茂兰喀斯特森林不同地形部位木本植物种间联结性分析

选择茂兰国家级喀斯特森林自然保护区内木本植被为研究对象,对区内3种地形(槽谷、坡地、漏斗)中的植被进行群落学调查。通过重要值计算结果在每个地形群落中各选取了42个优势种,运用多物种总体联结性,各物种间联结性、联结系数、共同出现百分率等指数,对不同地形部位群落的种间联结性进行分析。结果表明:1)研究区群落总体呈不显著正联结关系,与种对间联结性特征一致,群落中各种群趋于独立出现,群落处于比较稳定的阶段。2)不同地形部位群落的种间联结性存在一定差异。槽谷、漏斗群落总体呈不显著正联结,正联结种对较多;坡地群落总体呈不显著负联结,负联结和无联结种对较多。3)槽谷、漏斗群落种间联结性较高,群落结构较稳定,坡地群落种间联结性较低,群落结构不稳定。由以上群落种间联结特征推断植物种间松散的联结关系是喀斯特森林物种的共存机制之一,这种共存机制在不同地形部位群落中有不同的表现形式。     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带固沙植被空间分异规律

基于野外调查资料，运用种群生态学数量分析方法，研究民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带固沙植被群落的空间分异规律。结果表明：(1)坝区固沙植被以沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)-沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)-沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)群丛为主，具有超旱生特征；泉山区固沙植被主要是白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)-沙蒿-五星蒿(Bassia dasyphylla)群丛，以沙堆天然灌丛为主；湖区固沙植被以白刺-芦苇(Phragmites australis)-猪毛菜(Salsola collina)群丛为主，以湿生耐盐碱植物种为主。(2)坝区固沙植被群落结构复杂程度最高；泉山区固沙植被群落的物种组成相似性较高。(3)坝区植物种总体上呈现显著正联结关系，泉山区和湖区植物种总体上呈现不显著负联结关系，种间联结性不强；坝区生态位宽度最大的植物种为沙拐枣，泉山区、湖区均为白刺。民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带固沙植被空间分异明显，未来区域植被管理应重视对乡土优势植物种的精准保护和恢复。     

石首麋鹿自然保护区草本植物功能群研究

石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区是世界上最大的麋鹿野生种群栖息地,也是长江中游保存较为完好的一块湿地。本研究以石首麋鹿保护区草本植物群落为研究对象,垂直于故道选取典型样地进行群落学调查。以χ^2检验为基础,结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC来测定草本优势种的种间联结及相关性。根据优势种间的联结性在不同生境中的变化来划分植物功能群。结果表明:以优势种为主体对石首麋鹿保护区草本植物进行功能群划分可行性较高。对12种草本植物优势种共划分了3组植物功能群:“阳性湿生型”、“阳性湿中生型”和“阴性湿中生型”。每组植物功能群都有其特定的优势种和分布区,较好地反映了水、热生态因子与植被的关系。研究石首麋鹿保护区的草本植物功能群,不仅有助于揭示保护区植被格局的变化,同时也可为保护区正在开展的湿地修复工程提供一定的理论依据。     

深圳市主要植被群落类型划分及物种多样性研究

采用组间平均联结法对深圳市主要植被群落进行划分,并应用Gleason丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数对主要植被群落的物种多样性水平进行比较分析。结果表明:深圳市城市森林可以划分为5个群系组和31个群落类型;各群落类型的物种多样性均表现为灌木层>乔木层,常绿阔叶人工林的乔木层和灌木层的生物多样性指数均最低,常绿落叶阔叶人工林乔木层丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度指数均最高,常绿阔叶人工林的乔木层优势种比较明显。     

帽儿山典型森林群落优势种空间分布格局及其关联性

选取帽儿山地区阔叶红松林、红松人工林和水曲柳天然次生林3种典型群落,基于方差均值比、L函数和角尺度方法比较研究各群落乔灌层优势种的空间分布格局与空间关系。结果表明,帽儿山典型森林群落优势种的空间分布格局主要呈聚集分布或随机分布。阔叶红松林乔木优势种呈随机分布或不显著聚集分布;红松人工林中红松呈随机分布;水曲柳次生林乔木优势种主要呈随机分布。各群落灌木优势种均呈聚集分布。帽儿山典型森林群落中各乔木优势种间主要呈空间正关联或无空间关联,红松与阔叶树小尺度无关联,大尺度正关联,阔叶树种间主要呈正关联。红松人工林与水曲柳天然次生林乔木优势种间均呈正关联。帽儿山典型森林群落优势种空间关系良好,空间结构稳定。     

广西海岸带天然林群落多样性及种间联结性

以广西东兴市竹山村滨海天然群落为对象,采用物种重要值(IV)、丰富度指数(S),Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)和Simpson多样性指数(D),Pielou均匀度指数(J_sw)研究群落结构和物种多样性;采用方差比率法,通过基于2×2列联表对χ~2进行检验以及引入种间联结系数AC和共同出现率PC的方法,对乔木层的15个优势种群和灌木层的12个优势种群的种间联结性进行了研究。结果表明,S、H′和D均表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层,三者变化趋势较为一致;乔木层J_sw最高,灌木层次之,草本层最低;乔木层主要种群总体上表现为负关联,灌木层则表现为正关联,均达到显著水平。不同的检验结果表明,乔木层主要树种间负相关的种对多,灌木层则相反,乔木层和灌木层植物种间联结性不显著的物种对较多,联结强度也不高,本区木本植物种对间独立性较强,在种间关系上表现松散。     

辽西北半干旱风沙区灌木群落特征研究

以辽西北区域地带性植被次生疏林地为研究对象,通过灌木层群落种群调查,对其群落组成与数量特征,群落结构及种群分布格局进行定量分析.结果表明,该群落物种丰富度低,植物种具有北温带分布性质,这与当地温带半干旱季风气候相吻合;数量上,草本层占绝对优势,具有草甸草原的基本特征,生活型以地面芽占优势;群落垂直结构只有灌木层和草本层;灌木种多样性不高,且分布不均匀,优势种为集群分布.研究半干旱风沙区灌木群落的组成、结构及种群分布格局的调查研究,将为后续研究和植被恢复提供科学依据.     

宝天曼落叶阔叶林种间联结性研究

基于 2× 2联列表 ,应用X2 统计量度量、共同出现百分率和联结系数等公式测定了河南宝天曼保护区海拔 1 1 50～ 1 50 0m范围落叶阔叶林的 2 0种主要乔木和 2 6种主要灌木种群的种间联结性。结果表明 :在该区森林植被研究中 ,以X2 检验为基础 ,结合共同出现百分率PC和联结系数AC来测定植物种群的联结性 ,效果较好。种间正联结性越强 ,其生态位重叠值越大 ,种间负联结性越强 ,其生态位重叠值越小。根据种间联结特征 ,将 2 0种主要乔木划分为 4个生态种组     

南宁市城区森林灌木层优势种种间联结分析

采用方差分析(VR)、X2检验,结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC对南宁市城区近自然林林下灌木层25种灌木种联结性进行定量分析.结果显示:①南宁市城区森林灌木层优势种多物种种间联结呈正关联;成对物种种间正关联居多,负关联较少,不显著居多,显著居少,说明南宁市城区森林灌木层种间具有一定的联结性,但联结性不显著,这是由于南宁市城区森林处于演替的早期阶段,各种对间随机结合,具有明显的次生性和年轻性,群落结构和功能尚不稳定;②得出10个比较明显的生态组合,有三叉苦-九节、阴香-小叶女贞、水蒲桃-土密树等,这些生态结合种组的可以作为南宁市城市森林建设的重要依据.     

从植物种群间联结性探讨生态种组与功能群划分——以尖峰岭热带低地雨林乔木层数据为例

以海南岛尖峰岭国家级自然保护区低地雨林(青皮林)不同海拔的23个样方调查数据为例,研究32个主要乔木层物种的种间联结性,探讨物种的生态种组和功能群的划分.结果表明:主要种群间具有总体上的正联结性,但在496个种对中,具有较明显正联结性的种对数约占总种对数的10%,绝大多数种对表现为弱联结性或无联结性,说明所调查的热带森林主要种群具有相对独立分布的特性.通过物种间联结系数和聚类分析方法,将32个主要物种划分为4个生态种组和10个功能群,并提出各功能群物种的辨识特征.     

福建省10种乡土野生绿化树种驯化及应用推广

通过对福建省乡土野生绿化树种调查,筛选出园林观赏价值高、经济效益好的福建山樱花、香港四照花等10种乡土野生绿化树种进行驯化栽培试验,总结出栽培配套技术和3年生各树种生长情况,投入产出比达1∶3~1∶13,获得显著社会、生态和经济效益,为园林规划和林业生产提供科学依据。     

鄂尔多斯主要绿化树种引种研究

通过对鄂尔多斯7种不同种源主要绿化树种胸径(地茎)、树高、冠幅、新生枝长的观测,以及多指标综合分析,以确定每一树种的最佳种源地。研究结果表明,乡土树种和在本地引种驯化多年的树种均表现为本地种源适应性最强,生长表现最好;外来引进树种表现为由自然条件较差地区向自然条件较好地区引进适应性较强,生长表现较好。建议鄂尔多斯市在以后的绿化过程中,要注重推广应用乡土树种和引种驯化多年的树种;而在引进外来树种时,要坚持从相应的种子区(亚区)或相邻的种子区(亚区),以及从自然条件低于鄂尔多斯市的地区选购。     

东莞大岭山村边自然次生林群落物种组成特征及其对区域物种库的贡献

对东莞大岭山村边自然次生林（俗称“风水林”）调查表明,群落组成种类复杂并富于热带性,1hm^2样地内共有维管束植物111种,隶属56科89属,其中以木本植物占绝对优势,有67种,占60．36％;群落中种子植物属为热带分布的共有74属,占总属数的92．5％。群落乔木可分三层,以越南山龙眼为主,其在各层的重要值分别为117．12％,129．44％和57．41％;灌木层以罗伞树和九节等为主;草本层植物以乔灌木小苗为主,草本植物仅沿阶草、海芋和半边旗等少数种类。群落木本植物的科、属、种对区域物种库的贡献率较大,分别为37．7％,25．6％和22．5％,以藤本植物的贡献率最高,接近50％,乔灌植物的贡献率也在20％左右．与鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林比较．两者物种组成结构相似．但组成种娄仍有一定差距．     

Species Interactions in the Dynamics of Even- and Uneven-Aged Boreal Forests

Many boreal tree stands are neither clearly even-aged nor clearly uneven-aged. The stands may undergo a series of stages, during which an even-aged stand is transformed into two-storied mixed stand, and finally to multistoried or uneven-aged stand structure. The species composition often changes during the succession of stand stages. This study developed models for stand dynamics that can be used in different stand structures and species compositions. The model set consists of species-specific individual-tree diameter increment and survival models, and models for ingrowth. Separate models were developed for Scots pine, Norway spruce, and hardwood species. The models were used in a growth simulator, to give illustrative examples on species influences and stand dynamics. Methods to simulate residual variation around diameter increment and ingrowth models are also presented. The results suggest that mixed stands are more productive than one-species stands. Spruce in particular benefits from an admixture of other species. Mixed species improve diameter increment, decrease mortality, and increase ingrowth. Pine is a more beneficial admixture than birch. Simulations showed that uneven-aged management of spruce forests is sustainable and productive, and even-aged conifer stands growing on medium sites can be converted into uneven-aged mixed stands by a series of strong high thinnings.     

沙地人工模拟飞播对植物多样性的影响——以正蓝旗科技支撑项目区为例

从植物多样性恢复利用的角度来探讨治理流动沙地的有效途径和方法,对正蓝旗科技支撑示范区的人工模拟飞播植物群落进行了调查和分析,结果表明:项目实施区中的扁蓿豆、冷蒿、冰草等10种植物的重要值均大于对照区;二裂委陵菜、苔草、虫实等10种植物重要值均小于对照区;物种丰富度指数大于对照样地,Alatalo均匀度指数小于对照样地,而多样性指数明显大于对照样地;1年生草本植物种的重要值低于对照区,而多年生草本植物明显高于对照区。     

植物引种与外来物种入侵的探讨

生物入侵正在成为影响我国生态系统的重要因素之一。外来生物入侵的问题 ,越来越受到全社会的关注。本文主要分析了我国外来入侵植物的现状 ,如外来入侵植物的主要种类、对我国生态环境的危害、主要传入途径以及监控措施。     

Socio-economic determinants of smallholder plantation sizes in Ghana and options to encourage reforestation

Reforestation, particularly in the tropics, is of crucial importance for the environment as well as society. However, small planting areas and low participation of smallholder farmers in tree planting programmes often obstruct realisation of set planting area targets. In this regard, we interviewed smallholder farmers undertaking indigenous species reforestation in Oda Kotoamso community within the Wassa Amenfi West District in Western Region of Ghana with a pre-tested questionnaire to identify (1) key socio-economic factors that predict the size of plantations they establish, (2) options that could encourage tree planting among smallholder farmers, and (3) tree species planted by the smallholder farmers and their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Key socio-economic factors were predicted with multiple regression models and ANOVA. Options were ranked on a five-point Likert scale and their differences were tested with the Mann–Whitney U test. Age and income of smallholders are the significant predictors of plantation sizes but farmers’ household size and gender were not significant. Age and income accounted for 77.1% and 22.9%, respectively, of the total variation described by our model (R?² = 38.4%). In order of importance, incentives (mean = 4.35, SD = 0.48), public nurseries (mean = 4.2, SD = 0.82) and agroforestry (mean = 4.06, SD = 0.56) were the options that could encourage reforestation, though incentives and public nurseries were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Almost half (9 of 19) of the tree species planted are categorised as Vulnerable species, which highlights the contribution of smallholder farmers to recovery of threatened tree species. Our findings suggest that sustainable provision of planting materials in incentivised and youth-based tree planting programmes could increase planting hectarage and conserve threatened tree species.     

北京地区主要树种理化性质研究及易燃性初步分析

森林燃烧所释放的热量、火种类、火行为等各种林火属性与树种易燃性密切相关,而树种的理化性质在一定程度上制约着易燃性,因此对树种理化性质和易燃性的研究是必要的。基于20种树种的实验分析,确定了可燃物热值、抽提物含量、灰分含量、含水量、密度的相关性,并建立相应的回归模型;基于树种理化性质的分析,比较了20种树种的易燃性,进行排序并划分等级。     

Edge effects on soil seed banks and understory vegetation in subtropical and tropical forests in Yunnan,SW China

Human-induced forest edges are common in many forest landscapes throughout the world. Forest management requires an understanding of their ecological consequences. This study addressed the responses of three ecological groups (non-forest species, secondary forest species and primary forest species) in edge soil seed banks and edge understory vegetation, and explored the relationship between the invasion of non-forest species in edge understory vegetation and the accumulation of their seeds in edge soil seed banks. The soil seed banks and understory vegetation were sampled along transects established at the edges of a continuous subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest tract (Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest) bordering anthropogenic grasslands and three tropical seasonal rain forest fragments (Shorea wantianshuea forest) bordering fallows. Species composition in both soil seed banks and understory vegetation showed great difference among edge sites. In soil seed banks, the dominance (relative abundance and relative richness) of each ecological group did not change significantly along the edge to interior gradient. In understory vegetation, the invasion of non-forest species concentrated on the first several meters along the edge to interior gradient. The dominance of secondary forest species decreased with distance from the edge, while the dominance of primary forest species increased with distance from the edge. In forest edge zones, the invasion of a majority of non-forest species in understory vegetation lags behind the accumulation of their seeds in soil seed banks. Forest edges do not act as a good barrier for the penetration of non-forest species seeds. The lack of non-forest species in understory vegetation must then be due to conditions that are not appropriate for their establishment. Therefore, to prevent germination and survival of non-forest species further into the forest, management should focus on maintaining interior forest conditions.     

重庆市优良乡土树种综合评价与选择研究

在对重庆市的自然条件及社会经济状况分析的基础上,对实地调查和通过资料查阅确定的60种重庆市优良乡土树种进行了综合评价及选择。分别依据不同用途的树种制定不同的选择标准,确定出若干评价指标：对用材树种选定了速生性、丰产性、耐瘠性、抗寒性、抗旱性、抗病虫害能力、干材形质、材用价值等8个指标;对生物质能源树种选定了速生性、丰产性、耐瘠性、抗寒性、抗旱性、抗病虫害能力、多用途性、工业价值等8个指标;对景观树种选定了观叶、观花、观果、观树形、抗寒性、抗旱性、抗病虫害能力、抗污染性、吸硫能力、滞尘能力、降低噪音能力等11个指标。采用3分制并提出了每个指标的分级标准,运用层次分析法来确定各个指标的权重,根据各指标的分值和权重对60个目标树种进行了综合评价。主要结果与结论如下：（1）对20种用材树种进行综合评价的结果表明：鹅掌楸、香椿、桤木、檫木、毛桂、香樟为综合效益较高的用材树种,苦楝、川楝、厚朴、山杜英等树种次之。（2）按照20种生物质能源树种的综合评价值大小,建议选择杜仲、桤木、苦楝、刺槐、光皮树、山桐子等树种作为生物质能源林建设的主要树种。此外,灯台树、山苍子、文冠果、麻栎、栓皮栎等可以作为备选树种。（3）通过对20种景观树种的综合评价分析得出,深山含笑、四照花、珙桐、栾树、枫香、厚朴等是非常优异的观赏树种,可作为绿化骨干树种,枫杨、山桐子、红豆树、伯乐树等可作为绿化基调树种。