Characterization of ectophosphatase activities in trypanosomatid parasites of plants

ABSTRACT In the present work ectophosphatase activities of three trypanosomatid parasites of plants were characterized using intact cells. Phytomonas fran?ai, Phytomonas mcgheei, and Herpetomonas sp. hydrolyzed p-nitro-phenylphosphate at a rate of 5.40, 7.28, and 25.58 nmol Pi/mg of protein per min, respectively. Experiments using classical inhibitors of acid phosphatases such as sodium orthovanadate (NaVO(3)) and sodium fluoride (NaF) showed a decrease in phosphatase activities. Lithium fluoride (LiF) and aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)) were also used. Although AlCl3 had no effect, LiF was able to promote a decrease in the phosphatase activities. Interestingly, the inhibition caused by LiF was enhanced by the addition of AlCl3 during the reaction, probably due to the formation of fluoroaluminate complexes. This effect was confirmed by cytochemical analysis. In this assay, electron-dense cerium phosphate deposits were visualized on the external surface of the three parasites.     

松、柏、杉科植物的化感活性

利用琼脂混粉法对11种松、柏、杉科植物器官的化感活性进行了室内测定.在10 g/L的粉末添加浓度下,几乎所有的供试植物材料均对结球生菜幼苗的生长产生不同程度的抑制作用,且普遍对胚根的抑制效果高于对胚轴的抑制.其中云杉、雪松、黑松和华山松的叶,黑松和华山松的枝以及黑松的幼果对结球生菜胚根的抑制效果,云杉和雪松的枝对结球生菜胚轴的抑制效果均达90%以上.柏科植物不同器官对生菜幼苗的抑制作用要低于松科和杉科植物,其中,洒金千头柏的枝反而对生菜幼苗的生长显示了一定的刺激生长作用.     

菊科植物的杀菌活性及其活性成分(Ⅱ)

本文对菊科10个属:紫松果菊属(Echinacea)、醴肠属(Eclipta)、飞蓬属(Erigeron)、泽兰属(Eupatorium)、鼠曲草属(Gnaphalium)、堆心菊属(Helenium)、蜡菊属(Helichrysum)、旋复花属(Inula)、假泽兰属(Mikania)和银胶菊属(Parthenium)中具有杀菌活性的植物进行了综述,为进一步将菊科植物资源应用于植物性杀菌剂研究和开发利用提供理论参考。     

樟科杀虫抑菌活性及其活性成分研究进展

综述了樟科7属:樟属(Cinnamomum)、月桂属(Laurus)、山胡椒属(Lindera)、鳄梨属(Persea)、木姜子属(Litsea)、新木姜子属(Neolitsea)、琼楠属(Beilschmiedia)的杀虫抑菌活性及其成分分析,为樟科植物在植物源农药领域的进一步研究和应用提供理论基础。     

Increased activities of ribonuclease and protease after challenge in tobacco plants with induced systemic resistance

Inoculation of 3-4 lower leaves of tobacco with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) increased ribonuclease (RNase) and protease activities in inoculated leaves. Little or no increase in the activities were apparent in upper noninoculated leaves prior to challenge. After challenge with TMV or Peronospora tabacina, RNase activities increased more rapidly in the upper leaves of induced plants as compared to those of noninduced plants. Protease activities in the leaves challenged with P. tabacina or TMV also increased after challenge, but little or no differences in the activities were apparent between induced and noninduced plants. The incubation of purified TMV with leaf extracts obtained from induced challenged, noninduced challenged and noninduced unchallenged plants prior to inoculation did not affect the number of local lesions formed on tobacco plants.     

我国29种特有植物的杀虫活性初探

报道我国特有植物华蟹甲草、秃杉、黄花鸡爪草、大血藤、血水草、崖白菜和七叶一枝花的杀虫活性。5种特有植物甲醇提取物对家蝇48h的致死率均在70％以上，华蟹甲草93．10％、银杏（果）85．71％、七叶一枝花82．76％、黄花鸡爪草79．31％和秃杉（茎）71．03％。血水草和崖白菜对亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫48h的拒食率分别为52．8l％和62．88％，经大血藤、血水草和崖白菜处理后，亚洲玉米螟还出现化蛹延迟的现象。所筛选的特有植物对赤拟谷盗种群的毒杀作用和繁殖抑制作用较低，其中毒杀作用最好的为七叶一枝花，处理后30天赤拟谷盗的死亡率也仅为25．80％。繁殖抑制率最强的为八角莲（根），处理后60天繁殖抑制率为39．42％。以甲醇冷浸提取法对所采集的特有植物材料的提取率分布在1．54％～16．12％之间。     

三峡地区5种中国特有植物的杀虫和抗菌活性

测定了三峡地区5种中国特有植物的杀虫和抗菌活性,结果表明：10 mg/g的狭叶金粟兰（Chloranthus angustifolius）和裸芸香（Psilopeganum sinense）甲醇提取物对家蝇（Musca domestica）成虫24 h的致死率分别为90.30 %和62.22 %;10 mg/mL的疏花水柏枝（Myricaria laxiflora）、裸芸香和狭叶金粟兰的甲醇提取物对斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）3龄幼虫24 h的拒食率分别为96.74 %、83.56 %和76.74 %;10 mg/mL狭叶金粟兰甲醇提取物对荔枝霜疫霉（Peronophythora litchii）、黄瓜疫霉（Phytophthora melonis）、稻瘟菌（Magnaporthe oryzae）和稻纹枯菌（Rhizoctonia solani）的抑菌率均为100 %,对香蕉炭疽菌（Colletotrichum musae）和西瓜枯萎菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum）的抑菌率分别为83.67 %和74.97 %;裸芸香对稻瘟菌、荔枝霜疫霉和黄瓜疫霉的抑菌率分别为100 %、95.36 %和89.01 %。     

Propanil metabolism in rice: A comparison of propanil amidase activities in rice plants and callus cultures

Propanil amidase is an enzyme found in rice, which hydrolyzes the herbicide 3,4-dichloropropionanilide, propanil. The activity of the enzyme as measured in rice plants was found to be two to four times greater in plants with four leaves than in plants with fewer than four leaves. The higher amidase activity of the four-leaf plants was localized in the unexpanded leaves.Rice root callus suspension in cultures also demonstrated propanil amidase activity. In vivo experiments indicated that the herbicide was metabolized by the tissue culture. Propanil amidase activity as determined in vitro, however, was detected only after the culture had developed to late stationary phase.     

红树植物提取物对3种植物病原真菌孢子的抑制活性

用孢子萌发法测定了16种红树植物甲醇提取物对甘蔗凤梨病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌和柑橘疮痂病菌孢子萌发的抑制活性。结果表明,苦郎树和苦槛蓝对3种病菌孢子的萌发有明显的抑制作用,提取物浓度为10 g/L时,抑制率达77.29%以上。桐花树、海漆、榄李和银叶树对甘蔗凤梨病菌孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用,但对其余2种病菌孢子的抑制活性低。其余植物提取物对3种病菌孢子的抑制活性低。榄李和桐花树对甘蔗凤梨病菌孢子的毒力高,EC₅₀分别为0.3852 g/L和0.5714 g/L。     

Conserved virulence factor regulation and secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of plants and animals

Recent research has revealed the emergence of common themes in the molecular mechanisms of virulence in bacterial pathogens of plants and animals. In particular, the systems used for the global control of virulence factor synthesis and for the secretion of virulence determinants in diverse bacterial pathogens show strong conservation, implying evolutionary relatedness. Global control of virulence factor synthesis can be affected by a variety of environmental factors, bacterial hormones and programmed genetic rearrangements.Protein secretion in Gram-negative bacteria occurs via a number of targeting pathways. Type I and type III secretion systems mediate translocation across both the inner and outer membrane in a single step, while type II secretion proceeds via a periplasmic intermediate. Type II and type III secretion systems have been shown to target virulence determinants in both plant and animal bacterial pathogens.Abbreviations Cel cellulase - EPS extracellular polysaccharide - HL homoserine lactone - OHHL N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone - PC phenotypic conversion - Pel pectate lyase - pv. pathovar - spp. species     

寄主植物对草地螟中肠解毒酶及保护性酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨寄主植物对草地螟中肠解毒酶及保护性酶活性的影响,为研究草地螟对不同寄主植物的生理适应机制奠定基础。[方法]测定草地螟幼虫取食藜、大豆、向日葵、玉米和马铃薯等5种不同寄主植物后中肠解毒酶羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和保护酶超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活力的时序变化。[结果]取食不同寄主植物会显著影响幼虫中肠解毒酶活性。取食适宜寄主植物时幼虫中肠解毒酶活力在初期明显高于取食非适宜寄主植物的,但随着取食时间的延长,取食非适宜寄主植物的酶活力快速增长。取食初期,取食不同寄主植物对于中肠保护酶活性也有一定影响,但随着取食时间的延长,保护酶活力基本趋于一致。[结论]试验结果表明,草地螟老龄幼虫中肠解毒酶和保护酶对不同寄主的适应性反应是其取食非适宜寄主能够存活的生理机制之一。     

HarpinXooc蛋白在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及其生物活性检测

采用PCR方法从水稻细菌性条斑病菌RS105菌株中扩增harpinXooc编码基因hrf2,将其克隆到酵母表达载体pPICZαA的分泌信号肽基因下游,获得重组表达质粒pPICZαA-hrf2。重组表达质粒线性化后电击转化至毕赤酵母宿主菌X-33,经抗生素Zeocin筛选和PCR鉴定后,得到重组酵母菌X-33/pPICZαA-hrf2。用甲醇诱导重组酵母菌表达目标蛋白,发酵上清液经浓缩后进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析,在约18kD处有特异目标条带出现。Western blot检测表明表达产物具有良好的抗原性。生物活性检测表明酵母重组表达蛋白harpinXooc能够诱导烟草产生过敏反应和促进烟草生长,活性高于在大肠杆菌中表达的harpinXooc。     

不同诱导处理对番茄植株保护酶及西花蓟马体内消化酶活性的影响

正西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)对我国多种农作物造成严重危害,探讨其与寄主的相互关系十分必要。植株被昆虫为害后,保护酶活性会发生变化以适应外界不利环境,如从春蕾等(2013)研究认为西花蓟马取食可诱导其适宜寄主菜豆叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性升高;昆虫取食被诱导处理的     

虫害诱导植物间接防御机制

自然界中的植食性昆虫本身都具有一定的隐蔽保护性,这为害虫防治带来了一定的难度。寄生性天敌（寄生蜂等）能够利用嗅觉感受来自寄主和植物的化学通讯来搜索、定位、发现和寄生目标害虫。本文着重综述了植物与害虫协同进化所形成的防御策略,以及害虫诱导的植物挥发信息物质在植物、昆虫及天敌三级营养关系中的生态功能,并对挥发物的诱导信号分子、基本特性、占主要成分的萜烯类化合物释放的分子调控机制、植物组织中时空表达特异性和多样性等代谢特征以及其应用前景都进行了详细阐述。     

WRKY转录因子在烟草受CMV侵染和激素处理中的表达模式初步分析

WRKY转录因子在调控植物抵抗病原菌的侵染中发挥重要作用,但是,目前为止还没有WRKY转录因子在烟草抗CMV中调控机理的研究。本研究检测了感病品种‘K326’和抗病品种‘TT8’在接种CMV后其WRKY1、WRKY2、WRKY4和WRKY11的表达情况。结果显示,CMV侵染后‘TT8’中4个WRKY转录因子表达量均有大幅上升;而‘K326’中WRKY2、WRKY4和WRKY11的表达量与CMV侵染前无显著差异,WRKY1表达量则大幅下降。幼苗经外源激素(水杨酸、茉莉素、乙烯)处理后用RT-PCR检测,结果表明,‘K326’和‘TT8’中WRKY转录因子对外源激素的诱导响应比较复杂多样,但总体表现为在‘TT8’中WRKY1、WRKY2和WRKY4会受到乙烯和茉莉酸的诱导,但在‘K326’中转录因子的表达未受明显诱导。     

Metabolism of isopropyl carbanilate by soybean plants

Root-treated soybean plants absorb, translocate, and metabolize isopropyl carbanilatephenyl-¹⁴C (propham-¹⁴C). After a 3-day treatment period and removal of the exogenous ¹⁴C treating solution, only small concentrations of ¹⁴C-labeled materials were found in newly emerging tissues. A measurable concentration of radiocarbon was found in the seed pods, but the fruit tissues were shown to be free of any dectable ¹⁴C-labeling. Three days after removal of the exogenous propham-¹⁴C, the parent herbicide was completely metabolized by all tissues. Polar products and nonextractable residues were found in roots, stems, and leaves after a 3-day treatment period. The polar metabolites were not translocated once they were formed in either the roots or shoots.Conjugated polar metabolites were isolated, partially purified, and the prophamphenyl-¹⁴C moiety characterized. The aglycone moiety of the polar metabolites was liberated either by methanol-HCl solvolysis or by enzyme hydrolysis with β-glucosidase or hesperidinase. The aglycone from all three procedures was derivatized, purified and characterized by NMR, ir, and mass spectral analysis. The only aglycone was the derivative of isopropyl-2-hydroxycarbanilate which was at least in part conjugated as a glycoside.     

Detection of nitric oxide in plants by electron spin resonance

ABSTRACT Three methods to detect nitric oxide (NO()) are reported here. The first method was determining NO() in extracted plant tissue. NO() was trapped by spin trapping reagent containing diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) and FeSO(4), extracted by ethyl acetate, and determined with an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. The second method was indirectly determining NO() in live wheat leaves. Seedlings were cultured in a medium containing FeSO(4), and the leaves were brushed by DETC. Then, the leaves were ground and the complex of (DETC)(2)-Fe(2+)-NO was extracted and determined with an ESR spectrometer. The third method was directly determining NO* in live wheat leaves. After treating plant materials as in the second method, part of the water in leaves was transpired, and the leaf disks were inserted directly into quartz tubes to determine NO() with an ESR spectrometer. The NO() scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline- 1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO) decreased NO() signal detected either by an indirect or a direct method. This result indicates that both methods could detect NO() in the live plant. Using the first methods, we detected NO() change in wheat infected by Puccinia striiformis race CY22-2 pathogen (incompatible interaction) at different inoculation times, and it was found that the NO() content dramatically increased at 24 h postinoculation, quickly decreased at 48 h, and increased again at 96 h.