Diversity Analysis in Selected Non-basmati Scented Rice Collection

Diversity analysis among 23 rice varieties including 16 non-basmati scented accessions, 5 basmati accessions and 2 non-scented accessions was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker systems. The varieties analyzed by 11 RAPD and 8 ISSR primers yielded an average of 65% and 80% polymorphism, respectively. The average number of polymorphic bands generated per RAPD primer was 6 and per ISSR primer was 5.87. RAPD and ISSR data analysis individually could not segregate basmati and non-basmati scented rice accessions. However, the analysis using a combined data could group basmati and non-basmati scented rice accessions separately. The bands present specifically among three accessions of non-basmati scented rice were also identified. The study revealed a high genetic diversity among non-basmati scented rice accessions.     

A comparative study of flow properties of basmati and non-basmati rice flour from two different mills

The flowability of basmati and non-basmati rice flour from stone and super mill was compared. On comparing, both basmati and non-basmati rice flour from stone mill was found poor flowable. However, non-basmati flour was less flowable than basmati flour. Particle size (stone mill (StM) 114.1–129.6 μm, super mill (SM) 196.4–239.5 μm) of both the flours was significantly different. The flowability of basmati and non-basmati rice flour was significantly affected by properties viz., for non-basmati flour: the particle shape circularity (StM 0.562, SM 0.642), surface roughness (StM 146.36 nm, SM 111.28 nm) and compressibility (StM 26.08%, SM 24.22%), making it less flowable than basmati flour: particle shape circularity (StM 0.661, SM 0.768), surface roughness (StM 122.21 nm, SM 90.67 nm) and compressibility (StM 21.02%, SM 17.18%). Basic flow energy, stability index and specific energy was significantly higher in non-basmati flour, thus required more energy (StM 184.37 mJ, SM 113.15 mJ) to flow than basmati rice flour (StM 151.25 mJ, SM 96.74 mJ). Overall, the flowability was analyzed at three different pressures (3,6 and 9 kPa) and the non-basmati rice flour from stone mill was found less flowable as indicated by the flow function coefficient (1.90 at 3 kPa) in comparison to basmati (2.61 at 3 kPa) creating difficulty in bulk handling.     

应用无性系变异技术培育黑珍米的研究

紫黑米的营养价值和药用功能早已被人们所认识,近年来,特种米的育种相继展开。1987年,我们从国际著名优质米Basmati 370体细胞无性系变异后代中发现了黑米突变体,经5代连续选育于1990年育成“黑珍米”,本文将其特征及成分与亲本作了初步比较。1 材料和方法以籼稻Basmati 370的成熟胚为起始材料,将脱壳的种子在75%酒精中浸泡1min,放入0.1%升汞溶液中灭菌20min后,用无菌水冲洗3～5次,再放入三角瓶中,每个三角瓶放100粒种子,振荡培养1～2d,当种胚萌动露白时接种在含2,4-D 2 mg/L和6-BA 2mg/L的N6固体诱导培养基上暗培养,当萌动幼胚     

Effect of particle size,shape and surface roughness on bulk and shear properties of rice flour

The present study was conducted to compare the flowability of basmati and non-basmati rice flour with commercially available rice flour. Dynamic and shear properties were characterized on the basis of particle size, shape and surface roughness (measured by Atomic Force Microscope) depending upon the processing conditions. In contrast to commercial rice flour having less particle size (65.3 μm), the particle sizes (171.1–171.9 μm) of both the samples were not significantly different. However, the flowability of the non-basmati rice flour was significantly affected by its particle shape (0.487), surface roughness (124.23 nm) and compressibility (25.32%), making it more cohesive than basmati rice flour but less cohesive than commercial rice flour (1.34 kPa). Also, basic flow energy was significantly higher in both commercial rice flour and non-basmati flour, thus required more energy (197.42 mJ and 147.54 mJ, respectively) to flow than basmati rice flour (130.15 mJ). Overall, flowability was analysed by applying three different pressures (3, 6 and 9 kPa) and among which commercial rice flour was found less flowable (2.26 at 9 kPa) followed by non-basmati rice flour (2.33 at 9 kPa) and basmati (3.35 at 9 kPa) causing bulk handling difficult.     

Polymeric hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis for untargeted metabolite profiling of natural rice variants

GC-MS based metabolomics of genetically modified rice varieties are widely reported but involves tedious derivatization processes. Broad-scale LC-MS-based metabolomics are lacking or limited to targeted analyses. In this study, metabolite diversity in natural rice variants including basmati and non-basmati rice varieties was investigated using polymeric hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to an Orbitrap mass analyzer. Identification was performed using exact mass and standard retention times. A total of 329 metabolites were selected using IDEOM (Identification of metabolites) software. Statistical tests were used to filter out top 50 rice varieties discriminating metabolites. Several up- or down-regulated metabolites were observed in rice varieties and can be used as biomarker compounds to differentiate between rice varieties. The developed method and generated data can be used for the comparison of genetically modified rice varieties with natural ones, an important requirement for the implementation of comparator-based GMO risk assessment procedures demanded by national and international regulations.     

体细胞无性系变异在小麦育种中的应用

对小麦体细胞无性系变异在小麦株高、熟性、产量、育性、品质、抗性等育种方面的应用及应用中存在的愈伤组织再生能力下降、变异类型复杂、表型变异能否稳定遗传、遗传分析相对缺乏等问题作了全面的综述,并对其在小麦育种中应用的前景作了展望。     

Review and Prospects on Rice Breeding and Extension in China

Rice is the most important food crop in China. In 2004, the planting area was about 2.8973×107 ha accounting for 28.5% of the total planting area of food crops, and the yield reached 1.7769×107 t accounting for 37.8% of the total food output. Breeding a…     

Mass and line selection can produce equally uniform rice varieties

We compared intra-varietal variation of two rice varieties (Ashoka 200F and Ashoka 900F) produced by a very simple bulk breeding method (mass selection with no line selection at any stage) with one line-selected variety (Ashoka 228), all derived from the same cross. Their parents, the upland variety Kalinga III and the irrigated transplanted medium-lowland variety IR64, both originated through line selection and were used as control varieties.

Panicle-to-row progenies of all the varieties were evaluated in eastern India under irrigation in the dry season and in the rainy season using two water regimes; entirely rainfed or with supplementary irrigation. Intra-varietal variation for quantitative traits, irrespective of the method of breeding, was low. Only Ashoka 200F had significant variation for grain yield, days to flowering and plant height but only in the dry season. This season was not the target of the breeding programme and selection would be unlikely to produce a worthwhile response for the rainy season.

At 43 SSR loci there was more genetic variation between lines within the bulk-selected varieties than within Ashoka 228. Kalinga III was the least variable variety while IR64 had less heterozygosity but greater heterogeneity than the two bulk-selected varieties.

Despite the greater simplicity of the method, mass selection in bulk populations produced varieties that met the distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) criteria for seed certification in India. Such uniformity was achieved because of the high selection pressures applied to the bulk. We conclude that this very simple bulk-population breeding approach is highly cost-effective and produces sufficient seed for wide testing earlier than any alternative method.     

浙江省籼粳杂交晚稻品种发展与展望

2005年,浙江省审定通过首个籼粳亚种间强杂种优势品种甬优6号。针对甬优6号存在的生育期偏长、植株高大、稻曲病偏重易发等问题,育种单位创新了育种理念和技术,品种管理部门在技术推广上有针对性地加强试验和示范,促进了浙江省籼粳杂交晚稻品种选育和审定推广,至2015年已审定品种21个,累计推广面积110.17万hm~2,其中2015年达21.12万hm~2,占全省杂交水稻种植面积的60%以上;开展籼粳杂交晚稻品种选育的科研单位和种业企业增加到14家,并更加关注适应不同推广区域、不同耕作制度的品种选育,同时施肥、用药等技术也更加精准易用。     

不同香稻品种苗期耐高温的形态生理响应

【目的】本研究旨在分析不同香稻品种苗期耐高温的形态生理响应特征,筛选出耐热性较好的香稻品种。【方法】在盆栽条件下,于光照培养箱内,以超级常规香稻玉香油占为对照,研究了常规香稻品种巴斯马蒂、桂香占、农香18、湘晚籼13、象牙香占、中香1号、美香占2号在苗期高温处理下的形态生理响应特征。于高温处理前后测定了8个香稻品种苗期各项形态生理指标。【结果】与玉香油占相比,高温胁迫下,巴斯马蒂的株高、单株鲜质量、单株干质量增幅更大,成活率和过氧化物酶活性更高,丙二醛含量反而下降了33.39%,表明巴斯马蒂的耐高温胁迫能力较好。湘晚籼13在高温处理下的单株干质量增幅与玉香油占相近,株成活率较玉香油占低,胞间二氧化碳浓度变幅较小,SOD活性和丙二醛含量的变幅在8个品种中均为最低,说明其耐高温胁迫的能力略低于玉香油占。农香18、象牙香占和美香占2号的成活率分别为13.33%、12.67%和16.00%。桂香占(4.33%)、中香1号(1.33%)在高温处理后的成活率最低,表明两者的耐高温能力均较差。【结论】8个品种耐热性从强到弱依次为巴斯马蒂、玉香油占、湘晚籼13、农香18、象牙香占、美香占2号、桂香占和中香1号。     

提高水稻愈伤组织植株再生能力几种方法的评价

选用提高水稻愈伤组织植株再生能力的几种方法,对3个光温敏核不育水稻品系的愈伤组织进行培养比较.结果表明:愈伤组织在继代培养过程中再生能力的衰退难以避免,但不同品种间的衰退速度存在差异;选用的几种方法中,除了添加亚精氨的处理没有效果外,其它处理均能提高水稻愈伤组织的再生能力,而两步分化培养法的效果远远优于其它方法,可优先考虑应用于诱导经过长期继代创造体细胞无性系变异的愈伤组织的植株再生.     

In-vitro Androgenesis in Rice: Advantages,Constraints and Future Prospects

In vitro androgenesis is an important component of plant biotechnology when the pollen grains are forced to switch from their normal pollen developmental pathway towards an embryogenic route. Haploid and doubled haploid produced through androgenesis have long been recognized as a valuable tool in plant breeding as it can shorten the breeding cycle, fix agronomic characters in homozygous state and enhance the selection efficiency of useful recessive agronomic traits. Recently, doubled haploids have been largely recognized as an important component of crop improvement through genome mapping, quantitative trait locus analysis, and genetic mutation, and as targets for genetic transformation programs. Thus, this review is focused mainly on various facets of doubled haploid in the chief staple food crop rice and sights its recent applications in plant breeding, genetics and genomics.     

黑龙江粳稻育种研究进展与展望

黑龙江是我国粳稻生产大省,总产量、商品量、商品率、商品调出量和人均生产稻谷量全国第一,这主要源自水稻新品种的不断更新换代。近年来,黑龙江省粳稻育种取得了长足发展,创建了寒地早粳稻“一早三抗”半直立穗新株型育种理论和技术体系,培育出以龙粳31为代表的一批优质高产多抗水稻新品种,结束了日本品种空育131独霸我国寒地早粳稻生产10多年的历史,2020年以龙粳31为代表的“寒地早粳稻优质高产多抗龙粳新品种”被评为国家“十三五”十大农业科技标志性成果,标志着我国寒地早粳稻育种取得了历史性突破,在产量、抗性、适应性、应用面积等均超过国内外同类稻区的著名品种,达到世界领先水平。本文针对黑龙江粳稻育种存在的问题,提出了相应建议和对策。     

Practices and Prospects of Super Hybrid Rice Breeding

The great progress in super rice breeding both in China and other countries has been made in recent years. However, there were three main problems in super rice breeding: 1) the super rice varieties were still rare; 2) most super rice varieties exhibited narrow adaptability; and 3) current breeding theories emphasized too much on the rice growth model, but they were unpractical in guidance for rice breeding. According to the authors’ experience on the rice breeding, the breeding strategies including three steps (super parent breeding, super hybrid rice breeding and super hybrid rice seed production) were proposed, and the objectives of each step and the key technologies to achieve the goals were elucidated in detail. The super parent of hybrid rice should exhibit excellent performance in all agronomic traits, with the yield or sink capacity reached the level of the hybrid rice control in regional trials. The super hybrid rice combination should meet the following criteria: good rice quality, wide adaptation, lodging resistance, resistance to main insects and diseases, and the yield exceeded above 8% over the control varieties in the national and provincial regional trials. To achieve the goal, the technical strategies, such as selecting optimal combination of the parents, increasing selection pressure, paying more attention to harmony of ideal plant type, excellent physiological traits and all the agronomic traits, should be emphasized. The yield of seed production should reach 3.75 t/ha and 5.25 t/ha for the super hybrid rice combinations derived from early-season and middle-season types of male sterile lines, respectively. The main technologies for raising seed production yield included selecting optimum seed production site, using the male sterile line with large sink capacity and good outcrossing characteristics, and improving the amount of the pollen by intensive cultivation of the male parent. According to the technologies of the three-step breeding on super hybrid rice, two super rice parents, including a male parent 996 and a thermo(photo)-genic male sterile [T(P)GMS] line C815S, were bred. Furthermore, a super early hybrid rice combination, Luliangyou 996, which could be used as a double-season early rice variety in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, was bred by using the super rice variety 996 as the male parent, and several hybrid rice combinations with higher yield than control variety in regional trials both of Hunan Province and state were bred with the T(P)GMS line C815S as the female parent.     

耐光氧化水稻体细胞无性系变异体的筛选与初步鉴定

 选用已知耐光氧化的中粳02428与中国91，不耐光氧化的中籼842、酶选明恢63-38、酶选明恢63-53、桂朝2号为供体亲本进行体细胞无性系的培养。从不耐光氧化亲本中可以产生耐与较耐光氧化的无性系变异体，并且突变频率较高，耐光氧化亲本的无性系后代仍然是耐光氧化的，初步观察到耐光氧化变异体具有遗传稳定性。源于中国91的变异体CX1的R5代与R6代孕穗期倒2叶光氧化级数均为Ⅰ级，源于842的变异体842后实的R2代与R3代孕穗期倒2叶光氧化级数均为Ⅱ级。     

植物新品种保护发展现状分析

通过对植物新品种保护制度现状进行分析,加大舆论宣传,提高执法者和广大群众对植物新品种保护认识,这对调动广大育种家的育种创新积极性和推动农业科技进步起到重要作用。利用植物新品种权申请和授权的数据,分析了目前国内外植物新品种权申请和授权情况,国内科研单位的植物新品种权申请量和授权量仍保持最多,种业品种权意识还不够强。针对主要问题提出激励水稻育种创新的主要对策和措施。     

禾田稻2号选育技术报告

禾田稻2号(代号松辽628)是公主岭市松辽农业科学研究所以白粳1为母本、长白19为父本,双亲配组,有性杂交,后代材料经世代选拔培育,系谱法、穿梭育种,最终选育而成的水稻新品种.该品种株高适中、株型紧凑、分蘖力较强,成穗率好,结实率高,中感稻瘟病,米质好,产量高,综合性状优良,2020年通过内蒙古自治区农作物品种审定委员...     

浅谈杂交水稻品种权保护现状及对策

杂交水稻的发展催生了中国植物新品种保护制度，植物新品种保护制度又促进了杂交水稻的健康发展。目前，杂交水稻品种权保护存在育种单位品种权保护意识较淡薄、种子成本增加、审查速度较慢、维权困难等问题。针对这些问题，提出了实施品种权战略的相应对策。     

广东优质稻发展及稻米品牌建设与展望

综述了从明朝以来广东优质稻品种和稻米品牌发展历程.广东的优质稻品种经历了从传统的高秆农家品种到现代矮秆高直链淀粉含量型优质常规品种,再到目前的矮秆低直链淀粉型优质常规品种.广东优质稻米品牌从传统的"增城丝苗米"和"马坝油粘米",发展到现在的5个地理标志保护产品和12个稻米区域公用品牌.这些品牌优质稻米均以粒型细长、无心...     

关于高能重离子束辐射诱变北方粳稻育种方法的思考

高能重离子束(80 MeV/u)辐射作为一种新的诱变育种技术，已在小麦、甜高粱等作物育种上得到了应用，但在北方粳稻育种领域研发及应用还不多。2013年中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所利用国家大型重离子加速器装置，开展了高能重离子束(¹²C⁶⁺)辐射北方粳稻的诱变育种工作。经过10年的研发，创建了高能重离子束辐射北方粳稻“少而精”诱变育种技术体系。本文对辐射亲本选择、辐射参数确立、后代材料的种植和选择及新品种培育等方面进行了归纳总结，并对辐射亲本的敏感性、M1代材料的天然杂交、高世代材料的“疯狂分离”等方面的问题进行了探讨和思考，期望为今后水稻高能重离子束辐射诱变育种工作提供参考。