天津市农区地下水硝酸盐污染现状调查与评价

硝酸盐含量是衡量地下水水质的重要指标,直接关系到人类的健康。大量研究表明,地下水硝酸盐污染已成为普遍问题。为了摸清天津市地下水硝酸盐污染现状,2011年对天津市10个涉农区县的地下水进行了取样调查及硝酸盐含量监测,对地下水硝酸盐污染现状进行了分析研究。结果表明,天津市地下水NO₃--N含量总体较低,平均值为7.11 mg/L,约12.06%的地下水样超过中国地下水质量标准。取样时间、取样区域、地下水埋深的不同,均导致了地下水硝酸盐含量的差异。雨季后地下水硝酸盐含量(6.89 mg/L)低于雨季前(7.33 mg/L);受地下水埋深影响,0~30 m、30~100 m和≥100 m地下水硝酸盐含量分别为47.66、13.5、0.18 mg/L,受作物种植类型、施肥习惯以及地形等因素的共同影响,不同地区间地下水硝酸盐含量差异明显,西青、蓟县2个地区地下水硝酸盐含量高于10 mg/L,武清、宝坻、静海3个地区地下水硝酸盐含量在6.95~9.82 mg/L,津南、北辰等5个地区地下水硝酸盐含量低于5 mg/L,宁河、东丽以及滨海新区地下水水质最好,未出现污染现象。     

有机肥替代化肥对土壤肥力及番茄产量和品质的影响

为研究如何通过减少化肥施用量达到合理施肥的问题,通过田间试验,研究不同量有机肥替代化肥对土壤肥力及番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明,以有机肥替代化肥能显著提高番茄叶片的叶绿素相对含量和叶片氮素含量,促进番茄的生长。随着有机肥替代化肥量的增加,0~20 cm土壤有机质得到明显提升,从26.02 g/kg提升到33.77 g/kg,增幅为30%;硝态氮含量从100%化肥处理的143.68 mg/kg降到100%有机肥处理的116.47 mg/kg;速效钾的含量随着有机肥替代化肥量的增加呈递减的趋势。番茄中的硝酸盐含量与氮素化肥的施用量呈正相关,随着有机肥替代化肥量的增加,果实的硝酸盐含量降低;试验各处理对番茄的Vc没有显著影响。从产量数据看,各处理之间没有显著差异,其中有机肥替代60%化肥的产量最高,因此有机肥替代化肥具有促进植物生长、提高产量的效果。     

不同有机肥料在生姜种植中氮素的矿化特征研究

以发酵鸡粪、精制有机肥和生物有机肥作为供试肥料,研究了不同有机肥料中氮素的矿化特征。研究结果表明,三种有机肥料在出苗前矿化速率都比较缓慢,但后期不同有机肥料间矿化速率不同。精制有机肥从苗期到收获矿化速率比较均匀,阶段矿化率在6%-7%之间,氮素总矿化量为27.02%;鸡粪氮素总矿化率最高,为30.48%,阶段矿化率最高出现在旺长前期,为11.39%;生物有机肥中氮素总矿化率最低,为26.11%。对作物生长的影响结果显示,施用精制有机肥既增加了生姜的产量又降低了生姜硝酸盐含量,施用生物有机肥显著提高了生姜产量,对生姜硝酸盐含量没有影响,而施用发酵鸡粪虽然增加了生姜产量,但也提高了生姜的硝酸盐含量。     

不同施肥处理对新成片麻岩土壤谷子生长及土层硝态氮的影响

为了探明片麻岩新成土中土壤硝态氮时空分布规律,通过田间肥效试验,研究在不同施氮水平下配施磷和有机肥对土壤中硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,施肥可以显著提高作物产量。氮磷配施作物产量显著高于单施氮肥和有机肥,各处理不同施氮水平作物产量差异不显著。苗期各剖面土壤硝态氮含量随着施氮量的增加而增大。拔节期随着土层深度的增加硝态氮含量先增加(0~60 cm)后降低(60~80 cm)。抽穗灌浆期单施氮肥,总体上随着施氮量的增加硝态氮含量升高,且各剖面的硝态氮含量高于其他2个处理。收获期土壤中各剖面硝态氮含量呈现单施氮肥>氮磷配施>配施有机肥的趋势。土壤中各剖面的硝态氮含量总体上苗期>拔节期>抽穗灌浆期>收获期,随着谷子生育期需氮量和降雨量的变化而逐渐减少。     

沼肥与生物有机无机复合肥在保护地蔬菜上应用效果研究

试验研究了化肥、生物有机无机复合肥、生物有机肥、沼肥对日光温室秋冬茬黄瓜及对土壤理化性质的影响。试验结果表明,施用沼肥、生物有机肥、生物有机无机复合肥有改善土壤理化性状、增强土壤保水保肥能力的作用。表现为与试前土壤相比较,土壤容重下降,土壤总孔隙度和土壤含水量增加,其中施用沼肥的处理影响最大,土壤容重降低了4.26%,土壤总孔隙度和土壤含水量分别提高了4.68%,10.7%;施用沼肥,耕层土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量增加最高,而完全施用生物有机无机复合肥的处理全磷、速效磷、碱解氮增幅最大。施用沼肥和生物有机无机复合肥可以促进黄瓜的生长和提高产量,产量比对照(不施肥处理)分别增加了102.8%,123.1%。各处理除沼肥和生物有机肥两处理间产量差异不显著外,其他处理间差异均达极显著水平。另外,施用沼肥、生物有机肥、生物有机无机复合肥可以提高果实中Vc、还原糖含量,并降低硝酸盐含量,提高了果实品质。     

施肥对芹菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响

在砂质潮土上研究了不同施氮量和生物菌剂接种对芹菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,无论是否接种生物菌剂,增施氮肥均有利芹菜产量的提高。在等氮量条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae “93”显著促进芹菜产量的提高。随着施氮量的增加,芹菜硝态氮含量大幅增加,Vc含量呈下降趋势。为获得相同的产量目标,通过接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae “93”可以显著降低氮肥的施用量,并因而大幅减少芹菜硝酸盐的累积。     

化肥减量配施有机肥对蔬菜产量和品质的影响

选择黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）、苦瓜（Momordica charantia）和甘蓝（Brassica oleracea var. capitata）3种蔬菜进行化肥减量配施有机肥试验,研究不同施肥措施（包括传统施肥、化肥减量20%、化肥减量40%配施20%有机肥及化肥减量60%配施40%有机肥）对连续种植的蔬菜的产量及品质的影响。结果表明,与传统完全施用化肥相比,化肥减量20%对蔬菜的产量及可溶性糖含量、蛋白质含量和还原性维生素C均无明显影响,但降低了蔬菜的硝酸盐含量。化肥减量及配施不同比例的有机肥对黄瓜、苦瓜和甘蓝的产量没有显著影响,但显著提高黄瓜、苦瓜和甘蓝这3种蔬菜的可溶性糖、维生素C和蛋白质含量,降低蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量。化肥减量对连续种植的蔬菜产量没有明显影响,但显著提高了蔬菜的品质,以化肥减量60%并配施40%有机肥的处理的效果最好。     

利用无土栽培研究不同肥料对蔬菜产量与品质的影响

采用无土栽培的方法对蔬菜进行盆栽试验,研究在施用不同用量的化肥和有机肥的条件下蔬菜的产量和品质变化。结果表明,在蔬菜无土栽培中,施用有机肥比施用化肥可显著提高蔬菜的品质,并能达到较高的产量。无论是生菜还是芹菜,其抗坏血酸(Vc)的含量都是有机肥处理明显高于相应的化肥处理。而对人体有害的硝酸盐含量则恰恰相反,供试有机肥处理大大低于化肥处理。另外,施用有机肥可降低蔬菜体内有机酸含量。和化肥相比,有机肥明显具有长效作用,它对第3茬蔬菜仍然有效。利用消毒有机肥进行蔬菜的无土栽培要优于营养液浇灌的方式。     

奶牛养殖废物还田氮营养盐运移规律研究

中国奶牛养殖废物作为有机肥料施入农田土壤中,已成为当今奶牛养殖废物处理的热门趋势,但因其含有大量氮营养盐的特性,可能会造成农田土壤及周边地下水环境污染问题.本文通过对规模化奶牛养殖废物进行11种基肥+追肥模式的田间管理,研究农田土壤和土壤水溶液中氮素的运移规律.结果 表明,不同深度各田间管理土壤总氮平均含量随着深度增加...     

Effect of Integration of Fertilizer and Green Manure Nitrogen on Yield Attributes, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India, during the wet seasons of 1992 and 1993 to study the effect of full and partial substitution of fertiliser N with green manure N (Sesbania rostrata) on nitrogen uptake, yield attributes and yield of rice. The experiment consisted of eight treatments with two levels of N (100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) and three sources of N application viz., fertilizer, integrated (1:1 fertilizer and green manure N) and green manure N compared to the recommended practice (150 kg fertilizer plus 6.25 t ha⁻¹ (72 kg N) green manure) and a no N control. Nitrogen application markedly increased the N uptake. Combined use of the two N sources at 200 and 222 kg N ha⁻¹ and of single fertilizer N at 200 kg N ha⁻¹ recorded the maximum N uptake, increased the yield attributes such as number of panicles per unit area, weight per panicle, number of total and filled grains per panicle and test weight. At 200 kg N ha⁻¹ full substitution of N by green manure reduced the grain yield but only partial substitution of N by green manure resulted in almost similar yield as single fertilizer N. Thus 200 kg N ha⁻¹ applied in equal proportions of fertilizer and green manure N can be recommended for medium duration rice cultivars.     

基于欧氏距离理论的农业可持续发展评价方法与实证研究

基于欧氏标准化距离理论,构建了农业可持续发展评价理论体系与评价指标框架,包括评价函数、评价等级、评级指标、佳态系统与原点系统等。选取甘肃镇原县、宁夏吴忠市和山东桓台县2000-2012年数据作为实证案例,并在评价指标框架下构建评价指标体系,对3个不同类型的农业系统进行了验证性评价。结果表明：甘肃镇原县ASDI(可持续发展指数)范围[0.70,0.83],呈上升趋势,处于中持续与高持续状态;宁夏吴忠市ASDI范围[0.40,0.77],呈波动较大,6年处于非持续、其余年份主要处于中持续状态;山东桓台县ASDI [0.53,0.71],大部分年份小于0.6,处于不可持续状态。欧氏距离法评价结果与农业系统实际情况接近,分别代表了3类农业生态系统。甘肃镇原在有机废弃物(秸秆与畜禽粪便)还田利用、人均粮食、高职教育、人均收入、饮用水安全、农药施用与基尼系数等方面接近佳态系统,仅在氮磷施用上稍微超标,属物质良性循环类型;宁夏吴忠由于在作物单产、有机废弃物还田与人均粮食等方面接近佳态,但在施肥量、水体污染与土壤有机质等方面远离佳态,因而ASDI有较大波动,属传统与集约化并存类型;山东桓台水肥药投入水平较高,农业面源污染负荷大,导致地表水、地下水氮磷超标引起ASDI较低,属典型的集约化类型。     

施肥对蕹菜生长及品质的影响

在褐土上采用盆栽试验研究了鸡粪、包衣尿素、素、硝铵4种肥料对蕹菜硝酸盐累积以及其他品质指标的影响，结果表明，在低量施氮下，鸡粪处理表现缺氮症状，长势不及等氮量的尿素处理，在中量施氮情况下，蕹菜长势为：鸡粪，包衣尿素＞硝铵＞尿素。在硝酸盐指标上，施用等量鸡粪可以明显降低其含量；在中量施氮情况下，植株的硝酸盐含量为：尿素＞硝铵、包衣尿素＞鸡粪；随着施氮量的增加，植株硝酸盐呈增加趋势，以尿素处理增加更为明显。鸡粪的施用量增加有利于提高蕹菜的Vc有可溶糖含量，但尿素素处理没有表现出类似的结果：在中量氮素投入情况下，硝铵及包衣尿素处理的Vc含量相对较高、中、高量化学氮肥施用显著地促进了土壤无机氮累积，其中又以尿不处理累积为甚，包衣尿素累积量较少，因此在生产中鸡粪或化学氮施肥用量的合理控制是蔬菜施肥中一项非常重要的工作。     

Transport of anorganic pollutants in aquifers

As in The Netherlands intensive husbandry is strongly concentrated in relative small areas on low-fertile sandy soils, the amounts of manure spread often greatly exceed the amounts removed from the soil by plant uptake or by conversion processes of nitrate and phosphate. The remainder may accumulate in the soil until the storage capacity is filled. Eventually nutrients will break through into the groundwater.At the Utrecht State University behaviour of these nutrients in saturated groundwater flow is studied using large-scale column experiments. The columns are filled with undisturbed unpolluted field samples and are percolated with natural groundwater enriched with nutrients in concentrations that can be expected when these break through the unsaturated zone.The first experiments proved the reliability of the sampling technique and column design which were developed especially for this research and the reproducibility of the results.An important result is that phosphate can be highly mobile in the aquifers. This implies that the deeper groundwater (which in The Netherlands often is used for the production of drinking water) may well become polluted by phosphate as well as the already occurring nitrate contamination.     

灌区尺度氮磷的迁移转化特征分析

为了解中国土壤中残留农业面源污染物的迁移转化规律及其特征,以前郭灌区典型灌域为研究对象,通过10组试验处理与小区田间试验,在不同深度提取水样,进行水质观测和数据处理,主要对铵氮、硝氮以及磷酸盐在土壤剖面上的迁移转化规律展开分析研究。结果表明,各试验小区表层水的氨氮浓度在施肥后的一段时间内有一个峰值出现,并随后呈现衰减趋势,在灌水量和施肥量越大的情况下,随水向下迁移的铵氮量越大（灌水量NI处理比SI处理多2.2 kg/hm2,施肥量NF处理比SF处理多1.5 kg/hm2）,在施肥越均匀的情况下,随水向下迁移的铵氮量越小（F1处理比F2处理少0.7 kg/hm2）;各试验小区表层水的硝氮浓度具有与铵氮相似的变化趋势,在灌水量越大、施肥量越大及施肥越不均匀的情况下,进入地下水的硝氮量皆越大（灌水量NI处理比SI处理多1.12 kg/hm2,施肥量NF处理比SF处理多0.55 kg/hm2,施肥比例F1处理比F2处理多0.4 kg/hm2）,对地下水造成的污染也越大;各试验小区表层水的磷酸盐浓度在第一次施肥（底肥）呈现一个极大的峰值,然后迅速回落并持续稳定在一个较小的水平内（不超过2.5 mg/L）。     

有机肥料使用量对土壤环境、夏甘蓝产量和品质的影响

研究了浅水位条件下麦菜轮作体系中夏甘蓝生长季节有机肥施用量对土壤剖面硝态氮积累、夏甘蓝产量和品质的影响。结果表明:夏甘蓝生长季节正值雨季,导致各处理硝态氮累积峰值出现在靠近地下水位处,并随有机肥用量的增加土壤剖面硝态氮累积量增多。有机肥用量增加导致甘蓝中白利糖度降低,但对其他品质指标没有影响;尽管大量使用有机肥导致土体剖面硝态氮的累积,由于淋洗作用,耕层硝态氮含量并不太高,有机肥用量对甘蓝中硝酸盐含量没有影响。因此,在绿色蔬菜生产中,应该避免盲目大量地使用有机肥料,以免增加污染环境风险和影响蔬菜品质,确保绿色食品产地环境质量。     

油稻轮作下有机无机肥配施对作物产量及氮磷流失的影响

通过油稻轮作田间试验,研究了等养分条件下4种施肥处理对作物产量、地表径流N、P流失浓度和流失量及其对环境的影响。试验设4个处理,即:化肥(CF)、化肥+低量有机肥(OC1)、化肥+中量有机肥(OC2)、化肥+高量有机肥(OC3)。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,有机无机肥配施处理在满足作物养分需求,保持相对较高的产量水平基础上,能显著或明显减少农田径流水铵态N、硝态N和全P的流失浓度和流失量,尤以中、高量有机肥处理效果最显著;各处理径流液全N浓度范围在0.60~27.89mg/L,总P浓度范围在0.059~0.353mg/L,均大于富营养化水体标准,污染周边水环境;N流失指数明显高于P,且硝态N是N流失的主要形式;中高量有机肥与化肥配合施用能够保证作物产量,并能有效降低N、P的径流流失,为适宜该地区油稻轮作的合理施肥制度。     

The Effect of Fertilizer Type and Level of N Fertilization Before and After Grassland Renewal on N Leaching Losses

When grassland is ploughed and reseeded this results in an increased mineralization of organically bound nitrogen (N) in the soil. Greater amounts of nitrate in autumn are at risk of being leached during the winter half of the year. In two field experiments, nitrate leaching was measured over 2 years after reseeding of a 9‐year‐old grassland field in spring on a sandy soil in northwest Germany. During the experiments, major management factors that can influence the intensity of mineralization were varied: Type of fertilizer, mineral N fertilizer or organic manure, and the level of fertilization, 0, 160 or 320 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹, before renewal of the grassland, and level of fertilization, 0, 160 or 320 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in mineral form, after renewal of the grassland. The type of fertilization as well as the level of N fertilization before ploughing had no significant effect on the soil mineral nitrogen content (SMN) in autumn and N leaching in the year following the grassland renewal. N fertilizer level after sward renovation had a significant effect on the nitrate leaching losses in the two following years. Fertilization at a rate of 320 kg N ha⁻¹ resulted in leaching losses of 7 and 61 kg N ha⁻¹ in the first and second subsequent years, respectively. At fertilizer rates of 0 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ leaching losses were lower than 5 kg N ha⁻¹. It is concluded that for mown grassland no restriction of the N fertilization before the renovation of the sward is necessary to reduce the nitrate leaching risk as long as the amount of N fertilized does not exceed the N‐uptake by the crop. Similarly, the N fertilization after the sward renewal does not bear a particular leaching risk.     

化肥有机肥配合对水稻产量和氮素利用的影响

摘要：通过对不同施肥与水稻产量和氮肥利用率连续4年定位观测研究,结果表明：在红壤丘陵区稻田上,土壤氮素来源以施肥带入为主,占土壤氮素总收入95%以上,氮素带出以作物吸收和氨挥发损失为主要途径;水稻对氮素吸收利用与氮素形态关系密切,早稻对无机氮吸收利用好于有机氮,晚稻对有机氮利用优于无机氮;对水稻4年产量统计分析,单施有机肥（M）处理与化肥（NPK）处理具有同等的产量效果,但有机肥料处理提高土壤有机质含量,提升了土壤生产力;单施有机肥（M）处理氮肥利用率达37.8%,化肥有机肥配施（NPKM）处理氮肥利用率为35.1%,而单施化肥（NPK）处理氮肥利用率仅为25.7%。     

Organic fertilizer effects on pea yield,nutrient uptake,microbial root colonization and soil microbial biomass indices in organic farming systems

In the present field experiment, horse manure and compost derived from shrub and garden cuttings were supplied at nearly equivalent N amounts but different C amounts to field peas (Pisum sativum L.), either as a sole crop or intercropped with oat (Avena sativa L.). The objectives were: (1) to evaluate the beneficial effects of C-rich manure and compost on pea productivity in different cropping systems (2) to investigate whether these effects were reflected by microbial root colonization, microbial biomass and CO₂ production and (3) to study the residual effects of the organic fertilizers on the yield of succeeding crop. Short term application of horse manure and compost greatly stimulated soil microbial biomass C, N, P, fungal ergosterol and CO₂ evolution, but failed to stimulate productivity of the current crops. However, significant positive residual effects of organic fertilizer, especially horse manure were observed on the grain yield of the succeeding winter wheat. Mycorrhizal colonization and ergosterol concentration were significantly higher in pea than in oat roots. Intercropping is an important tool for controlling weeds on pea plots under organic farming conditions, but did not affect microbial root colonization, soil microbial biomass indices or CO₂ evolution from the soil surface. According to the extrapolation of the CO₂ evolution rates into amounts per hectare, approximately 40% of the manure C and 24% of the compost C were mineralized to CO₂ during the 124-day experimental period. There were close relationships between grain N and P concentrations in both crops and microbial biomass C, N and P, suggesting that soil microbial biomass can be used as an indicator of nutrient availability to plants.     

Time Course of Nitrogen in Soil Solution and Nitrogen Uptake in Maize Plants as affected by Form and Application Time of Fertilizer Nitrogen

Field experiments with silage maize were conducted in 1987 and 1988 on a loess-derived Luvisol in southwest Germany. Four nitrogen fertilizer treatments were compared: application of preplanting NH₄ N (plus a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide as Didin) and preplanting NO₃-N, split application of NO₃-N (preplanting and side dressed 45 days after planting) and a control without nitrogen fertilizer in 1987 and with 64 kg N ha^?1 as calcium ammonium nitrate in 1988. The total amounts of soil mineral nitrogen (N_min+ fertilizer N) were 200 kg N ha^?1 in 1987 and 240 kg N ha^?1 in 1988. Suction cups and tensiometer were installed at five depths and samples were taken in regular intervals. Nitrate concentrations in the suction solution steeply increased at 15 cm and 45 cm soil depth 3-4 weeks after fertilizer application (1987 up to 160mgNl^?1; 1988 up to 170mgN l^?1) and steeply decreased up to 75 cm depth with the onset of intensive N uptake at shooting. Ammonium concentrations in the suction solution were very low (0-0.16 mg N l^?1). Compared to preplanting NCyN application, preplanting NH₄-N and split NO₃-N application decreased nitrate concentrations in the suction solution in spring 1987. In 1988, however, nitrate concentrations in the suction solution of preplanting NH₄-N and split NO₃-N application plots did not fall below 50mgNl^?1 at 15 cm depth during the growing season. Nitrate concentrations of split NO₃-N application increased again in autumn 1988 and hence doubled the calculated N losses by leaching during the winter months compared to preplanting N applications. At shooting, plants of the preplanting NH₄-N treatment had lower nitrate concentrations in leaf sheaths compared to plants of preplanting NO₃-N application. Total N uptake of maize between shooting and early grain filling of preplanting NH₄-N and split NO₃ -N application tended to be higher compared to preplanting NO₃-N application, reflecting the higher N availability in the soil later in the season. However, final dry matter yields and N uptake were not significantly affected by N form or time of N application. Since N losses by nitrate leaching between N application and onset of N uptake by plants were negligible on the experimental site, preplanting NH₄-N application and split NO₃-N application showed no agronomic advantages. High amounts of side dressed NO₃-N may increase nitrate leaching during the winter months, especially in years with delayed rainfall after application.