鸡蛋金属硫蛋白多肽桑葚汁饮料的研制

以含有金属硫蛋白（MTs）的鸡蛋为主要原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,以感官评价为指标,确定鸡蛋金属硫蛋白多肽桑葚汁饮料最优制备工艺;以感官评价和沉淀率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最优稳定性配方。结果表明,金属硫蛋白多肽桑葚汁饮料最佳配方为MTs多肽水解液添加量10%,桑葚汁添加量25%,白砂糖添加量12%,柠檬酸添加量0.15%,感官评分85.36;稳定性试验得出最佳配方为卡拉胶0.03%,果胶0.10%,黄原胶0.06%,CMC-Na 0.12%,在该条件下制成的饮料沉淀率为17.03%,感官评分为84.9,具有良好的风味。     

Sensory neuropathy in a Jack Russell terrier

A six-year-old male Jack Russell terrier was referred for investigation of an abnormal hindlimb stance and unresolving lesion on the dorsum of the right hindfoot. Clinical examination revealed cutaneous sensory and proprioceptive deficits affecting predominantly the hindlimbs. However, no motor deficits were evident. A sensory abnormality was confirmed by histological examination of a biopsy of a lateral branch of the superficial peroneal nerve, which contained only a single myelinated fibre. The condition was diagnosed as a sensory neuropathy, a disorder previously unrecognised in this breed.     

不同乳酸菌对羊酸奶的感官和质构特性的影响

研究分析不同乳酸菌对羊酸奶感官与质构特性的影响作用,为筛选优良的羊酸奶发酵剂提供依据。使用双歧杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、丁二酮乳链球菌发酵羊奶,对羊酸奶的感官品质、酸度及质构特性进行评定。结果表明,单一菌种发酵,四种菌发酵的羊酸奶的感官评分排序是双歧杆菌〉嗜热链球菌〉保加利亚乳杆菌〉丁二酮乳链球菌,不同乳酸菌发酵羊酸奶的质构特性差异显著,使用双歧杆菌发酵可以获得最佳的质构特性,其发酵的羊酸奶的硬度为34.96g、黏度为802.28g.s、凝聚性为44.65g、粘性指数为137.17g.s、保水力为85.00%;混合发酵剂发酵羊酸奶具有各自不同的感官和质构特性优势,双歧杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵的羊酸奶的硬度和黏度最好,分别达到29.93g和715.09g.s,但风味欠佳;双歧杆菌和丁二酮乳链球菌发酵的羊酸奶的凝聚性、粘性指数和保水力最好,分别达到45.86g、143.49g.s、91.00%,且风味良好。综合感官评价与质构特性,复合菌种双歧杆菌和丁二酮乳链球菌适宜作为羊酸奶的发酵剂。     

Ganglioradiculitis (sensory neuronopathy) in a dog: clinical,morphologic, and immunohistochemical findings

A 9-year-old Labrador Retriever was diagnosed with ganglioradiculitis (sensory neuronopathy). This idiopathic disease of mature dogs is characterized by a profound loss of sensory nerve function due to mononuclear inflammatory infiltration of peripheral ganglia and spinal nerve roots, with destruction of sensory neurons. Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that the infiltrating cells are primarily T lymphocytes and that immunoglobulins are not present on the cell membranes of affected neurons. The pathogenesis of ganglioradiculitis remains unclear, but the evidence points to a cell-mediated immune mechanism.     

Dorsal Decompressive Laminectomy for Treatment of Thoracolumbar Disc Disease in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 98 Cases

This study reviews the records of all dogs that underwent dorsal decompressive laminectomy for thoracolumbar disc disease at the Angell Memorial Animal Hospital during a 2-year period. Findings as to age, breed, sex, and site of disc protrusion did not differ from those published by others. All dogs were operated on within 36 hours of the onset of inability to walk. The overall recovery rate was 80.6%. The recovery rate of dogs that had preoperative sensory perception was 89.5%, but was only 50.0% for those without sensory perception. The most important factor determining recovery rate was the presence or absence of preoperative sensory perception.     

A contribution to the functional morphology of the femoral chordotonal organ in the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera)

The femoral chordotonal organ (FCO) and the subgenual organ (SGO) of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea were examined by conventional light and confocal laser scanning microscopy in order to search for neuroactive substances which are used for neurotransmission in sensory cells of these organs. Antibodies against serotonin, histamine and choline acetyltransferase were tested immunohistochemically. In the FCO, antiserum against serotonin strongly labelled cell bodies and axons of about 16 sensory cells. In the proximal scoloparium all 12 sensory cells showed immunoreaction with antiserotonin. In the distal scoloparium only four of 40 sensory cells were immunoreactive. These results suggest that different neuroactive substances are employed as neurotransmitters in the FCO of the green lacewing and that the proximal scoloparium and the distal scoloparium are functionally differentiated. Contrary to the FCO in the locust, acetylcholine was not found as a neurotransmitter in the FCO of the green lacewing. Additionally, histamine showed a negative result in the sensory cells of the FCO. Other neuroactive substances seem to be used as transmitters in the SGO because none of the tested antibodies showed positive reaction.     

犊牛肉干加工工艺初探

为丰富犊牛肉产品种类,提高产品档次和市场竞争力。以犊牛肉为原料,通过卤制工艺进行产品熟制,采用烘干、炒制、炸制三种后处理方式进行犊牛肉干的生产加工,以感官评价为指标确定最佳后处理方式。结果显示,不同后处理的产品具有不同特色,但是感官评价结果显示炸制产品的感官得分较高。     

The effects of medetomidine on radial nerve blockade with mepivacaine in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensory and motor effects of adding medetomidine to mepivicaine, administered either perineurally or systemically, for radial nerve block in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized cross-over study. ANIMALS: Six healthy Beagles, aged 18.7 +/- 6.3 months and weighing 10.4 +/- 1.3 kg. METHODS: Dogs were anesthetized briefly with sevoflurane on three separate occasions and received each treatment administered in random order: mepivacaine 5 mg kg(-1) perineurally around the radial nerve with saline 0.01 mL kg(-1) intramuscularly (CONTROL); mepivacaine 5 mg kg(-1) and medetomidine 0.01 mg kg(-1) combined, perineurally with saline 0.01 mL kg(-1) intramuscularly (MEDPN); mepivacaine 5 mg kg(-1) perineurally around the radial nerve with medetomidine 0.01 mg kg(-1) intramuscularly (MEDIM). All nerve blocks were performed with the aid of a nerve locator. Motor effects were evaluated based on the ability to bear weight. Sensory effects were evaluated by the response to a graded-electrical stimulus. These were evaluated at 5-minute intervals for the first hour, and at 10-minute intervals thereafter. Mean intervals were calculated as follows: time to motor block onset, duration of motor block, time to peak sensory block, duration of peak sensory block (i.e. period of no response to maximal stimulus intensity), and duration of residual sensory block (i.e. time to return to baseline sensory function). Treatment means were compared using a one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures and, where significant differences were noted, a Student-Newman-Keuls test was applied; p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Medetomidine, administered either systemically or perineurally, significantly prolonged duration of peak motor block, peak sensory block, and residual sensory block compared with CONTROL. CONCLUSION: Medetomidine prolonged sensory and motor blockade after radial nerve block with mepivacaine in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medetomidine may prove to be a useful adjunct to peripheral nerve blockade with local anesthetics.     

Sensory neuropathy in two Border collie puppies

A peripheral sensory neuropathy was diagnosed in two Border collie puppies. Neurological, electrophysiological and histopathological examinations suggested a purely sensory neuropathy with mainly distal involvement. Urinary incontinence was observed in one of the puppies and histological examination of the vagus nerve revealed degenerative changes. An inherited disorder was suspected.     

感官剖面分析法在调制乳感官分析技术中的应用研究

以麦香调制乳的感官剖面分析为例,通过描述词的收集和删减、使用描述词培训感官评价小组、建立感官剖面图来分析说明感官剖面分析法在调制乳的感官分析技术中的应用。通过分析比较说明,感官剖面分析法可以量化感官特征,建立行之有效的感官分析控制体系,为调制乳产品的研发和质量控制提供感官分析技术。     

Location of sympathetic postganglionic and sensory neurons innervating the testis in the male chicken

Sympathetic postganglionic and sensory neurons were labelled by injections of horseradish peroxidase into the testis of the male chicken. The total number of labelled neurons in the paravertebral, prevertebral, dorsal root and nodose ganglia was 943 on average for five chickens. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons were located in the paravertebral ganglia T3-LS3 (10% of the total number of labelled neurons), especially in T6 and T7, and in the prevertebral ganglia adjacent to the adrenal glands and aorta (19%). They were found almost ipsilaterally. No labelled neurons were observed in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Sensory neurons were found bilaterally in the dorsal root ganglia T2-LS3 (71%), especially in T5 to T7. Over a quarter of labelled sensory neurons were located in the contralateral dorsal root ganglia. In the nodose ganglia, only a few labelled sensory neurons were observed (much less than 1%). These results indicate that, unlike the ovary, the testis of the chicken tends to be innervated by ipsilaterally located sympathetic postganglionic and sensory neurons, with the sensory neurons being more numerous than the sympathetic postganglionic neurons.     

A sensory neuropathy affecting Long-haired Dachshund dogs

A sensory neuropathy affecting three Long-haired Dachshunds is described. The clinical signs were similar and include disturbances of proprioception, pain sensation and urinary function. Sensory nerve conduction was absent in one dog. Nerve biopsy showed a severe depletion of myelinated fibres in sensory nerves and widespread unmyelinated fibre pathology. Clinical and pathological evidence suggests that this axonal neuropathy, which is possibly of inherited origin, affects both myelinated and unmyelinated fibres in sensory and autonomic nerve trunks.     

肌苷酸的鲜味评价试验

试验对肌苷酸(IMP)及其与谷氨酸钠(MSG)的协同鲜味呈味作用进行了感官验证。试验结果表明,IMP的鲜味呈味作用显著,肉品IMP含量的差异会对肉品总体风味产生一定作用,作用大小与IMP和MSG等其它风味物的协同作用有关。     

Comparison of androst-16-ene steroid levels determined by a colorimetric assay with boar taint estimated by a trained sensory panel

A group of 17 intact male pigs and 3 gilts ranging in weight from 96 to 260 kg was selected for sensory evaluation of boar taint in loin chops. Samples were evaluated by 10 trained judges using a 10-cm graphic scale for rating off-aroma, off-flavor, pork flavor, softness, tenderness, juiciness, and residual tissue. In addition, a fry test for taint was conducted by four experienced testers on fat samples from all animals. Androst-16-ene steroid levels were measured in salivary gland and fat. Two versions of a colorimetric assay for the androst-16-ene steroids were used, a complete version, in which cholesterol was removed from the tissue extracts using a digitonin-Sepharose affinity column, and a simplified version, which does not include this step. The off-aroma and off-flavor sensory scores showed a good correlation with the androst-16-ene levels in fat and salivary glands and high correlations were obtained between the androst-16-ene steroid levels in fat and salivary glands. The levels of the androst-16-ene steroids in the salivary gland were highly correlated with the levels of estrogen in the blood and to a lesser extent with the levels of testosterone in the blood. Similar correlation coefficients were obtained between salivary gland androst-16-ene steroid levels measured using either the complete or simplified versions of the colorimetric assay and the off-aroma and off-flavor sensory scores. The results of the fry test were variable and no statistically significant correlations were obtained between the fry test results and the off-aroma and off-flavor sensory scores from the trained sensory panel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A sensory perspective of effect of feeds on flavor in meats: poultry meats

Reduction of feed costs is a major concern of poultry producers. However, replacement of components of a corn-soybean diet with a lower-cost alternative requires the assessment not only of poultry performance and carcass characteristics but also of resulting meat quality. A brief overview of research studies, conducted over the past 10 yr, investigating the effects of alternative poultry feedstuffs on poultry meat flavor is presented. The primary focus is on the sensory analysis technique employed in these studies to evaluate flavor. The studies discussed include examinations of poultry diets that contain various levels of rapeseed meal, fishmeal and other feed additives. Diversity of the sensory techniques used illustrates the difficulty of comparing sensory results among studies. This difficulty is emphasized further with an example of how two different sensory sample preparation techniques affected the conclusion drawn from replicate studies of poultry diets supplemented with fishmeal (0, 4, 8 and 12%). One of the replicates was cooked and sampled for sensory analysis; the other was placed in 4 degrees C storage overnight. For the samples tested immediately following cooking, no difference between the treatments was detected. However, when the samples were tested following overnight storage (4 degrees C), chicken flavor decreased (P less than .001) and fish-off flavor increased (P less than .001) as percentage of fish meal in the diet increased.     

Further observations on an intratubercular sensory receptor of Schistosoma mattheei

A structure, presumably a sensory receptor in the nippled tubercles of Schistosoma mattheei, previously observed by scanning electron microscopy, was studied further by light and transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained by differential staining indicate that this structure does, in fact, consist of nervous tissue, and this provides additional evidence to support the sensory receptor hypothesis.     

感官分析技术及其在乳制品中的应用

随着感官分析技术的不断发展和日趋成熟,其在食品领域中的应用越来越广泛和深入。近年来,随着对食品安全的重视以及消费水平的不断提高,感官品质逐渐成为影响产品质量和消费者购买意愿的重要指标。在乳制品行业,有越来越多的感官分析方法及研究导入,为乳制品的发展提供了重要技术支撑。本文主要介绍了感官分析技术的研究进展及常用方法,并对感官分析技术及其在乳制品中的应用进行了综述,对其未来发展进行了展望,为感官分析技术在乳制品中的应用提供理论依据。     

乳制品感官品评的应用研究进展

乳制品感官品评技术日益成熟并受到重视。现代统计学、心理学及人类仿生学等学科的发展推动了乳制品感官品评技术的日渐成熟。本文对乳制品感官品评的定义、方法及感官品评在乳制品中的应用进行综述,并对其应用进行展望,旨在为乳制品的感官评定技术提供理论基础。     

Clinical assessments of increased sensory sensitivity in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture

Dogs with chronic pain have a compromised quality of life. Repeatable and accurate sensory assessments form a means by which the hypersensitivity likely to reflect chronic pain may be quantified. These assessments can be applied to individuals to identify those that may benefit from improved analgesic relief. In this study four sensory assessments were evaluated in dogs presenting with a naturally occurring chronic painful condition (cranial cruciate ligament rupture, CCLR) and were compared with healthy control animals of similar age and weight. Inter-digital von Frey filament and thermal sensitivity tests revealed that the affected hind limb of dogs with CCLR was significantly more sensitive than the opposing limb. Static weight bearing and gait parameter scores were also reduced in the affected hind limb compared to the opposing hind limb of dogs with CCLR; no such differences were found between the hind limbs of healthy (control) dogs. The quantitative sensory tests permitted the differentiation of limbs affected by CCLR from healthy limbs. Dogs presenting with CCLR demonstrate objectively quantitative sensory sensitivities, which may require additional consideration in case management.     

Lateralization in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris): Relationships between structural,motor, and sensory laterality

Several studies have assessed different components of lateralization. To date, the relationships between the 3 measures of laterality, structural, motor, and sensory, have not widely been assessed. Specifically, the relationships between structural (hair whorl characteristics) and motor or sensory lateralization have largely been overlooked. This study investigated the associations between these measures of lateralization in dogs (n = 114), using hair whorl characteristics (structural), the Kong and First-stepping Tests (motor), and the Sensory Jump Test (sensory). Several associations emerged, revealing the first evidence of a relationship between structural asymmetry (both the presence and direction of a hair whorl in various regions of the body) and sensory lateralization. Specifically, the presence of a whorl on the dog’s left side of the head (cephalic) and thorax was associated with a right visual bias. In addition, right visual bias was probable if the ventral mandibular whorl was present in a counter-clockwise direction (P = 0.008). Our data also demonstrated an association between structural and motor laterality (paw preference). Most notably, dogs with clockwise chest whorls were significantly more right-preferent in the First-stepping Test than those with counter-clockwise whorls (P = 0.010). In addition, an association between measures of motor and sensory lateralization also emerged, representing some of the first evidence of such a relationship in nonhuman animals.