农业生态系统健康及其管理研究进展

生态系统健康是生态系统管理的目标。阐述了农业生态系统健康的概念、评价指标和评价方法,指出农业生态系统健康评价指标与标准的选择应根据其结构和功能将社会经济指标及资源环境指标有机结合,以客观评价农业环境资源承载力及农业生产发展方向,并科学管理农业生态系统。     

生物多样性对生态系统功能及其稳定性的影响

生物多样性导致生态系统功能优化学说、组分有机体功能特点决定生态系统功能观点及一些中间观点的提出使生态学界对生物多样性与生态系统功能之间关系的研究结果各异,但关键种的丧失会严重损害生态系统功能是肯定的。对结构多样性的生态系统来说,关键种能稳定生态系统功能,并在一定程度上缓冲波动带来的压力。生物多样性与生态系统稳定性间关系的研究亦未形成共识,一般看法是生物多样性降低会导致生态系统稳定性下降。但也有与之不同的看法,认为多样性与稳定性间无任何关系。对局部多样性、区域多样性及全球范围内生物多样性改变及其相应保护措施的研究比较后认为,应为不同物种提供适合其繁殖条件的局部试验地块,用个体小的物种来控制区域生物多样性及通过各种自然试验方法增加不同范围内的生物多样性。     

农业景观异质性对生物多样性及其 生态系统服务的影响

农业景观中生物多样性具有特殊重要的意义,本文首先综述了农业景观异质性的组成和特征。农业景观的异质性不仅包括空间组成和构型异质性以及时间异质性,更应包括基于物种或功能类群认识的农业景观功能异质性,这对于讨论景观异质性与生物多样性的关系十分关键。纵览景观空间异质性和时间异质性对生物多样性的多尺度影响发现,很多研究证实非农生境对于维持农业景观中生物多样性十分必要,由非农生境斑块和农田基质组成异质性较高的农业景观往往促进生物多样性,不同生物类群对景观异质性的响应尺度不同。景观结构和种间作用的复合影响是异质性农业景观维持生物多样性的机制。景观异质性通过生物多样性的组成和分布进而影响其提供的生物控制、授粉和物质循环等生态系统服务。结合黄河中下游平原农业景观异质性特征及其对生物多样性影响系列研究结果,在联产承包责任制下小田块管理的农业景观中,未来相关研究应基于功能景观的时空异质性深入讨论农业景观对生物多样性及其生态系统服务的影响机制,为可持续农业景观的构建提供科学依据。     

生物多样性与农业可持续发展

农业是为人类生存、衍续提供物质生活资料的基础产业 ,农业可持续发展是人类可持续发展的前提。本文在阐述了生物多样性是农业可持续发展物质基础的同时 ,论述了农业可持续发展正面临生物多样性的危机 ,探讨了保护生物多样性、实现农业可持续发展应采取的对策措施。     

亚热带红壤严重退化生态系统封禁管理后生物多样性的恢复

南方花岗岩发育的红壤由于严重的土壤侵蚀，生态系统退化严重，恢复与重建功能良好的生态系统是当前极炒迫切的任务，研究者在福建省长汀县河田镇对未治理的侵蚀地（严重退化生态系统）,封禁管理措施恢复的马尾松林和村边残存的乡土林（风水林）群落进行植被调查的基础上，研究了植物物种多样性的恢复情况，结果表明：严重退化生态系统植被稀少，植物区系组成简单，生物多样性各种指数最低；生态系统恢复重建后，植被覆盖恢复，植物种类增加，区组成向复杂化方向发展，各多样性指数增大，乡土林物种最为丰富，区系组成较为复杂，多样性指数最大，因此，严重退化生态系统经封禁管理措施恢复后，生态系统的植物物种多样性有了很大程度的恢复，但与乡土林相比，还有较大差距。     

我国荒漠生态系统生物多样性生态地理分区

为了更好地服务于生物多样性监测及价值评估研究,采用自上而下逐级划分、专家集成和GIS模型定量结合的方法,依据国际上普遍遵循的生态地理区划原则,将过去研究中各区划方案和相关图件作为分区过程的辅助材料及校正材料,利用各种生态地理因子指标,包括气候指标月平均气温、年均温,与需热性有关的植物生长季积温,水分指标湿润指数及干燥度,植被指标如植被类型、植被区划类型、植物区系类型、动物区系类型等,土壤指标土壤类型、土壤有机质等,地形和地貌特征,进行了中国荒漠生态系统生物多样性生态地理分区。根据相应区划原则和指标体系,荒漠生态系统采用干湿区、自然区和类型区3级区划制。分区过程中遵循综合分析和主导因素相结合的原则,主要体现对生物多样性保育的服务,将荒漠生态系统划分为67个类型区。     

农业景观生物多样性功能和保护对策

研究表明,农业集约化生产和农业景观均质化导致农业景观生物多样性降低,致使生物多样性相关野生资源保护、自然授粉、害虫调节、水土涵养等生态系统服务功能受损,进而影响了农业可持续发展。本文对国内外农业景观生物多样性及其生态系统服务功能研究和实践进行了综述。分别探讨了农业景观在生物多样性保护、授粉服务、调节服务、水土涵养等多方面生态服务功能中发挥的作用及其生物多样性保护的意义,总结了欧美在农业景观生物多样性保护所采取的实践措施,指出中国虽然在生物多样性保护方面做出很多努力,但却忽略了对农业景观的保护,近些年的城市化和集约化发展都进一步加剧了农业景观生物多样性的丧失,亟需借鉴欧美国家经验提出我国的农业景观生物多样性保护策略。我们认为保护和提高农业景观生物多样性的生态集约化对维护农作物产量,改善品种具有重要的作用。农业景观生物多样性保护需要从农田生态系统和农业景观两个尺度上开展农业景观综合管理,提高农田作物和景观植物多样性和异质性,恢复和提高生物多样性及其生态服务功能。最后,针对我国农业可持续发展面临的问题和需求,建议从政策和法规、监测和评估、工程技术研发、技术集成示范、生态补贴制度、培训和推广等方面,开展农业景观生物多样性保护。     

农业生态系统服务及其管理学要义

农业生态系统作为联系人类社会系统与自然生态系统的界面(Interface), 其服务功能的健康发挥对整个农业系统稳定及人类生存与社会可持续发展具有现实和长远意义。本文综述了农业生态系统服务的研究现状、内涵与内容, 从现有农业生态系统服务功能的量化评估指标和方法着手, 提出了农业生态系统服务的量化难、研究技术相对滞后、研究机制缺位和研究力量薄弱成为农业生态系统服务研究的瓶颈, 以及意识问题制约农业生态系统服务的研究进程等国内外研究中存在的主要问题, 并展望了未来农业生态系统服务的研究趋势。最后, 从概念层面、机制层面和技术层面提出促进农业生态系统服务功能健康发挥的管理学要义。     

浅论我国农业生物多样性保护

介绍了我国农业生物多样性的特点及其保护现状,在分析存在问题的基础上,提出了保护我国农业生物多样性的对策及建议。     

生态系统健康研究现状及其定量化研究初探

阐述了健康的生态系统定义及其研究瓶颈与途径 ,健康的生态系统可以活力、组织性和恢复力等定性指标描述和衡量。中尺度生态系统定量化健康评价研究的主要瓶颈是确立健康生态系统标准。生态系统健康评价研究的途径可从生态系统受胁迫压力角度、系统恢复力或系统反作用力角度以及生态系统受到潜在“威胁”预测和健康预防的角度考虑 ,而系统结构和功能相结合是生态系统健康评价的基础     

生态系统健康理论与评价方法探析

阐述了生态系统健康理论的形成与发展以及评价生态系统健康的方法和指标 ,并简介了我国生态系统健康理论在温室生态系统的应用。     

高速公路建设对生态破坏的经济损失研究

研究以生态系统服务价值为依据，探讨了高速公路建设对生态的影响和破坏，高速公路建设对生态破坏的经济损失指标选择、分析计算方法和适用条件，并结合重庆市已建和在建高速公路案例进行分析，提出高速公路建设中生态环境保护对策。     

Science in support of ecosystem-based management for the US West Coast and beyond

Declining ocean health, increasing human demands on marine ecosystems, and a history of management focused on individual activities, species or sectors has led to calls for more comprehensive, integrated management that considers entire coupled social-ecological systems. This transition to ecosystem-based management (EBM) for the oceans will certainly face a number of hurdles, and many practitioners struggle with how to move forward with EBM. In this paper, we assess whether the necessary science exists to support EBM. Specifically, we evaluate the state of the social and natural sciences for three research areas that are critical to EBM: (1) ecosystem services, (2) cumulative impacts, and (3) ecosystem variability and change. For each of the three research areas, we describe its importance to EBM and assess existing and emerging information and application of this knowledge, focusing on the US West Coast. We conclude that available science is not the bottleneck for moving forward with comprehensive EBM for this region, although we highlight important remaining knowledge gaps, particularly within the social sciences. Given imperfect and uncertain knowledge, EBM calls for an adaptive management approach, starting with readily available information, and continuously adapting as new information emerges. This synthesis can serve as a basis for comparison for other regions; it provides guidance for organizing information in support of EBM and outlines many novel and broadly applicable scientific approaches.     

生态系统健康及其评价研究进展

介绍了当前生态系统健康及其评价的研究进展,包括生态系统健康的概念、评价方法及指标等,并以农业生态系统健康为例进行了特别论述。最后指出目前研究中存在的主要问题和今后生态系统健康评价的研究方向。     

Unearthing the role of biological diversity in soil health

The soil provides a great variety of microhabitats for myriad organisms of different size, physiological activity, behavior and ecosystem function. Besides abundance of participating soil organisms, their species diversity facilitates maximum exploitation of the resources available in the different habitats. At various levels of resolution, species can be categorized into classes performing ecosystem functions and, within each functional class, into guilds of species with similar life course characteristics. Measurement of the diversity and abundance of species within a functional class provides insights into the nature of ecosystem functions and services and to the health of the soil. At higher resolution, species diversity within guilds of a functional class may infer the degree of exploitation of available resources and the complementarity of an ecosystem service; diversity among the guilds of a functional class may indicate successional complementarity of the services. A diversity of guilds within a functional class expands the range of conditions over which ecosystem services are performed while species diversity within a functional class and its guilds contributes to the magnitude of the services. Consequently, diversity of species within functional classes is a key element of the biological component of soil health. In the context of ecosystem services and soil health, the biomass or metabolic activity of species are more useful measures of their abundance than numbers of individuals. Thus, understanding of soil health and ecosystem function requires, besides knowledge of species diversity within functional classes, assessment of the range of functions currently performed in the system and the abundances of organisms by which they are performed. We propose a diversity-weighted abundance product for comparison of the functional magnitude of different assemblages of like organisms.     

Regional problems need integrated solutions: Pest management and conservation biology in agroecosystems

Ecosystems produce goods and services that are essential for the wellbeing of humans and other organisms. The earth’s expanding human population is altering both pattern and process in ecosystems, and hence is impacting the provision of ecosystem goods and services at a variety of scales. Food production and other ecosystem services, such as the many benefits provided by forests, are not exclusive of one another at a regional scale. Although it is becoming obvious that uncoordinated local management is inadequate to address regional ecosystem changes in the face of regional drivers of change, few regional governments have addressed the need for holistic landscape management of regional ecosystem services. We compare and contrast two regional programs, the agricultural agenda of integrated pest management (IPM) and an as-yet hypothetical, fragmentation-oriented conservation agenda that we term ‘Regional Fragmentation Management’ (RFM). IPM has a strong practical foundation but is weak on theory. RFM has a stronger theoretical base, but is weak on practice and has mainly focused on protected areas. Both programs address only a small subset of the larger question of how to effectively maintain regional production of regional ecosystem services. Some of the successes of IPM practitioners in building institutions and achieving societal acceptance for their program, particularly in relation to regionally coordinated (‘areawide’) pest management, suggest that regional ecosystem management is plausible. IPM offers some ingredients of an institutional role model for a broader, more ambitious program that seeks to manage regional ecosystem services and processes in a sustainable manner. As the looming crisis of global climate change brings a potential window of opportunity for the introduction of novel approaches for managing deforestation, closer synergies between conservation and agriculture at regional scales seem not only possible, but essential.     

农田生态系统服务及其价值的研究进展

农田生态系统在人类控制下已逐渐演变成了提供农产品的集约化生产系统。尽管与自然生态系统相比, 农田生态系统服务功能有所下降, 但其在提供农产品的同时还在向人类提供大量的生态服务。近年来, 生态系统服务稀缺性变得越来越突出, 农田生态系统的多功能性受到了空前的重视。本文首先明确了农田生物多样性是农田提供多种生态系统服务的基础, 然后回顾了2000年以来国内外农田生态系统服务及其价值化领域取得的主要研究进展, 包括对农田产品供给、碳汇、土壤保持和养分循环、水调节等功能的评价以及对农田生态系统服务及其价值化的综合研究。与此同时, 我们也应该注意到农业生产还对人类社会和自然环境产生了各种消极影响, 认识到权衡农田生态系统在农业生产中的各项利弊的重要性。通过对比不同农业生产模式对农田生态系统服务供给的影响, 提出未来发展多功能农业将是实现农田对人类福祉最大化的重要方向。最后, 文章指出我国发展多功能农业的主要措施是: (1)确保18亿亩耕地在空间上的存在; (2)与森林、草地、湿地、水域等其他自然生态系统在空间上合理配置; (3)在农业区域充分发展以观光休闲功能为主的休闲农业, 实现农田生态系统社会文化价值; (4)逐步实施农业生态补偿。