竹屑制汽油蒸气吸附和液相脱色的颗粒活性炭研究

竹屑用磷酸活化法制备吸附汽油蒸气和液相脱色的颗粒活性炭。竹屑与磷酸溶液按适当比例混合均匀,在适当温度下塑化,然后经捏和、挤出成型、干燥硬化、炭化、活化、漂洗和烘干等工序制得颗粒活性炭产品。研究了磷酸浓度、酸屑重量比、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭吸附性能的影响。正交试验结果表明较佳的工艺条件为:磷酸浓度85%,酸屑重量比为1.9∶1,活化温度430℃,活化时间90 min。在较佳工艺条件制得活性炭试样的丁烷工作容量为11.95 g·100 m L-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为255 mg·g-1,活性炭试样的BET比表面积和孔容积分别为1 978.95 m2·g-1和1.4907 cm3·g-1。     

KOH活化法制备棉花秸秆活性炭的研究

以棉花秸秆为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭样品,探讨了炭化、活化及后处理过程中各实验条件对活性炭样品性能的影响。综合考虑活性炭样品的性能及得率,得出较优的实验条件为:炭化温度450～500℃、碱炭比值1.0、活化温度800℃、活化时间120 min;在较优条件下制得活性炭的比表面积2 312 m2/g,碘吸附值1 936 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值392 mg/g;孔径分布以微孔为主;表面含有羟基(—OH)、活泼氢(—H)等基团。     

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Cotton Stalk Using Potassium Hydroxide as Activation Agent

以棉花秸秆为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭样品,探讨了炭化、活化及后处理过程中各实验条件对活性炭样品性能的影响.综合考虑活性炭样品的性能及得率,得出较优的实验条件为:炭化温度450～500℃、碱炭比值1.0、活化温度800℃、活化时间120 min;在较优条件下制得活性碳的比表面积2 312m2/g,碘吸附值1 936 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值392 mg,/g;孔径分布以微孔为主;表面含有羟基(-OH)、活泼氢(-H)等基团.     

利用木屑制备油气回收和液相脱色颗粒活性炭的研究

以木屑为原料用不同浓度的磷酸溶液做活化剂制备吸附汽油蒸汽的载体颗粒活性炭和液相脱色用颗粒活性炭。采用正交试验研究了磷酸浓度、磷酸与木屑的重量比、活化温度、活化时间等因素对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为:磷酸浓度85%,磷酸与木屑的质量比1.9:1,活化温度430℃,活化时间90min。在最佳工艺条件制得活性炭试样的丁烷工作容量为12.50 g·100 mL~(-1),亚甲基蓝吸附值为255 mg·g~(-1),活性炭试样的BET比表面积和孔容积分别为2 024.15 m~2·g~(-1)和1.654 3 cm~3·g~(-1)。     

微波辐射磷酸法制备竹材活性炭及表征

以竹屑为原料,采用微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭。讨论了微波功率、活化时间及磷酸质量分数等工艺条件对竹材活性炭吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明,在磷酸质量分数、活化时间和微波功率3个因素中,微波活化时间对活性炭质量指标影响最大,延长时间可以提高其产品的吸附性能;微波辐射磷酸法制备竹材活性炭的较优工艺条件为:微波功率600 W、活化时间16 min、磷酸质量分数50%。在此条件下制得的活性炭的碘吸附值850.6 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值233.8 mg/g、比表面积920.5 m2/g。     

农业成型秸秆制备空气净化用活性炭试验研究

研究了以农业秸秆经压块成型后为原料,采用水蒸气活化法制备活性炭工艺。讨论了炭化温度、炭化时间、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭的得率和吸附性能的影响,得到了最佳工艺条件:炭化温度450℃、炭化时间6h、活化温度850℃、活化时间3h。经后处理去灰分后,制得的活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值达180 mg·g-1。基本能达到木质净水用活性炭标准要求,具有较大的推广应用前景。     

KOH活化制备高比表面积竹活性炭研究

研究了KOH浸渍量、活化温度、活化时间等因素对活性炭收率、微孔结构和吸附性能的影响，结果表明：当碱，竹比为0．7，炭化温度为500℃，炭化时间为1h，活化温度为800℃，活化时间为20min时，所制得的活性炭的微孔比表面积达2492m^2／g、碘吸附值2382mg／g、亚甲基蓝吸附值558mg／g。     

高比表面积竹质活性炭的制备与性能研究

以竹子为原料、磷酸为活化剂,在不同条件下制备竹基活性炭,考察浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间、升温速率等因素对竹质活性炭产品吸附性能的影响,得到亚甲基蓝吸附值最高达200 mL/g、焦糖脱色率最高达120%的高吸附性能竹质活性炭。研究结果表明最佳工艺条件为:浸渍比3∶1(g∶g),活化温度400℃,升温速率10℃/m in,活化时间40 m in。对所制得的竹质活性炭产品进行扫描电镜(SEM)分析、N2吸附分析,结果表明所制得活性炭具有较高的BET比表面积(2 103 m2/g)和发达的孔结构。     

磷酸活化竹节制备醋酸乙烯载体活性炭的研究

以竹节为原料,采用磷酸法制备醋酸乙烯载体活性炭.实验结果表明,随着温度( 325～400℃)、浸渍比值(0.60～0.75)和保温时间(3～6 h)的增加,竹节活性炭的比表面积、微孔容积和醋酸吸附量呈先升后降的趋势,而醋酸锌吸附量呈相反趋势;N2吸附等温线表明,竹节活性炭具有发达的微孔和大孔结构.在较优的工艺条件下:活化温度350℃,保温时间5h和浸渍比值0.65,可制得醋酸吸附量527.5 mg/g,醋酸锌吸附量70 g/L,比表面积999.0 m2/g和微孔容积0.468 cm3/g的活性炭.     

水蒸气活化法制备松籽壳活性炭工艺

研究了水蒸气法活化制备松籽壳活性炭的工艺条件,探讨了炭化温度、活化温度、活化时间和水蒸气用量对活化效果的影响。结果表明最佳工艺条件为:炭化温度500℃、活化温度950℃、活化时间120 min和水蒸气用量为炭化料的1.8倍,制备的活性炭碘值1144 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值171 mL/g,产品得率15.6%。这些指标与木质活性炭相当,且投资少,能耗低,具有良好的社会效益与经济效益。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.