Multi-criteria decision-making selection model with application to chemical engineering management decisions

Chemical industry project management involves complex decision making situations that require discerning abilities and methods to make sound decisions. Chemical engineers as project managers are faced with decision environments and problems in chemical industry projects that are complex. Multiple-criteria decision making （MCDM） approaches are major parts of decision theory and analysis. This paper presents all of MCDM approaches for use in chemical engineering management decisions. In this work, case study is Research and Development （R＆D） project selection in chemical industry. The ability to make sound decisions is very important to success of R＆D projects. It is hoped that this work will provide a ready reference on MCDM and this will encourage the application of the MCDM in chemical engineering management.     

Complex patterns in a simple system

Numerical simulations of a simple reaction-diffusion model reveal a surprising variety of irregular spatiotemporal patterns. These patterns arise in response to finite-amplitude perturbations. Some of them resemble the steady irregular patterns recently observed in thin gel reactor experiments. Others consist of spots that grow until they reach a critical size, at which time they divide in two. If in some region the spots become overcrowded, all of the spots in that region decay into the uniform background.     

利用土壤信息系统进行水稻施氮量决策初探——以江苏省大丰 …

以江苏省大丰市为例，介绍了利用土壤信息系统，以目标产量法为依据，进行水稻施氮量决策的具体思路与做法，并展示了初步尝试的结果。     

Natural selection favors a newly derived timeless allele in Drosophila melanogaster

Circadian and other natural clock-like endogenous rhythms may have evolved to anticipate regular temporal changes in the environment. We report that a mutation in the circadian clock gene timeless in Drosophila melanogaster has arisen and spread by natural selection relatively recently in Europe. We found that, when introduced into different genetic backgrounds, natural and artificial alleles of the timeless gene affect the incidence of diapause in response to changes in light and temperature. The natural mutant allele alters an important life history trait that may enhance the fly's adaptation to seasonal conditions.     

山羊CSN2基因内含子7靶向的CRISPR-Cas9系统高效切割位点筛选

【目的】使用CRISPR-Cas9系统在山羊CSN2基因座内含子7上筛选出高效的切割位点.【方法】根据"20N+NGG"原则在CSN2内含子7序列中设计了5个sgRNA靶向位点.分别连接具有sgRNA到和Cas9表达框的PX330-P2A-eGFP载体上,通过脂质体转染到实验室保存山羊胎儿成纤维细胞系中,PCR扩增转染阳性的细胞基因组CSN2内含子7序列,连接到Pmd19-T载体中,测序比较不同的sgRNA介导切割产生的突变.【结果】使用5个sgRNA均可以在山羊CSN2基因内含子7上造成有效切割,产生碱基删除或者插入突变.实验设计的5个sgRNA介导的CRISPR-Cas9系统效率均在30.7%以上,效率最高的2号位点(sgRNA2)介导的切割效率达到了61.5%.【结论】研究确定了CRISPR-Cas9系统在山羊CSN2基因内含子7内进行高效切割的sgRNA,为之后在该基因位点进行高效的非同源介导基因敲入奠定了基础.     

种植制度知识模型系统的设计与实现

以优化利用农业自然资源为出发点，着重运用系统分析原理和数学建模技术来研究种植制度设计的知识表达体系，在系统收集和分析种植制度设计方面的献资料以及专家知识和经验的基础上，通过定量解析种植制度指标与生态环境、品种类型、社会经济条件之间的动态关系，创建了种植制度设计知识模型；充分利用软构件的技术特点，在Visual C 平台上设计并实现了数字化和组件化的种植制度知识模型系统，实现了适宜作物选择、作物搭配、作物布局设计和系统维护等功能。本研究克服了传统种植制度专家系统地域性强和广适性弱的不足，为实现种植制度设计的定量化和数字化奠定了基础。     

Olfactory recognition: a simple memory system

Mice have an olfactory (pheromone) recognition memory located at the first relay in the sensory system. It is acquired with one-trial learning, contingent upon norepinephrine activation at mating, and lasts for several weeks. The mechanism involves Hebbian (association-dependent) changes in synaptic efficacy at dendrodendritic synapses in the accessory olfactory bulb. As a result of this memory, males made familiar by mating are recognized by the females, thereby mitigating pregnancy block. Such a memory function is biologically important to the female, as it is required to sustain pregnancy in the presence of her stud male's odors.     

Spleen as a production site for erythropoietin

Mice treated with acellular extracts of spleen and liver show a pronounced and significant increase in blood reticulocytes. In control mice treated with saline and extracts of kidney, muscle, and liver of splenectomizedmice and rats, the number of reticulocytes remained constant in all the cases.     

Multiple glassy states in a simple model system

Experiments, theory, and simulation were used to study glass formation in a simple model system composed of hard spheres with short-range attraction ("sticky hard spheres"). The experiments, using well-characterized colloids, revealed a reentrant glass transition line. Mode-coupling theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the reentrance is due to the existence of two qualitatively different glassy states: one dominated by repulsion (with structural arrest due to caging) and the other by attraction (with structural arrest due to bonding). This picture is consistent with a study of the particle dynamics in the colloid using dynamic light scattering.     

A loss function to evaluate agricultural decision-making under uncertainty: a case study of soil spectroscopy

Modern sensor technologies can provide detailed information about soil variation which allows for more precise application of fertiliser to minimise environmental harm imposed by agriculture. However, growers should lose neither income nor yield from associated uncertainties of predicted nutrient concentrations and thus one must acknowledge and account for uncertainties. A framework is presented that accounts for the uncertainty and determines the cost–benefit of data on available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil determined from sensors. For four fields, the uncertainty associated with variation in soil P and K predicted from sensors was determined. Using published fertiliser dose–yield response curves for a horticultural crop the effect of estimation errors from sensor data on expected financial losses was quantified. The expected losses from optimal precise application were compared with the losses expected from uniform fertiliser application (equivalent to little or no knowledge on soil variation). The asymmetry of the loss function meant that underestimation of P and K generally led to greater losses than the losses from overestimation. This study shows that substantial financial gains can be obtained from sensor-based precise application of P and K fertiliser, with savings of up to £121 ha^?1 for P and up to £81 ha^?1 for K, with concurrent environmental benefits due to a reduction of 4–17 kg ha^?1 applied P fertiliser when compared with uniform application.

     

渔业标准体系化服务与决策系统研究

为解决目前多数渔业标准服务系统缺少基于标准体系的渔业标准服务,以及渔业标准制修订指南的制定缺乏基于数据的决策依据等问题,通过分析渔业标准体系化服务模式、服务系统框架、标准制修订辅助决策因素,建立了渔业标准体系化服务与决策系统。结果表明,本研究中建立的渔业标准体系化服务与决策系统对渔业标准体系可进行有效管理,实现了渔业标准体系查询、渔业标准完备性查询与分析,以及基于渔业产业贡献度和渔业标准完备率的渔业标准制修订辅助决策功能,大连市渔业标准制修订指南制定工作从2015年开始应用该系统以来,取得了良好效果,可为大连市渔业标准制修订提供了准确、全面、可靠的数据支持,明显提高了大连市渔业标准制修订工作的决策能力。研究表明,渔业标准体系化服务与决策系统运行稳定,可为用户提供标准体系化服务,为政府决策部门标准制修订指南的制定提供决策支持。     

渔业标准体系化服务与决策系统研究

为解决目前多数渔业标准服务系统缺少基于标准体系的渔业标准服务,以及渔业标准制修订指南的制定缺乏基于数据的决策依据等问题,通过分析渔业标准体系化服务模式、服务系统框架、标准制修订辅助决策因素,建立了渔业标准体系化服务与决策系统。结果表明,本研究中建立的渔业标准体系化服务与决策系统对渔业标准体系可进行有效管理,实现了渔业标准体系查询、渔业标准完备性查询与分析,以及基于渔业产业贡献度和渔业标准完备率的渔业标准制修订辅助决策功能,大连市渔业标准制修订指南制定工作从2015年开始应用该系统以来,取得了良好效果,可为大连市渔业标准制修订提供了准确、全面、可靠的数据支持,明显提高了大连市渔业标准制修订工作的决策能力。研究表明,渔业标准体系化服务与决策系统运行稳定,可为用户提供标准体系化服务,为政府决策部门标准制修订指南的制定提供决策支持。     

Molecular transfer of a species-specific behavior from Drosophila simulans to Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila males modulate the interpulse intervals produced during their courtship songs. These song cycles, which are altered by mutations in the clock gene period, exhibit a species-specific variation that facilitates mating. We have used chimeric period gene constructs from Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans in germline transformation experiments to map the genetic control of their song rhythm difference to a small segment of the amino acid encoding information within this gene.     

Gene transposition as a cause of hybrid sterility in Drosophila

We describe reproductive isolation caused by a gene transposition. In certain Drosophila melanogaster-D. simulans hybrids, hybrid male sterility is caused by the lack of a single-copy gene essential for male fertility, JYAlpha. This gene is located on the fourth chromosome of D. melanogaster but on the third chromosome of D. simulans. Genomic and molecular analyses show that JYAlpha transposed to the third chromosome during the evolutionary history of the D. simulans lineage. Because of this transposition, a fraction of hybrids completely lack JYAlpha and are sterile, representing reproductive isolation without sequence evolution.     

Entrainment of neuronal oscillations as a mechanism of attentional selection

Whereas gamma-band neuronal oscillations clearly appear integral to visual attention, the role of lower-frequency oscillations is still being debated. Mounting evidence indicates that a key functional property of these oscillations is the rhythmic shifting of excitability in local neuronal ensembles. Here, we show that when attended stimuli are in a rhythmic stream, delta-band oscillations in the primary visual cortex entrain to the rhythm of the stream, resulting in increased response gain for task-relevant events and decreased reaction times. Because of hierarchical cross-frequency coupling, delta phase also determines momentary power in higher-frequency activity. These instrumental functions of low-frequency oscillations support a conceptual framework that integrates numerous earlier findings.