半干旱退化山区灌草立体配置与水分调控研究

半干旱退化山区干旱与水土流失并存,降雨量时空分配不均,且水热不同步(在春夏,植物常因缺水而枯死),致使生态环境建设中恢复植被的难度大。为此,采用工程整地措施与灌草立体配置模式,发展集流灌草植被。集蓄土壤水分,随着时间的延续土壤水分可不断得到补充和调节,促进灌草植被的快速恢复,实现林业经济的可持续发展。     

温室集雨与集雨水高效利用研究

在半干旱偏旱区设置了清除土表杂草、红沙覆盖、废膜覆盖和日光温室棚面4种不同的集流面处理,结合日光温室秋冬茬黄瓜、番茄不同灌水量试验,通过水的转化效率探讨不同集流面的使用价值和提高水转化效益的适宜灌水量.结果表明:温室棚面的年产流率最高为85.4%,其次为废膜集流面45.4%,清除土表杂草集流面的年产流率仅有8.2%.从单方水集流费用看,清除土表杂草>红沙集流面>废膜集流面>日光温室棚面,平均集流费用为2.18元/m3,单座温室棚面(450 m2)集流面加上温室间隔区废膜集雨(600 m2),集雨水总量可达到197 m3,能够满足温室一茬黄瓜和一茬番茄的需水量.     

灌淤土——中国干旱与半干旱地区的人为土壤

<正> 灌淤土分布于中国干旱与半干旱地区的古老灌区,东起河北省张家口,经内蒙、宁夏、甘肃、青海,西至新疆,包括西藏西部干旱的亚高山河谷。1.灌淤土概念灌淤土这类人为土壤,具有厚度大于50cm的灌淤土层。是在引用含有大量泥砂的水     

干旱半干旱地区地下水问题

对干旱半干旱地区地下水资源的特征，地下水的水文地质条件及相关的水文地质问题进行了分析，阐述了干旱半干旱地区地下水资源的利用现状及地下水资源管理的内容和意义。     

我国干旱半干旱地区治理环境资源问题的技术规范初探

落后的生产技术以及不遵循自然规律开发利用环境资源,使生态环境本就脆弱的干旱半干旱地区旱灾更广泛外,还表现出诸如土地荒漠化、水土流失、草原退化等日趋严重的环境资源问题。干旱半干旱地区发展经济需要注重生态效益与经济效益并举,科技进步是关键,为使科学技术在生产实践中规范化运作,在干旱半干旱地区法制建设中应制定治理环境资源问题的技术规范,包括生态技术规范、生产技术规范、节水技术规范、预测技术规范。     

土壤保水剂与干旱地区的开发

我国干旱及半干旱地区的总面积为455万平方公里,占国土总面积的47％,其中沙漠与沙漠化的土地面积为149万平方公里占国土面积的15.5％。我国的西北属于干旱地区,这里的年平均降雨量小于200毫米,平均相对湿度只有0.15,而且蒸发量大于降雨量。这些广阔的土地资源如何开发和利用是人们关注的问题,但是其中最主要的是防止现有的土地继续沙漠化。为此,人们用传统的办法诸如:种草、植树、兴修水利等等,生物手段和工程手段已经付出了巨大的代价。     

西北旱区苜蓿品种筛选及配套技术研究取得重要进展

针对干旱、半干旱地区发展草业的技术需要，西北农林科技大学干旱、半干旱农业研究中心对优质豆科牧草——苜蓿进行了大量研究，获得了丰富资料，取得重要进展。     

试论旱区的干旱及其防御

本文阐述了旱区所处的地位及干旱对农业的影响;讨论了干旱的形成;分析了我国北方干旱发生的规律;进行了北方旱区湿润状况分类及评价,分别对西北干旱牧区和绿州农业区、东北西部风沙半干旱区、内蒙古中南部、黄土高原北部半干旱地区、华北平原中北部半湿润易旱区的干旱气候特征及干旱的时空分布规律进行了分析。最后从防御干旱的战略对策提出了几点意见。     

伊犁地区灌耕土的形成条件和主要特征

灌耕土是在干旱、半干旱地区自然土壤的基础上,经过长期清水灌溉和耕种熟化,演变发育而成的一种农业土壤。据报导,灌耕土在哈密、博乐、伊犁等地的古老绿洲分布较广。笔者以伊犁地区为例,对灌耕土的成土条件和主要特征,作了进一步探讨,现报告如下。一,灌耕土的形成条件伊犁地区东南北三面环山,可北阻干冷气流南下,南挡干热气流入侵,而西部开阔,地     

土壤盐渍化改良的井渠掺灌调控模型

<正> 实行渠、井、排沟结合的灌排方案,实现地表水、地下水联合运用,是干旱、半干旱地区改良土壤盐渍化的重要途径。在土壤盐渍化较重地区,地下水矿化度相对较高,因此,实行井水与渠水掺灌,使其水质达到灌溉水质标准要求,这就需要建立井渠掺灌调控模型。通常,在这类地区,地下水单独用于灌溉时,其超标污染因子仅为全盐量、氯化物和     

半干旱地区雨水高效富集利用技术应用

在我国半干旱山区,高效利用雨水资源发展高效节水农业,提高灌溉水的利用率和农田水的利用效率,是解决水资源短缺问题的重要措施。"半干旱区雨水高效富集利用技术"是指天然降水在250～600mm的地区汇集降水进行农田补充灌溉的一整套实用技术。它紧紧围绕提高有限降水的高效富集高效利用,对集雨工程技术、灌溉技术、农业与生物技术、节水农机具及防渗新材料、运行管理模式进行了集成、创新研究及示范,形成了农业高效用水的技术体系。     

雨水集蓄利用研究进展

雨水集蓄利用是解决干旱半干旱地区缺水问题的一条有效途径。本文从雨水利用的涵义及历史概况出发 ,综述了国内外近半世纪以来雨水集蓄利用的研究进展和成果 ,指出了存在的问题 ,并对雨水集蓄利用研究进行了展望     

流域雨水利用智能决策系统的研制与开发

结合干旱半干旱地区特点及雨水利用存在的问题,提出了建立流域雨水利用智能决策系统的构思,确定了开发思路和流程,建立雨水资源化潜力、利用程度及各种需水量的计算模型,并通过雨水利用供需状况分析,提出了按6种情况进行规划决策。     

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10⁸m³.This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.     

天水旱作区自然降水生产潜力的适度开发对策

通过10年的定点资料统计,分析了天水旱作地区自然降水生产潜力开发程度、适宜开发程度及可开发程度;并就资源和环境条件对水分生产潜力开发的制约问题进行了讨论,分阶段分层次提出了生产潜力适度开发对策措施。     

Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.     

Meteorological impacts on evapotranspiration in different climatic zones of Pakistan

Arid regions are highly vulnerable and sensitive to drought. The crops cultivated in arid zones are at high risk due to the high evapotranspiration and water demands. This study analyzed the changes in seasonal and annual evapotranspiration(ET) during 1951–2016 at 50 meteorological stations located in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones of Pakistan using the Penman Monteith(PM) method. The results show that ET is highly sensitive and positively correlated to temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed whereas vapor pressure is negatively correlated to ET. The study also identifies the relationship of ET with the meteorological parameters in different climatic zones of Pakistan. The significant trend analysis of precipitation and temperature(maximum and minimum) are conducted at 95% confidence level to determine the behaviors of these parameters in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones. The mean annual precipitation and annual mean maximum temperature significantly increased by 0.828 mm/a and 0.014℃/a in the arid and extremely arid zones, respectively. The annual mean minimum temperature increased by 0.017℃/a in the extremely arid zone and 0.019℃/a in the arid zone, whereas a significant decrease of 0.007℃/a was observed in the semi-arid zone. This study provides probabilistic future scenarios that would be helpful for policy-makers, agriculturists to plan effective irrigation measures towards the sustainable development in Pakistan.     

Potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting to meet outdoor water demand in arid regions

The feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting(RRWH) as an alternative source of water to meet the outdoor water demand in nine states of the U.S. was evaluated using a system dynamics model developed in Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation. The state of Arizona was selected to evaluate the effects of the selected model parameters on the efficacy of RRWH since among the nine states the arid region of Arizona showed the least potential of meeting the outdoor water demand with rain harvested water. The analyses were conducted on a monthly basis across a 10-year projected period from 2015 to 2024. The results showed that RRWH as a potential source of water was highly sensitive to certain model parameters such as the outdoor water demand, the use of desert landscaping, and the percentage of existing houses with RRWH. A significant difference(as high as 37.5%) in rainwater potential was observed between the projected wet and dry climate conditions in Arizona. The analysis of the dynamics of the storage tanks suggested that a 1.0–2.0 m~3 rainwater barrel, on an average, can store approximately 80% of the monthly rainwater generated from the rooftops in Arizona, even across the high seasonal variation. This interactive model can be used as a quick estimator of the amount of water that could be generated, stored, and utilized through RRWH systems in the U.S. under different climate conditions. The findings of such comprehensive analyses may help regional policymakers, especially in arid regions, to develop a sustainable water management infrastructure.     

黄土高原降水资源特征与林木适宜度研究

黄土高原位于干旱半干旱地区,水资源匮乏,如何根据当地的降水条件来确定适宜的植被类型是生态建设中的一个关键问题.通过对黄土高原68个气象台站1961-2000年逐月降水量的统计,结果表明:黄土高原的降水特征总体表现为年平均降水量区域差异大,由东南部的大于600 mm逐渐递减到西北部的不足200 mm;植物生长期间的降水占全年80%以上,且季节分配不均,表现为春旱、夏多、秋少.依据黄土高原的降水资源特征,从林地水量平衡理论出发,以生长季期间林地的水分收支状况来确定林木的适生程度,并以县为单位对黄土高原的林木适宜性进行分区.结果表明,黄土高原适宜于乔木林和灌木林的区域各占1/4左右.