Transgenic potato plants expressing the potato virus X (PVX) coat protein gene developed resistance to the viral infection

The gene coding for potato virus X (PVX) coat protein (CP) was expressed in transgenic potato plants obtained byAgrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. One hundred independent clones were analyzed in challenge experiments for resistance to PVX infection under greenhouse conditions as a preliminary test. From this test, 16 clones with the best resistance results were selected for a small-scale field trial. Clones 54, 60, 73 and 91 demonstrated the best values of resistance to PVX in the field. Statistical analysis of the field trial showed significant differences between means of optical density obtained in ELISA from transgenic clones and non-transformed plants (P<0.05). There was correspondence between resistance to virus infection and expression of the CP gene of PVX virus in the analyzed clones. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 21, 2002. Corresponding author [e-mail: vivian.doreste@cigb.edu.cu].     

Molecular breeding for virus resistant potato plants

To engineer resistance against potato virus X (PVX), the viral coat protein (CP) gene has been introduced into two potato cultivars. Stable expression of the gene in transgenic clones throughout the growing season has been obtained and resulted in considerably increased virus resistance. With varying frequencies depending on the original cultivar used, true-to-type PVX resistant transgenic clones have been obtained. Since deviant light sprout characteristics were invariably associated with aberrations in plant phenotype, they can be used in procedures to early screen for deviations. Furthermore, it has been possible to unequivocally discriminate between the original untransformed and independent transgenic cultivars. Although no relation has been found between the presence, if any, of the CP of potato virus Y (PVY) or potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in CP gene transgenic potato, appreciable levels of resistance to these viruses has been obtained. This suggests that the mechanism by which a viral CP gene in the potato genome evokes resistance, differs amongst various viruses.     

Molecular breeding for virus resistant potato plants

To engineer resistance against potato virus X (PVX), the viral coat protein (CP) gene has been introduced into two potato cultivars. Stable expression of the gene in transgenic clones throughout the growing season has been obtained and resulted in considerably increased virus resistance. With varying frequencies depending on the original cultivar used, true-to-type PVX resistant transgenic clones have been obtained. Since deviant light sprout characteristics were invariably associated with aberrations in plant phenotype, they can be used in procedures to early screen for deviations. Furthermore, it has been possible to unequivocally discriminate between the original untransformed and independent transgenic cultivars. Although no relation has been found between the presence, if any, of the CP of potato virus Y (PVY) or potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in CP gene transgenic potato, appreciable levels of resistance to these viruses has been obtained. This suggests that the mechanism by which a viral CP gene in the potato genome evokes resistance, differs amongst various viruses.     

利用RNA介导的抗病性获得抗2种病毒的转基因烟草

 RNA介导的病毒抗性(RMVR)是近年发展起来的一种新的植物抗病毒基因工程策略,具有抗病性强、抗性持久、生物安全性高等特点。利用该策略培育多抗病毒植株具有广阔的应用前景和重要的实践意义。本研究将非翻译的马铃薯X病毒的衣壳蛋白(PVX-CP)基因和非翻译的马铃薯Y病毒的衣壳蛋白(PVY-CP)基因组成嵌合基因,构建植物表达载体pROKXY,利用农杆菌介导法转化烟草NC89,获得6株对PVX和PVY的混合侵染表现为免疫的转基因植株。分子分析表明,这种抗性为RNA介导的病毒抗性。这一研究结果为利用RMVR进行植物多抗病毒育种提供了重要数据和资料。     

Further studies on resistance-breaking strains of potato virus X

A stock culture of isolate CP of potato virus X (PVX) maintained by serial subculture in plants of Nicotiana glutinosa was found to contain PVX strain group four in addition to the original strain group two. The group four strain was separated from the mixture by sap-inoculation to potato cultivars Maris Piper and Pentland Dell, both of which carry PVX hypersensitivity genes Nx and Nb , by graft-inoculation to Maris Piper and by sap-inoculation to cultivar Pentland Ivory which carries Nb but not Nx. Strain group four seemed to be a minor component of the strain mixture in N. glutinosa as few potato plants became infected with it when insusceptible plants were sap-inoculated or when sap inoculum was diluted 500 times. The group four strain passed readily through tubers of infected potato plants and was stable on serial sub-culture in N. glutinosa. When stock cultures of PVX group two isolates B and EX kept in N. glutinosa were tested on cultivar Pentland Dell, they also proved to be mixtures of group two and group four, indicating that spontaneous appearance of group four in cultures of group two strains may occur readily.
When group four strains derived from isolate CP and from PVX common strain isolate DX were graft-inoculated to many plants of cultivar Cara, which carries PVX immunity gene Rx , there was no evidence of selection of a strain like HB which overcomes this gene. In mixed infection with isolate DX, HB was still present after passage through two generations of progeny tubers of cultivar Pentland Crown which lacks any resistance genes, indicating that HB is a fully competitive strain.     

利用RNA介导的抗病性获得高度抗马铃薯Y病毒的转基因烟草

 以马铃薯Y病毒坏死株系(PVY^N)的RNA为模板,应用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法,扩增出长度为801 bp的非翻译的马铃薯Y病毒外壳蛋白基因。将扩增的片段克隆到pBSK的BamHI和KpnI之间并进行了序列测定。用BamHI和KpnI从重组克隆载体上切下该基因并插入到质粒pROKII内得到植物表达载体pPVYCP。通过根癌农杆菌(LBA4404)介导的方法转化烟草NC89,经卡那霉素抗性筛选、PCR和Southern blot检测,获得82株转基因植株。Northern blot和Western blot分析表明,转基因植株只在RNA水平上得到了表达。抗病性试验表明转基因植株之间抗性水平存在着差异,其中有7株是对PVY^N高度抗病性的植株。转基因植株抗病特异性试验初步表明,对PVY^N表现高度抗病的植株对PVY^O也具有高度抗病性。     

Complementation of coat protein mutants of pepper huasteco geminivirus in transgenic tobacco plants

ABSTRACT The role of the pepper huasteco virus (PHV) coat protein (CP) gene during the infection was investigated in three different hosts by using mutations that produced truncated proteins and by complementation assays in transgenic plants. The infectivity analysis revealed that mutants that express truncated CP (CP7 and CP191) behave like the wild-type virus when inoculated onto pepper and Nicotiana benthamiana plants in terms of symptom expression and viral DNA movement. On the contrary, the CP7 mutant was unable to systemically infect tobacco plants, whereas only 10% of the plants inoculated with the CP191 mutant became infected. The CP7 mutant was complemented by coinoculating it with another geminivirus (taino tomato mottle virus). No complementation was observed in plants from nine transgenic tobacco lines expressing CP under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. However, 3 out of 10 lines expressing CP under the control of its own promoter (693 nucleotides) were able to complement the CP7 mutant. Interestingly, upon infection, the levels of CP mRNA in 693CP plants increased dramatically, probably due to transactivation of the CP promoter by the viral protein AC2.     

Coat protein-mediated transgenic resistance in tomato against a IB subgroup Cucumber mosaic virus strain

Transgenic tomato plants containing the coat protein (CP) gene of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) of subgroup IB were developed through Agrobacterium-mediated transformations. The progenies of transgenic plants showed the presence of transgene, its expression and translation of 26 KDa CP. The T₁ and T₂ generation plants were evaluated for resistance against challenge inoculations by a homologous strain of CMV. Visual observations of challenged transgenic plants categorized them into resistant, tolerant and susceptible as compared with untransformed control plants. Out of 33 plants of the T₁ generation, 36.3% showed resistance and remained symptomless throughout their life, 48.4% showed tolerance which developed delayed symptoms of mild mosaic, and 15.1% showed susceptibility to CMV which developed severe systemic mosaic and leaf distortion symptoms after 30?days of virus challenge. Out of 120 plants of the T₂ generation, 60% showed resistance, 26.6% were tolerant and only 13.3% were found susceptible to challenge inoculations of CMV. Resistant transgenic plants also showed less CP accumulation in systemic upper leaves as compared with challenged untransformed plants. In this study, CP of a CMV subgroup IB strain has demonstrated a significant level of resistance in transgenic tomato plants against the CMV strain. The strategy may be applied for better quality and productivity of tomato crops.     

利用CRISPR/Cas13a编辑技术获得马铃薯抗PVX植株

为探究利用CRISPR/Cas13a系统获得抗马铃薯X病毒（potato virus X,PVX）马铃薯的可行性,通过设计靶向PVX中TGBp1基因的小向导RNA（small guide RNA,sgRNA）,构建CRISPR/Cas13a基因编辑载体,以马铃薯栽培种Désirée为受体材料进行稳定遗传转化,并通过机械摩擦接种法鉴定转基因植株对PVX的抗性。结果显示,成功构建了靶向PVX的PVX-Cas13a载体,并获得了表达Cas13a的转基因马铃薯植株,对其中3个高表达Cas13a的株系进行PVX抗性鉴定,发现在接种PVX 10~20 d后,转基因植株系统叶上无明显发病症状,且PVX积累量均显著低于未接种PVX对照。表明靶向PVX的CRISPR/Cas13a系统能够有效抑制该病毒的积累,这为马铃薯抗PVX育种提供了一条有效策略。     

转录后基因沉默

 转录后基因沉默(PTGS)普遍存在于生物界,如植物的共抑制、源于病原的RNA介导的病毒抗性、真菌的基因沉默和动物的RNA干扰等。这类现象有许多共同特点,如都是以向细胞内引入核酸(转基因、双链RNA或病毒RNA)为诱因,依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶(RdRP)活性与基因沉默密切相关,在发生基因沉默的细胞中大多存在特定长度的小分子RNA (21~25 nt),PTGS导致细胞质内mRNA的特异性降解,不同生物的PTGS相关基因及产物具有很高的相似性,基因沉默能够在细胞间传播并能以表型遗传的方式传递给下一代等。这说明各种生物的转录后基因沉默可能有相似的遗传起源,是一种抵抗外来核酸(如病毒和转座子)入侵的共同的防御机制     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒低风险参照物质的研制

采用RT-PCR方法扩增黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒的外壳蛋白基因与3,非编码区,并将其构建到马铃薯X病毒(PVX)载体中.重组质粒经线性化及体外转录后接种烟草,获得含有病毒外壳蛋白基因的感病植株.感病组织可用于分子检测的质控,也可作为毒源来繁殖阳性参照物质.基于PVX载体制备的参照物质可降低检疫性病毒的生物安全风险,尤其对稳定性强、可造成严重经济损失的高风险病毒的检疫更具实用价值.     

A coat protein transgene from a Scottish isolate of potato mop-top virus mediates strong resistance against Scandinavian isolates which have similar coat protein genes

Resistance tests were made on seedlings of transformed lines of Nicotiana benthamiana which contain a transgene encoding the coat protein (CP) gene of a Scottish isolate of potato mop-top virus (PMTV). This transgene has been reported to confer strong resistance to the PMTV isolate from which the transgene sequence was derived and also to a second Scottish isolate. Plants of lines of the transgenic N. benthamiana were as resistant to two Swedish and two Danish PMTV isolates as to a Scottish isolate, and of five lines tested, greater than 93.5% of transgenic plants were immune. The coat protein gene sequences of these four Scandinavian isolates were very similar to those of the two Scottish isolates. The greatest divergence between the isolates was three amino acid changes and there was less than 2% change in CP gene nucleotide sequence. It is concluded that the PMTV CP transgene used in these experiments could confer resistance against isolates from different geographical areas because it is becoming apparent that the CP genes of PMTV isolates are highly conserved.     

利用RNA干扰介导抗病性获得兼抗四种病毒的转基因马铃薯

为获得兼抗马铃薯X病毒(Potato virus X,PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)、马铃薯卷叶病毒(Potato leaf roll virus,PLRV)和马铃薯潜隐花叶病毒(Potato virus S,PVS)4种病毒的转基因马铃薯新材料,分别以这4种病毒全长CP基因为模板,通过设计PCR引物和亚克隆获得4种病毒CP基因相对保守区段的基因片段,并将其拼接成融合基因,以载体pHANNIBAL和pBI121为基础,构建RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)载体,利用农杆菌介导的转基因体系进行马铃薯遗传转化,并对获得的转基因马铃薯进行病毒抗性检测。结果表明,所获得的融合基因片段RH1和RH2,酶切鉴定分别得到长度为1 200 bp的条带,与预期片段相符;构建了含pdk内含子和RH1、RH2融合基因的RNAi植物表达载体,经Bam H I/Sac I双酶切,获得长度约3 200 bp的片段,表明RNAi植物表达载体pBI121-pRH构建成功;转化易感病毒马铃薯品种陇薯11号,PCR检测和PCRSouthern杂交分析表明融合基因已整合到陇薯11号马铃薯基因组中;抗病性检测显示4株转基因马铃薯植株对4种病毒均免疫。表明利用RNAi可筛选出抗多种病毒的转基因马铃薯新种质。     

The ability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Papaya ringspot virus</Emphasis>strains overcoming the transgenic resistance of papaya conferred by the coat protein gene is not correlated with higher degrees of sequence divergence from the transgene

The coat protein (CP) gene mediated transgenic resistance is found to be the best approach for protecting papaya plants against the destructive disease caused by Papaya ringspot viruses(PRSV). In order to study the variability of PRSV and the potential threat to the CP-transgenic resistance, five virus isolates were collected from transgenic plants of papaya line 16-0-1, which carry the CP gene of the typical mosaic strain of Taiwan PRSV YK, in an approved test field and fourteen from untransformed papaya plants in different areas of Taiwan. The results of biological, serological, and molecular characterization indicated that all isolates are related to PRSV YK. Among them, the isolate 5--19 from the transgenic line and the isolates CS and TD2 from untransformed papaya were able to overcome the YK CP gene-mediated resistance of papaya lines 18--2--4, 17-0-5, and 16-0-1, which provide high degrees of resistance to different geographic PRSV strains of Hawaii (HA), Mexico (MX), and Thailand (TH). These three isolates were also able to cause symptoms on untransformed papaya plants more severe than those induced by YK. In addition to the host reactions, the variability of the collected 19 isolates was also analyzed and compared with YK and other geographic strains by heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) and sequence analyses. The results of HMA indicated that the CP genes of isolates 5--19 and TD2 are more divergent than those of other isolates when compared with YK. However, sequence analyses of the transgenic-resistance overcoming isolates 5-19, CS, and TD2 revealed that their CP coding regions and the 3 untranslated regions (UTRs) share nucleotide identities of 93.9–96.6% and 94.2–97.9% with those of YK, respectively; whereas the other geographic strains of HA, MX, and TH that could not overcome the transgenic resistance share lower nucleotide identities of 89.8–92.6% and 92.3–95.3% with those of YK, respectively. Our results indicate that the ability for overcoming the transgenic resistance is not solely correlated with higher degrees of sequence divergence from the transgene. The possible mechanism for overcoming the transgenic resistance and the potential threat of these PRSV strains to the application of the transgenic papaya lines carrying PRSV YK CP gene are discussed.