Prohexadione-calcium induces sunflower (Helianthus annuus) resistance against the root parasitic weed Orobanche cumana

Prohexadione-calcium (PHDC) is a plant growth retardant that inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis and transiently alters the spectrum of flavonoids and their phenolic precursors. In this study, root chamber and pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of PHDC on Orobanche cumana seed germination and induction of sunflower resistance to this root parasitic weed. Root chamber experiments indicated that PHDC did not interfere with the progress of Orobanche seed germination, but retarded O. cumana tubercle formation and development. In pot experiments, control of O. cumana by PHDC depended on its dose, method of application and sunflower cultivar. In sunflower cv. HA89, PHDC at 10 mg LS⁻¹ (litre soil) as two drenches or at 1 m m as two foliar sprays significantly reduced the total number and dry matter of O. cumana without influencing flower, leaf and root development. In sunflower cv. Albena, PHDC at 20 and 30 mg LS⁻¹, but not at 10 mg LS⁻¹, as two drenches significantly reduced O. cumana infection. Sunflower cv. HA89 was less susceptible to O. cumana and more inducible by PHDC than sunflower cv. Albena. The biochemical analysis of root extracts revealed a significantly higher accumulation of free phenolics in sunflower cv. HA89 after PHDC soil drench, but not in Albena. No significant lignification was observed after PHDC treatments. The results suggest that PHDC reduces O. cumana infection in sunflower by inducing host resistance, not by directly interfering with the parasite. Free phenolics play an important role in sunflower response to the parasite.     

Tobacco streak virus in sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) was isolated from a plant of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) showing severe necrosis and chlorosis in the leaves. The virus was identified as TSV by serology and, to some extent, by host range. The type of symptoms varied with the host plant in which the virus had been propagated in successive transfers. Test plants inoculated with the virus propagated inNicotiana rustica produced symptoms which very much differed from those brought about by the virus from eitherN. clevelandii orChenopodium amaranticolor.The significance of the host-mediated variation in symptoms is discussed.Samenvatting Tabaksstrepenvirus (TSV) werd geïsoleerd uit zonnebloem (Helianthus annuus) die sterke necrose en chlorose van de bladeren vertoonde. De identiteit van het virus werd vastgesteld op grond van serologische reacties en, tot op zekere hoogte, de symptomatologie. Het type symptoom op de toetsplanten bleek echter sterk afhankelijk te zijn van de plant waarvan het inoculum afkomstig was. Was het virus verschillende malen achtereen vermeerderd inNicotiana rustica dan waren de symptomen op de toetsplanten zeer verschillend van die, welke werden veroorzaakt door virus vermeerderd inN. clevelandii ofChenopodium amaranticolor. De betekenis van deze door de waardplant bewerkstelligde variatie in symptomen wordt besproken.     

Effect of planting date on broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) infections in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Field studies were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to determine the phenology and growth of broomrape in sunflower as affected by crop sowing dates. The parasitic weed attachment was observed in sunflower plants with 6–7 leaves; later it was found throughout the vegetative and flowering period of the crop. O. cernua seedlings with shoot development extensive but subterranean were mainly observed at the early heading stage of sunflower. At this stage they were beginning to reduce sunflower plant growth as compared with non–parasitized plants. The emergence of broomrape began at the early flowering stage of the crop and was particularly abundant throughout this and the achene–filling stage. Generally, broomrape infection was much less at the first than at the second or third sunflower sowings, and caused less reduction in yield. The duration of the broomrape emergence period increased as sowing date was delayed. Since sunflower yield was higher at earlier sowing dates, early sowing may be recommended for sunflower crops in broomrape–infested areas under mild mediterranean climates. Effet de la date de semis sur les infections d'orobanche (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) en culture de tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.) Des études de plein champ ont été conduites en 1988 et 1989 pour déterminer comment la phénologie et la croissance des orobanches en culture de tournesol étaient affectées par les dates de semis de la culture. Le rattachement de 1'adventice parasite a été observeé chez les plantes de tournesol avec 6–7 feuilles; plus tard il était observé tout au long des périodes végétatives et de floraison de la culture. Des plantules d'O. cernua avec un développement de la tige important mais souterrain ont été principalement observées au stage bourgeon précoce du tournesol. A ce stade elles ont commencé & réquire la croissance du tournesol en comparaison avec des plantes non parasitées. La levée de 1'orobanche a commencé au début du stade de la floraison de la culture et a été particuliérement abondant pendant celle–ci et le stade remplissement des akénes. Généralement, l'infection d'orobanche a été beaucoup moins forte au premier qu'au second et troisiéme semis et a causé des baisses de rendement plus faibles. La durée de la période de levée des orobanches a augmenté quand le semis a été retardé. Puisque le rendement en tournesol a été plus élevé pour les dates de semis précoces, un semis précoce peut être recommandé pour le tournesol en zones infestées par les orobanches sous les climats méditerranéens. Die Bedeutung des Saattermins der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) für den Befall mil der Sommerwurz (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) In Feldversuchen wurden 1988 und 1989 die PhÄnologie und das Wachstum der Sommerwurz in Sonnenblumenkulturen untersucht. Der Befall der Sonnenblumenpflanzen wurde im 6- bis 7-Blatt-Stadium festgestellt, aber auch später in der gesamten vegetativen und generativen Phase der Kulturpflanze. Keimpflanzen der Sommerwurz mit einer kräftigen, aber unterirdischen Sproßentwicklung wurden überwiegend im frühen Stadium der Blütenentwicklung der Sonnenblume beobachtet. In diesem Stadium begann die Wachstumshemmung der Sonnenblume. Zu Beginn der Blüte der Sonnenblume lief die Sommerwurz auf und war während dieses Entwicklungsstadiums und der folgenden Samenbildung besonders häufig anzutreffen. In der ersten Aussaat der Sonnenblume war der Befall allgemein geringer als in der zweiten oder dritten. Mit späterem Saattermin verlängerte sich die Keimungsperiode der Sommerwurz. Nachdem die Sonnenblume bei früherer Saat einem höheren Ertrag brachte, wird für mild-mediterrane Gebiete mit Befall von Sommerwurz eine frühe Aussaat empfohlen.     

Genotype-isolate interaction for resistance to black stem in sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the partial resistance of sunflower genotypes to seven isolates of Phoma macdonaldii . In the first experiment, 28 genotypes, including recombinant inbred lines and their parents, M6 mutant lines developed by gamma irradiation, and some genotypes from different geographical origins, were used. The experiment consisted of a split-plot design with three replications, each with 12 seedlings per genotype per isolate, in controlled conditions. Seven days after inoculation, plantlets were scored on a 1–9 scale for percentage necrotic area. Highly significant differences were observed among genotypes, isolates and their interactions. The presence of a differential interaction between genotypes and P. macdonaldii isolates was confirmed in a second experiment using 12 genotypes representing large variability for partial resistance to P. macdonaldii isolates, as identified in the first experiment. Inbred lines B454/03, ENSAT-B5 and LC1064C were the most susceptible sunflower genotypes, whereas two American lines SDR19 and SDR18 presented high partial resistance to all P. macdonaldii isolates studied. The least and most aggressive isolates were MA6 and MP3, respectively. Isolates interacted differentially with sunflower genotypes. This study identified two genotypes (AS613 and PAC2) presenting specific resistance to isolate MP8. The results also showed a wide range of isolate-nonspecific partial resistances among the lines tested. The information presented here could assist sunflower breeders to choose parents of crosses for breeding of durable resistance to phoma black stem disease.     

Resistance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to terminal bud attack bySclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Resistance of sunflowers to terminal bud attack bySclerotinia sclerotiorum was studied by microscopical observations of infection processes and by genetical analyses of trials showing natural infections. Electron microscope studies showed that there were no differences in leaf morphology between susceptible and resistant genotypes, and that both were contaminated by ascospores. Only on the susceptible genotype was considerable ascospore germination observed, followed by mycelial development and leaf penetration. On the resistant genotype, there was little ascosopore germination and no further development. The genetical studies of percentage natural attack observed on eight inbred lines representing a range of reactions, and the hybrids from a factorial cross of these lines, indicated that inheritance is mainly additive, with few interactions.     

Association of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) with cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Israel

In 1992 and 1993, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crops in Israel were heavily damaged by the western flower thrips (WFT),Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Adult females appear in the heads of sunflower just as the latter begin to blossom; the population decreases towards completion of anthesis. The damage to kernels is greatest at the periphery of the heads, where flowers appear first, and lowest at the center. Fields sown early in the season (in March) are usually the ones infested most by WFT and suffering the greatest damage. Fields sown one month later are less infested, since predatory bugs of the genusOrius are very active at that time.     

Ecophysiological approach to competition between Amaranthus chlorostachys and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) under drought stress

Interspecific competition between Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., NSH-33 hybrid) in pure and mixed stands of the same density was studied in small plot experiments to elucidate the ecophysiological responses of the competing species under drought stress. When grown in a mixed stand the extremely low intensity of transpiration in A. chlorostachys resulted in a difference in the water use efficiency (WUE) values of net photosynthesis between the two species. The values were higher in A. chlorostachys. Interspecific competition reduced the total individual plant weight to a greater extent in sunflower than in the weed species by the end of the growing season. Reproductive effort was higher in A. chlorostachys than sunflower and, in our opinion, best reflects the outcome of competi-tion. On the basis of the correlation between WUE and reproductive allocation, reproduc-tive effort in sunflower and A. chlorostachys in both intra- and interspecific competition is determined by the value of WUE, which latter is also of prime importance in drought stress tolerance. Approche écophysiologique de la compétition entre Amaranthus chlorostachys et le tournesol (Helianthus annuus) en condition de stress hydrique La compétition interspécifique entre Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. et le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. hybride NSH 33) dans des stations mixtes et simples de densité de plantes identiques (espacement de 35 × 35 cm) a étéétudié dans une expérimentation de plein champ en petites parcelles. Notre but était d'éclairer les réponses écophysiologiques des espèces en compétition (compétition inter et intra spécifique) sous stress hydrique et de mettre en lumière les corrélations entre les processus ecophysiologiques adéquats et les paramètres de la production de biomasse quan-tifiant le résultat de la compétition. Quand la culture a été faite dans des stations mixtes, la très faible intensité de transpiration chez A. chlorostachys a abouti à une différence ultérieure entre les valeurs de l'efficacité de l'utilisation (WVE) de l'eau dans la photosynthèse chez les 2 espèces: celle-ci était plus élevée chez A. chlorostachys. La compétition interspécifique a réduit le poids total des plantes individuelles de faon plus importante chez le tournesol que chez la mauvaise herbe à la fin de la saison de croissance. L'importance de la reproduction, qui à notre avis reflète le mieux le résultat de la compétition exprimée dans une aptitude à se reproduire plus élevée chez A. chlorostachys que chez le tournesol. Sur la base de la corrélation entre WVE et l'aptitude à se reproduire, l'importance de la reproduction chez le tournesol et A. chlorostachysà la fois en compétition intra et inter spécifique est déterminée par la valeur de WVE, qui est aussi de première importance dans la tolérance au stress hydrique. Ökophysiologische Untersuchung der Konkurrenz zwischen Amaranthus chlorostachys und Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus) unter Trockenstreβ Die Konkurrenz zwischen Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. und der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L., ‘NSH-33’) in Rein- und Mischbeständen gleicher Pflanzendichte (Abstand 35 cm) wurde in Feldversuchen auf kleinen Parzellen untersucht. Die ökophysiologische Reaktion der konkurrierenden Arten (bei intra- und interspezifischer Konkurrenz) unter Trockenstreß, die Beziehungen zwischen den relevanten ökophysiologischen Prozessen und die Biomasseproduktion unter dem Einfluß der Konkurrenz sollten bestimmt werden. In Mischbeständen führte die extrem niedrige Intensität der Transpiration von Amaranthus chlorostachys zu einer noch verstärkten Differenz zwischen den Werten der Wasserausnutzung (WUE) der Netto-Photosynthese der beiden Arten, die bei Amaranthus chlorostachys höher waren. Die interspezifische Konkurrenz verringerte die Einzelpflanzenmasse bei der Sonnenblume zum Ende der Vegetationsperiode stärker als beim Unkraut. Der Repro-duktions-Aufwand, der unserer Meinung nach die Konkurrenzwirkung am besten widerspiegelt, war bei Amaranthus chlorostachys höher als bei der Sonnenblume. Er wird bei beiden Arten sowohl bei intra- als auch interspezifischer Konkurrenz durch den Wert der WUE bestimmt, die auch für die Trockenstreß-Toleranz sehr wichtig ist.     

Effect of broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) on some agro-morphological and biochemical traits of Tunisian and some reference sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) accessions

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Orobanche cumana Wallr. is an important new problem for sunflower crop in Tunisia. Little information is available on the behavior of sunflower to O....     

Study of Resistance to Orobanche ramosa in Host (Oilseed Rape and Carrot) and Non-host (Maize) Plants

Orobanche ramosa is a parasitic Angiosperm responsible for severe yield losses in several economical crops. It is a serious threat in oilseed rape in France and Morocco and is appearing in carrot crops in Morocco. In this study, several varieties of oilseed rape and carrot were screened in order to identify resistant cultivars and to characterize the resistance mechanisms involved. All the 15 oilseed rape varieties tested were susceptible. In carrot, the varieties 'Colmar à coeur rouge' and 'Nantaise demi-longue' were susceptible, whereas 'Palaiseau' and 'Buror' were resistant. In the susceptible 'Colmar à coeur rouge' carrot no defence reactions were found and the development of the parasite inhibited carrot tap root formation. In the resistant carrot varieties, the parasite germinated, became attached to the host root but became necrotic before emergence. In 'Buror' carrot, formation of a mechanical barrier was associated with the restriction to the cortex of the parasite. In maize cv. 'Vigni', a non-host of O. ramosa, thickening of xylem vessels, cell divisions in the central cylinder and formation of an encapsulation layer were observed in association with restricted development of Orobanche haustoria.     

分枝列当种子萌芽生物学特性

以寄生于番茄的分枝列当种子为试验材料,研究预培养阶段温度、时间、渗透势以及培养阶段温度、萌发刺激物(独月却金内酯类似物GR24)的浓度和渗透势对种子萌发的影响,以期找到种子萌发的最适条件,从而可以人为创造控制分枝列当生长的环境,以达到有效防治的目的。结果表明:预培养阶段的最适培养温度为25℃,最适培养时间为6 d,最适的渗透势为0 MPa;培养阶段的最适培养温度为25℃,最适GR24浓度为1μmol/L,最适的渗透势为-1 MPa。     

Interactions Between French Isolates of Phomopsis/Diaporthe Helianthi Munt.-Cvet. et al. and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Genotypes

Three artificial infection tests measuring the rate of mycelial growth of 7 Phomopsis/Diaporthe helianthi isolates were used on leaves, stems and capitula of 6 sunflower hybrids. Isolates and hybrids were chosen to cover the range of variability and resistance levels known at the present time. Significant genotype and isolate effects and isolate×genotype interactions were shown in all the tests, with some changes in order of hybrids according to the isolate used for infection. Consequences of interactions in breeding for stable resistance to P./D. helianthi are discussed.     

Pre-emergence herbicides for the control of broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)

Field experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1992 to determine the effects of pre-emergence herbicides in sunflower (Helianthus armuus L.) on: (1) the control of Orobanche cemua Loefl. (broomrape) and (2) crop damage and crop yield. Herbicides tested belong to the imidazolinone, sulfonylurea and substituted amide families. Imazethapy r (20–40 g ha^?1), imazapy r (12.5–25 gha^?1) and chlorsulfuron (4–6 gha^?1) controlled broomrape efficiently without crop injury. With good O. cernua control and good crop tolerance, sunflower seed yield from these treatments were generally similar to the non-infested checks and higher than the infestedchecks. Imazaquin (20–40 gha^?1), triasulfuron(4gha^?1), pdmisulfuron(3g ha^?1), acetochlor (4–4 kg ha^?1) and metazachlor (2 kg ha^?1) were less effective. Imazamethabenz (200–600 g ha^?1) and metolachlor (3–3 kg ha^?1) were ineffective. Wetconditions aftercropsowing considerably decreased O. cemua control with pre-emergence herbicides probably caused by enhanced degrädation. Des herbicides de prelevee pour la lutte contre Vorobanche (Orobanche cemua Loefl.) dans le toumesol (Helianthus annuus L.) Des expérimentations au champ ont été conduites de 1989 á 1992 pour determiner les effets d'herbicides de pré1evée du toumesol sun (a) la destruction de l'orobanche (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) et (b) la phytotoxcité sur la culture. Les herbicides testés appartenaient aux imidazolinones, aux sulfonylurdes et aux amides substituées. L'imazethapyr (20 á 40 gha^?1), l'imazapyr (12,5 á25gha^?1)et le chlorsulfuron (4 á 6 gha^?1) détruisaient efficacement l'orobanche sans occasionner de phytotoxidt6 sur la culture. Dans ces conditions, les rendements étaient généralement semblables à ceux des témoins non infestés et supérieurs à ceux des témoins infestés. L'imazaquin (20 à 40 g ha^?1), le triasulfuron (4 gha^?1), le primisulfuron (3 g ha^?1), lacétolachlor (4,4 kg ha^?1) et le métazachlor (2 kg ha^?1) étaient moins efficaces. L'imazaméthabenz (200 á 600 g ha^?1) et le métolachlor (3,3 kg ha^?1) etaient inefficaces. Des conditions humides aprfes le semis diminuaient considérablement la destruction de O. cemua par les herbicides de prélevée, probablement à cause d'une dégradation plus élevée. Vorauflaufherbigide zur Bekdmpfung der Sommerwurz Orobanche cemua Loefl. in Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) Zwischen 1989 und 1992 wurden in Sonnenblume Feldversuche zur Wirkung von Vorauflaufherbiziden aus den Gruppen der Imidazolinone, Sulfonylharnstoffe und substitutierten Amide auf die Sommerwurz Orobanche cernua und auf Kulturpflanzenschaden sowie den Ertrag durchgefuhrt. Mit Imazethapyr (20 bis 40 g ha^?1), Imazapyr (12,5 bis 25 g ha^?1) und Chlorsulfuron (4 bis 6 g ha^?1) lieβ sich die Sommerwurz wirksam bekampfen, ohne daβ Schaden an der Sonnenblume auftraten, und die Ertrage waren allgemein ahnlich oder hoher als bei der nichtparasitierten Kontrolle. Imazaquin (20 bis 40 ha^?1), Triasulfuron (4 g ha^?1).Primisulfuron (3 g ha ^?1). Acetochlor (4,4 kg ha ^?1 und Metazachlor (2 kg ha ^?1) waren weniger wirksam. Imazamethabenz (200 bis 600 g ha^?1) und Metolachlor (3,3 kg ha^?1) hatten keine Wirkung. Bei Niederschlagen nach der Saat der Sonnenblume war die Bekampfung der Sommerwurz mit Vorauflaufherbiziden vermutlich wegen verstärkten Abbaus erheblich schwächer.     

Soil‐less bioassays for early screening for resistance to imazapyr in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

BACKGROUND: Rapid and efficient diagnostic tests for early screening of herbicide resistance are convenient alternatives to field screening methods. There is a need for a quick, reliable and cost‐effective method for rapid diagnosis of imidazolinone resistance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). RESULTS: Two seed germination bioassays were developed. Seeds from three sunflower inbred lines differing in resistance to imidazolinones were germinated either on solid culture medium or placed in plastic pots filled with commercial perlite. After 8 days incubation under controlled conditions, both assays successfully distinguished susceptible genotype from the resistant and intermediate ones. The susceptible genotype showed arrested root growth at all herbicide treatments (root length < 1 cm). The resistant genotype developed a complete root system even when exposed to the highest dose of herbicide. However, no definite differences were observed for the intermediate and resistant genotypes with respect to root growth under the different herbicide treatments. CONCLUSION: The simple and rapid screening assays described in the present study were useful in discriminating imidazolinone resistance at the seedling stage. Therefore, these bioassays could be potential tools for early screening of imidazolinone resistance genes from large sunflower populations. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

杂草对ALS抑制剂抗药性概述

随着化学除草剂的广泛、重复使用,导致抗药性杂草不断发生和发展。其中,抗ALS抑制剂杂草最多,约占抗药性杂草总量的三分之一。抗药性杂草严重威胁杂草治理和农业生产,引起了广泛的关注。文章概述了抗ALS抑制剂杂草的发生现状和抗性机制,以期为抗药性杂草研究和治理提供参考。     

ALS抑制剂的杂草抗性概述

随着化学除草剂的不断推广和使用,杂草抗性问题也日益加重。本文搜集了2003年和2007年各种不同作用机制药剂的杂草抗性的报道,重点搜集、整理并分析了ALS抑制剂的最近杂草抗性研究报道,其相关抗性机理,并探讨了ALS抑制剂抗性杂草治理措施。     

氟唑活化酯诱导大白菜抗根肿病的研究

本文研究了我国具有自主知识产权的新型化合物氟唑活化酯诱导大白菜对根肿病的抗病效果及诱导技术。荧光染色观察发现该化合物对根肿菌休眠孢子没有明显的杀死作用,但具有明显的诱导抗病效果。不同的诱导浓度、诱导间隔期和诱导次数对根肿病的诱抗效果均不同。温室盆栽试验结果显示,25 mg/L的氟唑活化酯间隔7 d诱导大白菜3次,对根肿病的防病效果最好,达到71.33%,与诱抗剂苯并噻二唑效果相当,显著高于杀菌药剂50%氟啶胺悬浮剂拌土的防效(63.32%)。田间从苗期开始用氟唑活化酯25 mg/L诱导大白菜3次,诱导间隔期为7 d,对根肿病的诱抗效果最好达69.99%±2.01%,略低于对照杀菌剂氟啶胺拌土施药。本文明确了新型诱抗剂氟唑活化酯诱导大白菜对根肿病的抗病效果,并系统研究了施药技术,为白菜根肿病的防治提供了新手段。     

杂草对乙酰乳酸合成酶抑制剂类除草剂抗药性的研究进展

本文针对杂草对乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂类除草剂抗药性的产生历史与发展现状、抗药性机理以及抗性基因的利用进行了综述,并讨论了该类除草剂在我国应用过程中应该注意的问题以及今后的发展方向。