新型道路网布设方式的探讨

新型集材道路的构型,即合理地布设伐区的集材主道与支道,改变伐区集材主道与支道的非规范布设的任意性,使之达到规范、艺术的构成,提高它的使用价值.     

计算小班平均集材距离的折半法和算术平均法公式实质上是一个公式

从理论上证明计算小班平均集材距离的两种计算方法，即小班内中间集材道（或支道）长折半法和小班半法和小班内诸集材道（或支道）平均集材距离的算术平均法的计算公式虽然形式不同，但实质上是一个公式，所以计算值相等。     

计算小班平均集材距离的折半法和算术平均法公式实质上是一个公式

从理论上证明计算小班平均集材距离的两种计算方法,即小班内中间集材道(或支道)长折半法和小班内诸集材道(或支道)平均集材距离的算术平均法的计算公式虽然形式不同,但实质上是一个公式;所以计算值相等。     

亚布力林业局适宜集材方式的探讨

本文根据几种集材方式的特点,结合亚布力林区的实际情况,对目前亚布力林业局适宜的集材方式进行了探讨。通过比较论证,认为畜力原木集材是目前亚布力林区适宜的集材方式。今后集材方式的改革应是机畜结合,以畜力原木集材为主,机械原条集材为辅。     

拖拉机集材对林地的保护和森林更新

据国内外调查研究表明:拖拉机集材对作业区面积的破坏为5-12.54%;对幼树的损伤率为13-50%;集材后使土壤容重提高20%,大孔隙减少40%、对水份的渗透速率降低47%.为减少拖拉机集材对林地破坏和对幼树的损伤及有利森林更新,应采取如下措施:(一)拖拉机集材应安排在冬季进行;(二)在择伐伐区,拖拉机原条集材应不离道,绞集单根抽;或拖拉机原木集材,集材道间距加宽到100M,以畜力或人力将原木小集中到集材道旁;(三)在皆伐伐区,拖拉机集材也应尽可能保护幼树和保留一定株数母树;(四)采用特宽低压轮胎轮式集材机集材.     

对平均集材距离计算方法的计算精度和应用条件的分析

当前计算拖拉机平均集材距离有中问集材道折半法、集材道长度算术平均法、出材量加权平均法.面积加权法四种.由于第三种使用起来工作繁重,而且与第四种方法计算结果相同。因而用面积加权法计算值作标准来衡量第一、第二种方法计算精度。用不同的计算方法对不同形状和地形情况的小班分别计算其平均集材距离,便能反映不同计算方法的计算精度和确定其应用条件,应用条件为:平形四边形的小班采用哪种方法都可以;对于三角形及可划为三角形形状的则根据角度、边缘距离、平均集材道距离大小范围不同而采用那种方法;如果蛇形或不规则形采用集材道长度算术平均法.     

黑龙江省林区高山陡坡集材方式的选择

分析国内外高山陡坡集材的特征、效果及可行性，结合黑龙江省林区高山陡坡伐区的特点及地貌、气候、植被和环境保护等特点，提出了黑龙江省林区高山陡伐区集材方式选择的原则，推荐了适合我省高山陡坡的集材方式。     

新型道路网布设方式的探讨

新型集材道路的构型，即合理地布设伐区的集材主道与支道，改变伐区集材主道与支道的非规范布设的任意性，使之达到规范，艺术的构成，提高它的使用价值。     

拖拉机对集材道土壤及苗木生长影响的研究

集材道土壤受拖拉机反复走行作用产生地表轧乱和土壤压实现象，造成水土流失和腐殖质丧失，这对更新苗木的生长产生了不良影响．本文通过实地调查测定，应用灰色系统理论，研究了拖拉机集材时集材道上土壤硬度、孔隙度的变化及对苗木生长的影响。在履带式拖拉机集材道上，土壤的硬度、孔隙度都比轮式拖拉机集材道上的大。与土壤硬度相比，孔隙度对苗木生长的影响更大些。从而得出了就苗木高生长而言，履带式拖拉机比轮式拖拉机的损害要小。     

伐区平均集材距离计算方法之研究

在伐区设计中,规定适宜的伐区面积,集材道的测设都要考虑平均集材距离问题。在对现有的三种计算法方的实用可靠程度及其内在联系进行分析探讨后,提出了一个新的计算方法——“道长加权平均法”。     

Time consumption, productivity, and cost analysis of skidding in the Hyrcanian forest in Iran

The performance of the skidder Timber jack 450 C was presented in timber skidding of non-coniferous trees in hilly and mountainous conditions.An empirical time study was conducted to evaluate the current skidding system in Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran for improving production rate of skidding and finding out the production cost for planning.Based on the identified elements of skidding work phase and 130 recorded cycles,we calculated the models for effective time consumption,total productivity,and unit cost.The validity of the model was tested at 95% confidence interval.The average load volume per cycle was 2.82 m 3,average one way skidding distance was 450 m,and the average slope was 18%.The average travel speed of unloaded skidder was 5.8 km·h-1,and the average speed of loaded skidder was 0.1 km·h-1 higher than the speed of the unloaded ones.The travel speed was predominantly affected by longitudinal slopes and types of strip roads.The average speed of pulling the cable was 1.16 km·h-1,and that of load winching was 0.74 km·h-1.The average outputs in skidding was 10.6 m 3 ·h-1 and the unit cost was 12.1 US$ per hour.The time consumption and productivity of skidding depends on distances and slope,number of logs per cycle,volume,log length,etc.However,the influence of variables is not the same.     

长白山天然次生林的主要类型及其经营对策

长白山天然次生林可为以柞树、杨桦、水曲柳和胡桃揪为主的3种类型。其经营的主要措施是在保护的基础上,引进针叶树种。本文还对次生林的改造及抚育提出了建议。     

长白落叶松人工林林隙间伐对林下更新及植物多样性的影响

2009年7月中旬,以佳木斯孟家岗林场间伐8年后的34年生长白落叶松人工纯林为对象,分析均匀间伐、大林隙和小林隙的林下更新和植物多样性。结果表明:与均匀间伐相比,林隙内出现了树高超过1.5m的胡桃楸、山杨和春榆等喜光阔叶树种,大林隙中出现树高超过2m的胡桃楸幼树;林隙内更新树种的个体密度、平均高和平均地径明显增加,大林隙尤为显著(P<0.05);林隙内木本植物的Simpson多样性指数和盖度均显著高于均匀间伐(P<0.05);与小林隙相比,大林隙内木本和草本植物盖度均显著增加(P<0.05);木本植物竞争种的重要值表现为大林隙>小林隙>均匀间伐,耐胁迫种的重要值相反(P<0.05);大林隙内1年生草本植物的重要值显著高于小林隙和均匀间伐(P<0.05),多年生草本植物则相反(P<0.05);大林隙Grime'功能群中杂草种的重要值高于小林隙和均匀间伐,耐胁迫种则相反(P<0.05);小林隙与均匀间伐的草本植物不同生活型及Grime'功能群的组成差异不明显(P>0.05);林隙间伐结合均匀间伐可以将长白落叶松人工纯林改造成长白落叶松针阔混交异龄林,较单独实施均匀间伐更有利于林下更新和植物多样性的提高,间伐林隙应...     

帽儿山地区山杨次生林林木竞争关系的研究

基于山杨（Poptdus davidianaD．）次生林固定标准地M712、M720的每木检尺数据,采用Hegyi单木竞争指数对帽儿山林场天然山杨次生林的种内、种间竞争强度进行定量分析。研究结果表明：山杨次生林林木所受到的竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小。山杨次生林种内竞争较与伴生树种枫桦的种间竞争弱。山杨次生林种内和种间竞争强度的顺序为：枫桦〉白桦〉蒙古栎〉杏树〉黄菠萝〉山杨〉胡桃楸〉槭树〉榆树〉水曲柳〉椴树〉暴马丁香〉桦树〉花楸〉花曲柳〉色木。     

Analysis of isoperoxidases of Populus spp. in Heilongjiang Province

IntroductionBiochemicaIanaIysisaboutvariousorgansofdif-ferentplants,indmerentgrownstagesandhabitats,hasbecomeanimportantwaysforprovidingnewcharacteristicsandnewinformationinplantcIassifi-cation.IsoenzymeisakindofzymesexistedinmanydifferenttissuecelIs,ofwhichstructuresarenotex-actIysame,butcancataIyzeasamekindsofchemi-caIreaction.AsisknowntoaII,theform8tionofzymeiscontrolIedbyoneormoregenes,soitisadirectproduCtofgepeexpressionandcanbetakenasabiochemicaItargetofgeneexpression.Asthespeci-esi…     

小型环境友好集材装备的研究进展

在集材过程中,集材作业不当会造成林地的土壤压实,会对幼苗、保留木造成损伤,影响森林生态环境。本文介绍国内外集材拖拉机和集材拖车的研究进展,对国内外的集材装备存在的问题进行总结和陈述,根据以上分析得出今后集材装备设计的理念和发展方向。     

影响伐区作业的生态因子分析研究

本文从森林生态和森林采伐的关系入手,分析影响伐区作业的生态因子。这些生态因子包括林地坡度,林分结构、地表植被、采伐方式、采伐强度、集材方式、集材道间距、迹地清理方式,以及更新方式等,而林地坡度、采伐方式、集材方式、迹地清理方式和更新方式等是影响伐区作业的主要生态因子。     

Long-term assessment of soil physicochemical properties and seedlings establishment after skidding operations in mountainous mixed hardwoods

One of the basic requirements for sustainable forest management in mixed broadleaved stands is to provide suitable conditions for natural regeneration of trees. These conditions include, but are not limited to, the frequency, quality and the composition of seedling species. Compacted soil layers caused by forest machinery traffic are the most common problem affecting seedling establishment and growth after skidding operations. In this study, we evaluated the frequency, quality, diversity of seedling species and physicochemical properties of soil on 10-, 20- and 30-year-old abandoned skid trails. Further comparison to the values of the mentioned above parameters in control areas allowed for the evaluation in terms of natural recovery processes, under varying traffic intensity and the longitudinal slope of the skid trails in a mixed broadleaved forest. Results showed that there is a significant positive trend of recovery for soil physicochemical properties and ecological characteristics (density and quality) of seedling growing on the skid trails. The time required to recover soil properties and ecological attributes of seedlings increased with increasing traffic intensity and slope of the skid trail. Our results showed that it takes 20 and 30 years to fully recover the chemical and physical properties of the soil, respectively. On the 30-year-old skid trails, density and species diversity indices were fully recovered, but the quality of the seedlings was not restored to the control conditions. The results suggest the importance of a proper planning of the skid trail network, avoiding in particular skid trails with a slope gradient higher than 20%.

     

阔叶红松林主要树种生长的水热指数和最优生长过程的模拟研究

以阔叶红松林8个主要组成树种为研究对象,根据水分和热量是决定植物地理分布的主要因素的原理,应用干燥度和≥10℃的年积温建立了树木生长水热指数;设在最佳环境条件下树木的生长与叶量成正比,与本身大小成反比,推导出树木最优生长模型。然后,应用该水热指数和生长模型模拟了不同水热条件下树木的最优生长过程,揭示了不同树种、或同一树种在不同水热条件下的生长特征。这些研究结果可用于划分树种地理分布区质量等级和评价林分的生长。     

Operational impacts to residual stands following ground-based skidding in Hyrcanian Forest, northern Iran

Hyrcanian (Caspian) Forest in northern Iran has a richness of biological diversity, with endemic and endangered species. The usage of ground-based skidding is well accepted practice for the extraction of timber from the forest, but this operation has tended to cause the greatest environmental problems. The aims of the study were to evaluate and comparison of operational impacts, residual stand damage, regeneration, and to quantify these effects such as: the extent of the damage, wounding patterns, size and distribution after logging operations that utilized two different methods: short-log and long-log. A Timberjack cable skidder was used and the study location was in the Kheyrud Forest. Post harvesting assessment of damage to the residual stand was compared along skid trail by 100% inventory method and also for the assessment of regeneration damage along winching strips. The results show that along winching strips the percentage of damage to the regeneration was 44% and 36%, while the tree damages along skid trails reached 2.3% and 4.1% in the short-log and long-log methods, respectively. The greatest average amount of damage to a bole occurred along the first 1 m up from the ground (97%) and also within 4 m of the skidder centerline (80%). These results show that the short-log method causes less damage to the residual stand than the long-log method. Tree location to skidder trail appears to have a significant effect on the number and height of scars on a tree. Well designed and constructed trails should be wide enough to allow wood extraction from the forest. Damage to the residual stand might be reduced by proper planning and training of logging crews.