Cr+3元素在平菇栽培中的应用研究

采用不同浓度的CrCl3.6H2O于平菇栽培期间进行拌料处理,研究铬对平菇生长的影响,试验结果表明:采用0.01~100mg/L的CrCl3.6H2O拌料能够有效地促进平菇菌丝的生长及产量的提高,当浓度达500mg/L时则会抑制平菇的菌丝生长和降低子实体的产量。同时,各处理组随着培养料中CrCl3.6H2O量的增加,平菇子实体内富铬量也随之增大。从CrCl3.6H2O拌料对平菇的菌丝生长、子实体的产量以及富铬量的安全性综合考虑,采用CrCl3.6H2O于平菇栽培期间进行拌料处理的浓度以1~10mg/L为最佳。     

吸水保水剂在平菇生产上的应用研究

试验结果表明,采用不同量的吸水保水剂于平菇栽培期间进行拌料处理,在试验范围内,添加吸水保水剂的各栽培配方在菌丝生长及产量上的作用有所不同,其中以含量为1%吸水保水剂的配方表现最好,显著地促进了平菇的菌丝生长及产量提高。     

绿风95在平菇栽培中的应用研究

选用几种不同浓度的绿风95于平菇栽培期间进行培养料处理，其结果表明，在试验范围内，不同浓度的绿风95对平菇的生长发育影响存在一定的差异，其中以2ml/L的绿风95处理作用效果最好，明显地促进了平菇的菌丝生长和产量提高．     

不同硒源处理对竹荪子实体营养成分的影响

研究通过对比不同硒源处理中竹荪Dictyophora echinovolvata硒子实体营养成分含量差异,探讨不同硒源对竹荪子实体中营养成分含量的影响。试验设置纳米硒、富硒氨基酸液肥、螯合硒3种硒源,每种硒源选择5、10 mg/L 2种施用浓度。结果表明:施用5 mg/L的富硒氨基酸液肥利于促进竹荪子实体中蛋白质的合成,施用5 mg/L的富硒氨基酸液肥、10 mg/L螯合硒利于竹荪子实体中粗多糖的合成,施用10 mg/L纳米硒利于竹荪子实体中硒元素的吸收存储,施用10 mg/L的螯合硒和纳米硒竹荪子实体中氨基酸总量较大,施用5 mg/L纳米硒可以有效提高竹荪子实体中风味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例,施用10mg/L螯合硒、5 mg/L纳米硒后可以有效提高竹荪的抗氧化功能。     

东北地区大球盖菇优良菌株筛选试验

以引进的4个大球盖菇菌株为对象,观察在母种培养基、原种培养基以及栽培种培养基上菌株的菌丝生长状况,在栽培料上进行了产量试验。结果筛选出2个适宜东北地区栽培的大球盖菇优良菌株,其菌丝生长均匀、浓密,生长势强,生长速度快,产量高,子实体丛生,菌盖酒红色,菌柄粗壮。     

植物生长调节剂在平菇栽培中的应用研究

平菇栽培期间，采用一定浓度的油菜素内酯、爱多收、三十烷醇对培养料进行单一和混合处理，试验结果表明：三种植物生长调节剂的单一和两两混用对平菇均有明显的增产效果，其中单一处理的效应在总体上优于混合处理，并以浓度 2×10~（－6）的爱多收拌料为最优。     

光照和赤霉素对平菇子实体发育的影响

通过开展试验探究了不同光照强度和赤霉素(GA3)浓度对平菇子实体发育的影响。结果表明:光照和GA3会对平菇子实体的出菇时间、产量和品质等方面产生影响,其中以250lx的光照强度和50mg/L的GA3处理效果最佳。光照强度为250lx时,平菇出菇时间最早,且菌体生长快,菌盖直径最大,肉厚,且色泽雪白,品质最好;GA3为50mg/L时,平菇出菇时间比对照组提早了4d,且品质不变。     

微量元素锌在金针菇培养中的应用研究

采用单因素完全随机设计，于金针菇培养期间用不同浓度的硫酸锌溶液对培养料进行处理，研究微量元素锌对金针菇的茵丝生长、子实体产量及其多糖含量、富锌量等的影响。试验结果表明：0．1～100mg／L的硫酸锌处理对茵丝生长均有促进作用，以10mg／L处理的茵丝生长速度最快；10mg／L和100mg／L的硫酸锌处理对子实体具有明显的增产效果；不同浓度的硫酸锌溶液处理均可提高金针菇子实体多糖及其富锌量，以100mg／L处理的多糖含量最高、富锌量最大。采用不同浓度的硫酸锌溶液对培养料进行处理时浓度以100mg／L为佳。     

雷州半岛地区林下栽培平菇栽培料配方试验

在雷州半岛地区进行林下平菇栽培试验,栽培料中用不同量的桉树木屑代替棉籽壳,以获得适宜林下栽培平菇的栽培料配方.结果表明:桉树木屑可以替代部分棉籽壳进行林下栽培平菇,桉树木屑52％、棉籽壳26％、米糠20％、蔗糖1％、石膏粉1％是较适宜的配方,应用该配方可以明显提高平菇的菌丝生长速度和鲜菇产量,其生物转化率为102.5％,比对照高出10.3％.     

微量元素硒在猴头菇栽培中的应用研究初探

采用不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液对培养料进行处理,以探讨其对猴头菇的菌丝生长、子实体产量及其多糖含量的影响。试验结果表明:采用1mg/L和10mg/L的处理对菌丝生长有促进作用,并可显著提高子实体产量;不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液处理对猴头菇子实体多糖含量都有增加,以10mg/L和100mg/L的处理表现较好,分别比对照提高12.53%和11.41%;采用亚硒酸钠溶液对猴头菇的培养料进行处理时浓度以10mg/L为佳。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.