素损失是紫色土坡地氮素迁移的主要方式。紫色土坡地径流量和径流中流失的氮浓度及通量都存在一个临界坡度值。研究结果可为调控长江上游紫色土丘陵区氮素流失提供参考。     

旱涝急转条件下红壤坡地径流养分流失特征研究

为了研究旱涝急转条件下红壤坡地地表径流、壤中流及其养分流失规律,通过径流小区试验,分析对比在旱涝急转条件下,裸露(CK)、百喜草全园敷盖(T1)和百喜草全园覆盖(T2)措施下红壤坡地地表径流和壤中流产流及总氮、总磷流失特征。结果表明,旱涝急转条件下,地表径流产流过程随着雨强的变化而变化,壤中流产流开始后径流过程与地表径流相似;地表径流和30cm壤中流养分流失呈现先增大后减小最终趋于稳定的趋势,60cm壤中流和105cm壤中流养分质量浓度相对稳定;T2处理对于减少径流养分流失的效果最好,地表径流和壤中流径流量分别为CK的32.89%和45.05%,径流中养分质量浓度也明显降低。     

水田控制排水技术的环境效益初探

稻田排水是南方地区氮磷损失和面源污染的主要途径。农田氮磷通过降雨击溅侵蚀、排水沟坡面和沟底冲刷进入地表径流。控制排水可减少地面排水量和排水中氮磷浓度,尤其是降低径流中氮磷浓度,从而减少稻田氮磷损失。土壤颗粒沉淀、硝化、反硝化反应以及作物吸收是排水中氮磷浓度降低的主要原因。通过控制涝水在稻田和排水沟中的滞留时间,增加排水沟口溢流堰高度,降低径流水力坡度和抉沙能力是控制排水的主要手段。最后提出了稻田控制排水需要进一步研究的问题。     

基于全耦合的地表水土壤水运动与溶质运移数值模拟

为探究降水条件下水分与溶质在地表和土壤中的运动规律，分别采用二维扩散波方程和传统的三维Richards方程描述地面径流和土壤水分运动，选用双层结点法对两者进行耦合，根据达西定律和地表与土壤水中的溶质浓度，计算地面径流和土壤水分的溶质交换量，从而构建地表水土壤水运动与溶质运移全耦合数值模型。选取已发表文献中的物理模型实验进行数值模拟，算例1和算例2中地表径流数值模拟结果和模型实验结果的平均相对误差分别小于14.8%和21.5%，均方根误差分别小于0.147 cm²/s和0.833 cm²/s；算例2中径流硝态氮浓度的数值模拟结果和模型实验结果的平均相对误差小于24.7%，均方根误差小于1.334 mg/L。物理实验和数值模拟所得地表径流量和溶质浓度数据的对比分析验证了模型的合理性和准确度。研究结果可为地表水土壤水水分运动与溶质运移耦合分析提供理论支持。     

农田地表径流总磷流失特性

为了阐明农田地表径流引起的磷流失的过程和特征,在上海市青浦区一试验田采用不同的施肥方式,通过模拟降雨试验研究地表径流不同阶段中总磷流失状况.结果表明,在降雨-径流-土壤系统中,随着稳定强降雨的持续,总磷在径流前期阶段迅速流失而后期阶段流失较慢,前者的流失强度约为后者的3倍;虽然径流前期总磷流失强度大,但由于其持续时间远小于后期阶段,故后期反而有更大的总磷流失量,约为前期的1.5倍.经计算总磷流失量与径流量相关性系数接近于1,可见二者相关性显著,总磷流失量受径流量影响较大.不同施肥方式下总磷流失状况不同,顺着径流方向施肥会使土壤中的磷素更易于流失,其径流中总磷的峰值浓度约为垂直径流方向施肥时的2.5倍.研究结果对有效控制农田磷流失及相应的水体面源污染具有重要的参考意义.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。