南繁区大豆田杂草分布与防治

经对海南省南繁区陵水、三亚、乐东9地块的大豆田间杂草调查统计,发现杂草18科,共32种。各个科之间相对多度比较结果显示,最高的是菊科50.48%,其次是禾本科47.83%、茜草科41.63%、莎草科33.99%。杂草种群中优势杂草为香附子、墨苜蓿和牛筋草,田间密度达到38株/m~2以上,亚优势杂草种类为臭矢菜、鳢肠、马齿苋、刺苞果、虎掌藤、假臭草、少花龙葵。苗前可选用金都尔,苗后根据优势杂草种类选择合理的化学除草剂可以起到节本增效的作用,保障南繁育制种工作的可持续发展。     

食菌核葚孢霉--一种有潜力的菌核病生防菌

食菌核葚孢霉是土壤中一种专门寄生于多种核盘菌科真菌菌核上的重寄生菌。本文简要介绍了该菌的形态、分类、生物学特性、对菌核的侵染过程和作为一种生防菌所具备的特点及存在问题。认为及时开展有关该菌的研究对我国各类作物上菌核病的防治具有重要的意义。     

某些阳离子在大豆胞囊线虫生防系统中的作用

室内测定了不同浓度的 6种阳离子 :钼、硼、锌、铜、锰和铁对大豆胞囊线虫卵的孵化、大豆种子发芽和根系生长 ,以及对线虫生防菌———厚垣轮枝菌菌丝生长的影响。结果发现 ,在供试所有浓度下 ,铜、锰和铁明显抑制大豆胞囊线虫的卵孵化 ,锌具明显刺激作用 ;在供试浓度水平较低时 ,铜、锰和铁对大豆种子发芽及根系生长有轻微抑制 ,锰的抑制较为明显 ,但均不影响进一步发育 ;在供试浓度较低时 ,铜、锰和铁对厚垣轮枝菌菌丝生长无任何影响。铜可作为线虫生防制剂的添加剂。     

Association of Binucleate Rhizoctonia with Soybean and Mechanism of Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani

ABSTRACT The association of binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) AG-K with soybean and the interaction of BNR, R. solani AG-4, and soybean seedlings were investigated to elucidate the mechanism of biocontrol of R. solani by BNR. Sixty-hour-old seedlings were inoculated and incubated in a growth chamber at 24 degrees C; plants were examined with light microscopy and with scanning and transmission electron microscopy at various times following inoculation. BNR grew over hypocotyls, roots, and root hairs, but only colonized epidermal cells. Hyphae of BNR appeared to attach to the epidermis and, 5.5 h following inoculation, began penetrating cells by means of penetration pegs without forming distinct appressoria or infection cushions. There was evidence of cuticle degradation at the point of penetration. Infection hyphae moved to adjacent epidermal cells by direct penetration of epidermal radial walls. There were epidermal and cortical cell necrosis, beginning with the fragmentation of the tonoplast and followed by the disintegration of cytoplasm, organelles, and plasma membranes. Cell necrosis was also observed in adjacent cells where there was no evidence of BNR hyphae. Cell walls were not destroyed. After 144 h, there was noevidence of BNR hyphae in cortical cells. Attempted penetrations were observed, but papillae formed on the inside of cortical cell walls. Pre-inoculation of soybean seedlings with BNR 24 or 48 h before inoculation with R. solani (1 cm between inocula) affected the growth of R. solani on soybean tissue. There were fewer hyphae of R. solani, the hyphae branched sparingly, and infection cushions were rare when compared with hyphal growth on soybean inoculated only with R. solani. These effects were observed before the BNR hyphae began to intermingle with the hyphae of R. solani on the surface of the inoculated host. Preinoculation of soybean seedlings 24 h before inoculation with R. solani significantly (P = 0.05) reduced disease incidence and severity caused by R. solani AG-4. The lesions caused by R. solani always appeared distally, not proximally, to the BNR inoculum. The interactions of intermingling hyphae of BNR and R. solani were examined in vitro and on the surface of the host. There was no evidence of lysis, mycoparasitism, inhibition of growth, or any other form of antagonism between hyphae. The results of these studies strongly suggest that induced resistance is the mechanism of biocontrol of R. solani on soybean by BNR. The inhibition of hyphal growth of R. solani on the surface of soybean tissue preinoculated with BNR appears to be a novel characteristic of induced resistance.     

大豆主要食叶害虫生态位的研究

本文研究了大豆田５种主要食叶害虫的生态位。在时间方面：生态位宽度指数以大豆小夜蛾最高（０．６０１５）；生态位重叠指数以大豆小夜蛾对银纹夜蛾最高（０．１０８１）；生态位相似性比例指数以大豆小夜蛾对豆天蛾最高（０．７７１６）。在空间方面：生态位宽度指数以棉铃虫最高（０．９９０４）；生态位重叠指数以棉铃虫对大豆小夜蛾最高（０．１２３３）；生态位相似性比例指数以棉铃虫对大豆小夜蛾最高（０．８８７０）。应用生态位概念分析了各种群发生的数量特征     

Athesapeuta cyperi in Pakistan and its Potential as a Biocontrol Agent of Cyperus rotundus

Abstract

The distribution, hosts, phenology and abundance of Athesapeuta cyperi, an insect enemy of purple nutgrass, Cyperus rotundus, in Pakistan are given. Its biology and damage to C. rotundus in the laboratory are also reported. Usually one egg was laid in a tuber. When two eggs were present, only one reached maturity. The infested tuber was completely hollowed out and failed to regenerate. Thus, 100% plants infested with A. cyperi were killed. In host specificity tests larval development occurred on Cyperus spp. and Fimbristylis ferruginea but oviposition was restricted to Cyperus spp. However, C. rotundus was preferred to other species of Cyperus both for oviposition and development.     

Bactra spp. in Pakistan and their Potential as Biocontrol Agents of Cyperus rotundus

Abstract

Observations on distribution, abundance, phenology, host spectrum, biology and damage of Bactra venosana and B. minima are reported. Morphological differences between larvae and pupae of the two species for field identification are given. Oviposition and larval feeding tests were carried out and showed that oviposition is indiscriminate but larvae have a strong preference for Cyperus rotundus though they also feed on some other Cyperus spp. In laboratory experiments 72% of plants damaged by B. venosana and 65% by B. minima failed to regenerate. The ecological preferences of B. venosana and B. minima are also discussed and as a result both species are recommended for simultaneous introduction for the control of C. rotundus in areas where other Cyperus spp. are not economically important.     

Biocontrol Potential of Metchnikowia pulcherrima Strains Against Blue Mold of Apple

ABSTRACT Eight strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolated over a 4-year period from an unmanaged orchard and selected for their biocontrol activity against blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum) of apples were characterized phenotypically, genetically, and for their biocontrol potential against blue mold on apples. All strains grew well and only differed slightly in their growth in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medium at 1 degrees C after 216 h, but large differences occurred at 0 degrees C, with strain T5-A2 outgrowing other strains by more than 25% transmittance after 360 h. This strain was also one of the most resistant to diphenylamine (DPA), a postharvest antioxidant treatment. All strains required biotin for growth in minimum salt (MS) medium, although strain ST2-A10 grew slightly in MS medium containing riboflavin or folic acid, as did ST3-E1 in MS medium without vitamins. None of the strains produced killer toxins against an indicator strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of Biolog data from YT plates for all eight strains using the MLCLUST program resulted in separation of the strains into one major cluster containing four strains and four scattered strains from which strain ST1-D10 was the most distant from all other strains. This was particularly apparent in 3-D and principle component analysis. Genetic differentiation of the eight strains using maximum parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from domain D1/D2 of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA resulted in detection of two clades. Strain ST1-D10 grouped with the type strain of M. pulcherrima but the remaining seven strains grouped separately, which might possibly represent a new species. All strains significantly reduced blue mold on mature Golden Delicious apples during 1 month of storage at 1 degrees C followed by 7 days at room temperature, but strains T5-A2 and T4-A2 were distinctly more effective under these conditions. Strain T5-A2 also was the most effective in tests on harvest mature apples treated with the lowest concentration of the antagonist and stored for 3 months at 0.5 degrees C. Populations of all eight strains increased in apple wounds by approximately 2 log units after 1 month at 1 degrees C followed by 5 days at 24 degrees C. Our results indicate that M. pulcherrima is an excellent candidate for biological control of postharvest diseases of pome fruit. The variation in phenotypic, genetic, and biocontrol characteristics among strains of M. pulcherrima isolated from the same orchard should make it possible to select antagonists with characteristics that are most desirable for postharvest application.     

猕猴桃细菌性叶枯病生防芽孢杆菌筛选及田间防效

从猕猴桃大田根际土壤和青海牦牛粪中分离到86株芽孢杆菌。平板对峙试验发现其中8个菌株对猕猴桃细菌性叶枯病病原菌Pseudomonas syringae var. syringae的拮抗性能明显。经管碟法复筛,得到2株对病原菌具有显著拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌M24和Q13。田间试验表明,发酵液（109cfu/ml）稀释100倍时喷施,菌株M24和Q13对猕猴桃细菌性叶枯病的防效分别达到85.9%和80.6%,均显著高于95%CT杀菌剂的60.5%防效。2个菌株均具有良好的田间应用潜力。     

盾壳霉抗杀菌剂vinclozolin的诱变及突变体的生防潜力

采用适应性培养的方法获得了4个抗杀菌剂vinclozolin的盾壳霉突变体。vinclozolin对野生型盾壳霉菌株Chy-1菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的EC50分别为1．1和140．0μg／ml；而对突变菌株SV．5．1、SV．5．2、SV．10．1和V-250-1菌丝生长的EC50分别为2219．1、2683．9、2222．8和2504．2μg／m1，对分生孢子萌发的EC50分别是710．4、866．0、931．3和609．3μg／ml。在没有杀菌剂存在的情况下，这些突变菌株的转代培养后代和感染核盘菌菌核后产生的分生孢子后代仍具有抗性。用突变菌株与野生菌株接种核盘菌菌核时，突变菌株的大多数接种处理的菌核被寄生率和菌核腐烂指数与野生菌株接种处理没有明显差异。除菌株V-250-1外，其它3个突变菌株在至少1个接种处理的菌核上产生分生孢子的能力显著高于野生菌株或无明显差异。突变菌株与野生菌株在油菜花瓣上对核盘菌子囊孢子侵染油菜叶片具有明显抑制作用。     

人工移植索线虫怀卵雌虫防治玉米害虫

利用人工移植索线虫怀卵雌虫进行了防治玉米害虫的试验。1999年4月下旬向供试区每m^2移植咸阳多索线虫和地老虎六索线虫的怀卵雌虫各两条，5月份小区内索线虫对小地老虎的感染率达16．1％；6月份索线虫对黄胫小车蝗、短额负蝗、中华蚱蜢的感染率分别为10．7％、10．3％、12．9％和8．9％；8月下旬至9月初仍可见上述4种蝗虫以及长翅素木蝗和疣蝗被感染，感染率分别为10．9％、18．1％、17．0％、21．0％、22．2％和33．3％。11月底在试验区挖土调查，发现土壤中有索线虫33．3条／m^3，说明索线虫已开始在试验区孳生定居。     

12种除草剂对玉米田鸭跖草的防效

采用田间小区试验方法,测定12种除草剂对玉米田鸭跖草的防效。在玉米3~5叶期、鸭跖草3~7叶期进行茎叶喷雾处理,施药后观察鸭跖草的药害症状并定时调查除草效果。试验结果表明:氯氟吡氧乙酸、苯唑草酮、硝磺草酮以及含有以上成分的复配制剂对鸭跖草有较高防效。因此,防除玉米田鸭跖草可选择氯氟吡氧乙酸、苯唑草酮、硝磺草酮等除草剂单剂或含有以上成分的除草剂混剂。     

新疆春播玉米节肢动物群落结构及时序动态

通过探讨春播玉米节肢动物群落结构和时序动态,旨在为玉米田天敌保护利用及玉米害虫的合理防控提供基础资料。采用网捕法和目测法探明春播玉米节肢动物群落结构和时序动态。调查共获节肢动物7632头,隶属3纲12目45科66属70种,亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis（Guenée）和玉米三点斑叶蝉Zygina salina Mit为本地区害虫优势种,天敌优势种则为多异瓢虫Hippodamia Variegata（Goeze）、方斑瓢虫Propiylaea quatuordecimpunctata（Linnaeus）、黄褐新园蛛Neoscone doenitzi（Boes.et Str.）、中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tjeder和十三星瓢虫Hippodamia tredecimpunctata（Linnaeus）。新疆北部春播玉米田节肢动物群落中植食性亚群落结构特征指数N、H'、J'、D与总群落相近,优势种害虫亚洲玉米螟和玉米三点斑叶蝉的大量发生致使玉米田节肢动物群落特征指数出现显著变化,是影响群落稳定的主要因素。主成分分析表明,捕食性节肢动物物种数、个体数和植食性节肢动物物种数累计贡献率可达61.47%,是影响该地区玉米田节肢动物群落结构变化的主导因子。灰色系统分析则表明,优势种天敌方斑瓢虫、草蛉、黄褐新园蛛种群数量的变化与优势种害虫玉米螟和玉米三点斑叶蝉种群数量的变化关联度最高,其关联度分别为0.7719和0.8778、0.7898和0.8309、0.9637和0.8312。天敌的发生与害虫种群数量的变化具有显著的跟随效应,这为合理保护利用天敌防控玉米害虫具有重要意义。     

高地芽胞杆菌ST15的筛选、鉴定及生防特性研究

本研究从梨树根际土壤分离筛选到1株生防细菌ST15,其对水稻黄单胞菌Xanthomonas oryzae具有较强拮抗活性,拮抗圈直径1.50～3.97 cm。基于菌落菌体形态、生理生化特征、16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列,该菌株被鉴定为高地芽胞杆菌Bacillus altitudinis。ST15的无菌发酵滤液对水稻黄单胞菌也具有较强拮抗活性,其拮抗活性分别是1 mg/mL噻唑锌溶液的1.54～1.64倍和10 μg/mL噻霉酮溶液的1.32～1.52倍;同时,研究发现ST15产生的次生代谢抗菌物质对高温、蛋白酶、酸碱（pH 3.0～11.0）及紫外光处理均表现较好稳定性。另外,研究发现ST15可显著促进水稻根系生长（P＜0.01）,对3种常用化学杀细菌剂耐受性较强。田间试验表明,每次喷施ST15生防菌剂15 L/hm²,连续施用两次,其对水稻细菌性条斑病的防效为（63.51±3.28）%,与化学药剂3%噻霉酮悬浮剂的防效相近。综上,高地芽胞杆菌ST15是一株新的生防资源,在防治水稻细菌性条斑病和白叶枯病上具有良好的应用开发前景。     

花椒根腐病拮抗真菌的分离鉴定及其生防潜力探究

为获得花椒根腐病菌腐皮镰孢菌Fusarium solani的优良拮抗菌株,本研究以健康花椒侧根为拮抗菌来源,采用组织分离法获得花椒根部内生真菌,通过平板对峙法筛选出1株对病原菌具备明显拮抗作用的真菌HB21-1,平板抑制率为61.00%,其无菌发酵滤液抑制率为41.24%,可致腐皮镰孢菌菌丝出现皱缩膨胀、孢子畸形现象,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定为草酸青霉Penicilium oxalicum。盆栽试验结果表明HB21-1对花椒根腐病的防效为56.59%,经HB21-1处理的花椒根部POD、SOD酶活性和土壤蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶活性随时间均呈升高趋势,且始终高于空白对照。本研究表明草酸青霉HB21-1对花椒根腐病病原菌具有显著拮抗作用,能降低发病率,在生物防治方面有潜在应用价值。     

棉蚜在棉田的空间分布型研究

棉蚜是为害棉花的重要害虫之一。近年来棉花蕾铃期的伏蚜为害加重,给棉花生产造成巨大损失。了解棉蚜在棉田的空间分布可以为防治棉蚜提供科学依据。为此本文进行了棉田棉蚜种群分布调查,并采用聚集度指标法、Iwao回归分析法、Taylor幂法测定。结果表明,棉蚜在棉田的空间分布是聚集型的。     

玉米田两种阔叶杂草苍耳和藜对草铵膦敏感性测定

苍耳Xanthium sibiricum和藜Chenopodium ablum是我国北方及黄淮海玉米产区主要杂草,其发生和生长会严重影响玉米产量.为明确我国北方及黄淮海玉米主产区的藜和苍耳对草铵膦的敏感性水平,本试验采用整株生物测定法检测苍耳和藜种群对草铵膦的敏感性,以期为转基因抗草铵膦玉米田杂草防控提供数据支持.结果...     

玉米叶斑病拮抗细菌的筛选及其发酵培养基优化

通过平板对峙、温室盆栽试验和田间小区试验,筛选到1株对玉米叶斑病(弯孢叶斑病、大斑病和小斑病)具有较好防效的细菌菌株ST-87-14。温室盆栽试验显示其对玉米弯孢叶斑病的防治效果可达100%,对玉米大斑病、玉米小斑病的防治效果分别达到83.30%和87.60%。田间小区试验结果表明菌株ST-87-14防治玉米弯孢叶斑病的效果达52.04%,对玉米大斑病、玉米小斑病的防治效果分别达43.56%和48.16%。通过温室试验,证明菌株ST-87-14的菌体和胞外代谢产物都能对玉米叶斑病起到防病作用。通过16S rDNA序列测定和生理生化鉴定明确了菌株ST-87-14为枯草芽孢杆菌。通过对常见11种病原真菌的平板对峙培养,结果表明,ST-87-14菌株具有较广的抑菌谱。通过单因子试验,确定了ST-87-14菌株发酵培养基的最适碳源为蔗糖,最适氮源为豆饼粉。通过L9(34)正交试验优化出该菌最适发酵培养基配方为(g/L):蔗糖30g、豆饼粉2.0g、NaCl 1g、CaCO31g、KH2PO40.2g和MgSO4.7H2O 0.3g。     

小麦全蚀病生防细菌的筛选和鉴定

为获得对小麦全蚀病菌有良好拮抗效果的生防菌株,分别从河南省商丘市及驻马店市小麦全蚀病发生田块中采集小麦根际土样,采用稀释平板涂布法共分离到1051株细菌,通过与全蚀病菌G1037菌株进行平板对峙筛选,最终获得9株具有明显拮抗效果且生长状况良好的菌株。16S rDNA序列比对及生理生化性状分析结果表明：菌株P155、P154、P16及P147为荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens,菌株P188和P97为恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida,菌株LY3为产酶溶杆菌Lysobacter enzymogenes,菌株S38为嗜根寡养单胞菌Stenotrophomonas rhizophila,菌株B20为洋葱伯克霍尔德Burkholderia cepacia。产抗生素相关基因的检测结果发现,菌株P147含吩嗪和硝吡咯菌素合成基因,菌株B20含硝吡咯菌素合成基因。除B20、LY3、S38和P147外,其余菌株均可产生嗜铁素。9株细菌都产蛋白酶。除P97、B20和S38外,其余菌株均可产脂肽类物质。盆栽试验结果表明,9株生防菌对小麦全蚀病都具有较好的防治效果,菌株P155和P154的防治效果最好,相对防效分别为67.11%和63.82%,略高于3%的苯醚甲环唑种衣剂的防治效果。研究结果表明这些细菌具有作为小麦全蚀病生防菌的潜力。