南方型杨树人工林最适经营密度的研究

针对湖北省南方型杨树人工林的现实特点,根据31块详细样地资料,以密度二次效应模型为基础,利用动态规划方法,对南方型杨树人工林的最适经营密度进行了探讨,同时,在兼顾单株营养面积和群众栽培习惯,以及造林可操作性的前提下,提出了适合于南方型杨树人工林在不同立地条件下的造林株行距,可为造林施工、林分抚育间伐和综合经营提供科学依据。     

不同经营措施对南方退耕山地杨树生长影响

为了提高退耕还林地经营杨树人工林的经济和生态效益,比较了两种经营措施对南方退耕还林地杨树人工林生长的影响,结果表明:杨树人工林林农间作显著促进杨树的生长,连续间作2 a后,其胸径、树高和蓄积量比对照分别增加5.8%、56.1%、130.7%。密度对南方退耕还林地3 a生杨树蓄积量有显著的影响,蓄积量最大值是最小值的4.15倍。     

杨树人工林适宜密度研究

杨树是我省西部平原地区的主要造林树种,为了解决杨树人工林经营密度问题,本文采用数理统计方法对5～11年生的杨树人工林胸径、冠幅面积之间的关系进行了系统的分析,并提出了杨树人工林合理经营密度表。为杨树人工林的抚育间伐提供了依据。     

南方型杨树工业用材林的资源培育

介绍了南方型杨树产业化发展的市场背景以及南方型杨树的品种改良、农林复合经营、定向培育技术,并对我国杨树产业化经营提出了良好的建设。     

南方型杨树人工林直径和断面积预估模型的研究

对南方型杨树的主栽无性系I-63杨、I-69杨、I-72杨的直径生长过程进行了差异性检验,结果3个无性系的平均相对误差分别为0.34%、-3.89%和4.23%,直径生长过程表现出良好的相似性。采用不分无性系的混合建模方法建立了南方型杨树人工林断面积直径预估模型-Dg=0.968 1H01.361 4N-0.032H00.540 2,从而得到林分断面积预估模型G=0.000 073 607N02.722 8N1-0.064H00.540 2。     

湖北省南方型杨树人工林立地指数表的编制

根据全省杨树主栽品种混系造林的生产实际以及南方型杨树品种(品系)间高生长过程的相似性,利用31块标准地优势木树干解析资料,把方程lgH=0.730+0.6011lgA作为导向曲线数学模型,编制了湖北省南方型杨树立地指数表。该表对于指导杨树的分类经营、定向培育,以及配套经营技术的研究与开发具有重要意义,同时,对于树高生长过程与南方型杨树相似的其它杨树品种(品系)也可参考使用。     

安徽省杨树人工林立地指数表的编制

在安徽沿江、江淮、淮北调查139块不同立地条件、不同林龄具有代表性的南方型杨树人工林标准地。根据各林分优势木材料,选用公式H=0.11918+3.1502A-0.09059A2作为树高导向曲线数学模型,编制了安徽省杨树人工林立地指数表。该表对我省杨树定向培育、丰产栽培、生长预测等具有重要指导意义。     

安徽省杨树人工林立地指数表的编制

在安徽沿江、江淮、淮北调查139块不同立地条件、不同林龄具有代表性的南方型杨树人工林标准地。根据各林分优势木材料,选用公式H=0.11918＋3.1502A-0.09059A-2作为树高导向曲线数学模型,编制了安徽省杨树人工林立地指数表。该表对我省杨树定向培育、丰产栽培、生长预测等具有重要指导意义。     

安徽沿江洲滩地杨树人工林立地指数表的编制

在安徽沿江洲滩地调查57块不同立地条件、不同林龄具有代表性的南方型杨树人工林标准地.根据各林分优势木材料,选用公式H=0.374 155 3.037 824A-0.091 17A2作为树高导向曲线数学模型,编制了安徽省沿江洲滩地杨树人工林立地指数表.该表对安徽省沿江地区杨树定向培育、丰产栽培、生长预测等具有重要指导意义.     

江汉平原杨树人工林固碳潜力研究

利用大规模植树造林和植被恢复来提升森林固碳能力,已成为减缓气候变化的主要途径之一。明确特定林分固碳能力变化,合理估算森林固碳潜力,对于开展区域森林增汇管理具有重要意义。本研究以湖北省江汉平原杨树人工林研究对象,按照不同林龄设置74个固定样地,采用林地角规调查的方法,动态监测了不同林龄杨树生长规律,构建了杨树生长模型,探讨了杨树林人工林固碳潜力。结果表明：江汉平原杨树人工林林龄与平均胸径呈正相关关系,与林分密度呈负相关关系。林龄25 a的成熟杨树林碳密度为97.13 t C/hm²,最大的植被碳密度为167.50 t C/hm²,理论平均固碳潜力达到1 474.73万t。建议以持续发挥杨树林地碳汇功能为目的开展经营,延长森林经营周期,加强经营管理,合理配置树种,营造混交林,减少林木生物量损失,从而进一步提升江汉平原地区杨树人工林碳汇功能。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.