海水连续4年灌溉对库拉索芦荟生长、糖和芦荟甙含量的效应研究

研究不同比例海淡混合水4年灌溉对库拉索芦荟全叶鲜重、叶片含水量和叶片中可溶性糖、多糖和芦荟甙含量的影响。结果表明:10%、25%海水灌溉下,芦荟的全叶鲜重与对照(淡水)差异不显著,50%、75%和100%海水灌溉下的全叶鲜重显著下降,分别较对照降低11%、28%和46%。10%、25%、50%、75%海水灌溉下,芦荟的全叶干重与对照(淡水)差异不显著,100%海水灌溉下的全叶干重显著下降,较对照降低14%。CK、10%、25%、50%海水处理的地上部含水量之间差异不显著,75%、100%海水处理下,其地上部含水量显著下降。在地上部不同叶位的叶片中,老叶随着海水胁迫强度的增加,其含水量下降幅度较大,而幼叶和中部叶含水量下降幅度较小。海水灌溉处理下叶片可溶性糖含量显著高于淡水灌溉处理,在海水灌溉各处理间,随海水比例增大,芦荟叶片中可溶性糖含量呈逐渐显著增加趋势,经过4年比例海淡混合水连续灌溉,芦荟叶片中多糖含量与淡水灌溉处理没有显著差异,但芦荟甙含量随海水灌溉强度的增加而增加,75%海水处理达最大值。不同比例海淡混合水灌溉芦荟的试验是可行的,可以节约淡水,并在一定的海水稀释配比下(75%海水)可以提高芦荟的主要药用功效成份芦荟甙的含量。     

施磷对海水灌溉下一年生芦荟氮磷吸收及糖分积累的影响

在对大田海水灌溉试验的基础上[1,2],进行海水灌溉下的肥料试验。库拉索芦荟(Aloe vera)是一种CAM光合碳同化途径的多年生旱生经济植物,具有一定的耐盐性[3,4]。在国外,芦荟研究的成果被广泛应用在医药、保健、食品等行业,已形成一大产业。最近的研究报告表明,与其他植物一样,盐分胁迫造成芦荟体内盐分积累、营养元素缺失,破坏了离子平衡,通过施用磷肥增加植株含磷量能够提高植物耐盐性[5]。因此,作者以一年生库拉索芦荟为材料,研究了海水胁迫下磷对其营养状况和糖分积累的影响,以期为沿海滩涂和滨海地区发展海水农业、合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。1材料与方法1·1材料及试验处理选取大小、生长一致的六叶     

长期盐胁迫对库拉索芦荟(Aloe vera)生长和汁液理化性质的影响

在温室中砂培条件下研究了7叶龄库拉索芦荟（Aloe vera）以含0、50、100、200和400 mmol L^-1NaCl的Hoagland营养液浇灌120 d的生长响应及其全叶原汁的理化性质.结果表明：200 mmol L^-1NaCl处理显著抑制芦荟生长,使叶片长度、宽度、厚度和重量显著减小,含水量和叶绿素含量降低,干枯死亡的叶片数显著增多,根系周界和根系密集区显著缩小,单株干重降至对照的65.02%,单株鲜重只及对照的38.32%,至开花期花葶低矮、细弱,开花株数明显减少;100 mmol L^-1 NaCl处理对库拉索芦荟生长的抑制作用显著减轻,且可正常开花,花期未见缩短,但至处理结束时新叶的长度,处理结束时单叶的厚度和鲜重、根系密集区范围以及叶片和全株的鲜重、根系的干重和鲜重均显著小于对照,而50 mmol L^-1 NaCl处理与对照无显著性差异.盐胁迫对库拉索芦荟全叶原汁出汁率及理化性质的影响与对生长开花的影响相似,其中50、100 mmol L^-1 NaCl处理间多数指标值无显著性差异,与对照相比多数指标值处于有益水平.综合评判：库拉索芦荟具有咸水微咸水灌溉栽培的潜势.     

半干旱地区海涂海水灌溉菊芋盐肥耦合效应的研究

在山东莱州海涂采用正交试验设计进行田间试验,研究了不同浓度海水灌溉下菊芋盐肥耦合效应。结果表明:(1)综合肥水情况下,在25%海水(W2)灌溉下菊芋块茎和地上部分生物产量与淡水处理(W1)没有显著差异,在50%(W3)和75%(W4)海水灌溉下产量均显著下降,与淡水比较,下降幅度达32%、76%和25%、60%;N3(150 kg hm-2)水平与N1(0 kg hm-2)水平相比,菊芋块茎产量可以显著提高77%,同样地上部分生物产量也提高了37%,而N4(225 kg hm-2)处理比在N3情况下低,但仍高于N2(75 kg hm-2)处理;P3(60 kg hm-2)水平与P1(0 kg hm-2)水平相比,菊芋块茎产量可以显著提高97%,同样地上部分生物产量也提高了39%,在P4(90 kg hm-2)处理下,菊芋块茎和地上部分生物产量分别比在P3处理下低19%和11%。(2)各浓度海水浇灌下,随着施氮、磷量的增加菊芋主茎普遍增长和增粗。(3)经过对海水与N肥及P肥的交互作用分析,可以看出W2N3和W2P3是优化组合;处理因子分析表明,影响菊芋产量的主要因素是不同浓度海水灌溉,N肥和P肥次之,其优化组合为W2N3P3。     

半干旱地区海涂海水灌溉对不同品系菊芋产量构成及离子分布的影响

在半干旱海涂以不同品系菊芋（Helianthus tuberosusL．）为材料进行田间试验，研究了海水灌溉对不同品系菊芋产量构成及离子分布的影响。结果表明：（1）南芋2号根和地上部生物量较其他品系大，南芋5号和南芋3号株高在各浓度海水灌溉下均显著高于其他菊芋品系，而茎粗在各处理下变化不一致，在30％海水灌溉下，南芋1号根和地上部物质积累未受到抑制作用，其他各品系菊芋的根和地上部物质积累受到了一定抑制。（2）各菊芋品系块茎产量差异较显著，在30％海水灌溉下，南芋2号产量显著高于其他品系，各菊芋品系块茎单重在各处理下差异也较显著，南芋1号和2号块茎单重最大，各菊芋品系块茎总糖和菊糖含量差异较显著。（3）随海水浓度的增加，各品系菊芋根、茎和叶的C1-和Na^＋含量均增加，但品系间差异较显著，叶片的Na’含量显著低于根和茎的Na’含量。从生物积累量和块茎产量、总糖和菊糖含量及离子分布看，南芋1号和南芋2号较其他品系更适合在半干旱海涂利用适当浓度海水进行灌溉种植。     

半干旱区海涂海水灌溉菊芋氮肥效应的研究

在连续3年半干旱区海涂海水灌溉试验的基础上,2 0 0 3年在莱州湾海涂进行了不同浓度海水灌溉菊芋氮肥效应的田间试验。结果表明:①在海水灌溉下氮肥对菊芋的增产与增幅均大大高于淡水灌溉,在5 0 %海水浓度范围内,随着灌溉海水浓度增加氮肥的增产效应也逐渐提高,以5 0 %浓度海水灌溉氮肥增产效应最大。②海水灌溉下,施用氮肥能显著促进菊芋对K ,Ca2 和Mg2 等有益离子的吸收与运输,尤其是明显提高菊芋在海水灌溉下的SK ,Na　(根/茎)与SK ,Na　(茎叶) ,而抑制菊芋对Na 及Cl-等有害离子的吸收。③海水灌溉下,施用氮肥明显促进菊芋根部磷的含量,以N3 (15 0kg/hm2 )水平与N1(不施氮)水平相比较,在用淡水、2 5 %海水、5 0 %海水、75 %海水灌溉处理下,菊芋根部含磷量增加的百分数为35 .9% ,4 7.4 % ,30 .6 %和38 0 %。     

不同气候带海水灌溉下滨海盐土水盐运动特征

自2001年开始,采用田间试验与室内模拟相互验证的方法,对山东莱州(暖温半干旱带)、江苏大丰(暖温湿润带)、海南乐东(热带湿润带)进行了海水灌溉下滨海盐土水盐运动特征研究,结果表明：(1)各气候带适宜的灌溉定额下,未作任何人为调控措施,半干旱的莱州虽呈自然积盐的趋势．但即使用50％的海淡水混灌,2年0～60cm土层盐分仍未超过3‰,江苏大丰用60％的海淡水灌溉,海水灌溉携入的总盐量与1m土体淋失的盐量持平,而海南乐东盐分收支平衡的海淡水比例为75％;(2)在半干旱的山东莱州,0～60cm各土层含盐量变幅起伏较大,表明蒸发为盐分运动的控制因子,而在湿润的江苏大丰,30cm以下土层含盐量平稳,ST水控制盐分运动的作用增强。两个气候带,在整个夏季,各海水灌溉处理表层土壤含盐量明显低于下层土壤;(3)海水灌溉明显降低土壤水吸力,表明海水灌溉可以缓解土壤水的蒸发,越是干旱,这种作用越明显。     

高盐胁迫下小麦幼苗离子吸收动态及耐盐性筛选

耐盐能力评价是小麦引种、筛选和育种的研究基础。为利用离子流检测技术快速筛选耐盐小麦品种提供依据,本文以普通小麦耐盐品种‘德抗961’和‘薛早’、中度耐盐材料3D232、盐敏感品种‘辽春10号’和‘京411'为试验材料,利用动态离子流检测技术对250 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫下小麦苗期根部对K~+、Na~+、C~-的吸收情况进行检测,并对小麦生长性状及离子浓度变化进行测定,以确立离子吸收与小麦耐盐性的关系。研究结果表明:1)与无盐胁迫(CK)相比,250 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫24 h后,盐敏感小麦品种‘辽春10’和‘京411’的K~+由内流转变为外流,中等耐盐材料3D232表现出K~+外流速度减少,耐盐品种‘德抗961’和‘薛早’则表现出维持K~+的内流或K~+外流变为内流;Na~+均表现为胁迫后外排速度增大,速度值区间由13.86～46.88 pmol·cm~(-2)·s~(-1)变为61～150 pmol·cm~(-2)·s~(-1):相较Na~+,Cl~-外排速度升高幅度较大,其中‘辽春10号’外排量变化最大,外排速度是胁迫前的10倍,Na~+、Cl~-外排速度变化与品种耐盐性无明显相关性。2)高盐胁迫下,盐敏感小麦的根苗比降低,耐盐小麦根苗比升高;盐敏感小麦品种鲜重较CK显著下降,耐盐小麦品种变化不显著。3)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐及中等耐盐小麦品种,根部及地上部K~+含量较CK分别增加57%～88%和18%～112%,盐敏感小麦则分别降低40%～44%和24%～42%;耐盐小麦地上部Na~+增加倍数小于盐敏感材料,将更多的Na~+阻隔在根部,表现出了较好的区隔Na~+能力。4)盐胁迫后k~+流速与耐盐性评价指标根冠比变化量、鲜重变化率均呈高度的相关,其拟合度分别为0.972和0.832。250 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫24 h后小麦根部成熟区K~+流速可以作为小麦耐盐性筛选的重要生物标记。     

海水灌溉库拉索芦荟氮磷配施效应研究

采用田间小区试验研究了30％海水灌溉下1年生库拉索芦荟氮、磷两因素各五水平组合的效应，建立了芦荟叶片产量与氮、磷用量的回归方程。结果表明：芦荟叶片产量在施氮、磷肥量分别为N2～N3及P2～P3范围内取得最大值；通过计算，30％海水灌溉下2年生芦荟叶片的最高产量为Ymax=26015kg／hm^2，最高产量下氮、磷肥施用量分别为Nmax=141．9kg／hm^2、P2O5max=84．0kg／hm^2。在同一施磷水平下，芦荟单叶重均随着施氮量的增加而增加，但相同施氮量的各施磷组合芦荟单叶重在P2～P3为最大。和对照（不施氮磷肥）相比，氮磷配合施用显著提高了芦荟成熟叶片蒽醌含量，以N3P3处理下的叶片蒽醌含量最大，比对照处理增加23％。氮磷配合施用芦荟甙增产效果为5％～132％，施氮量为N3的各P处理组合芦荟甙含量为最大，显著高于No，N1和N4的各施磷组合；而增施磷肥则有利于在低施氮量（N0，N1）下提高芦荟甙含量。     

莱州湾海涂海水灌溉菊芋的磷肥效应的研究

在连续3年莱州湾海涂海水灌溉试验的基础上,2003年就不同浓度海水灌溉菊芋的磷肥效应进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,在海水灌溉下,磷肥对菊芋的增加产量与增产幅度均高于淡水灌溉,在50%海水浓度范围内,随着灌溉海水浓度增加磷肥的增产效应也逐渐提高,以50%浓度海水灌溉磷肥增产效应最大;海水灌溉下,施磷肥能显著促进菊芋对K+、Ca2+和Mg2+等有益离子的吸收与运输,尤其是明显提高菊芋在海水灌溉下的SK,Na,而抑制菊芋对Na+及Cl-等有害离子的吸收;在75%的海水浓度范围内,灌溉的海水浓度越高,磷肥对上述离子的影响强度越大;海水灌溉下,施用磷肥明显促进菊芋根部氮的含量,P3(P2O560kg/hm2)与P1(P2O50kg/hm2)处理相比较,在淡水、25%海水、50%海水、75%海水灌溉处理下,菊芋根部含氮量增加0.43、0.64、0.64、0.51个百分点。     

Aloe exudate: characterization by reversed phase HPLC and headspace GC-MS

From the leaves of aloe, a succulent plant, a dried exudate commonly called aloe can be obtained, which is used as a natural drug for its cathartic effect and is widely employed as a bittering agent in alcoholic beverages. This investigation provides a tentative characterization of several commercial aloe exudates carried out both by reversed phase HPLC and by headspace GC-MS analysis. By means of HPLC the derivatives were evaluated, and by GC-MS the volatile fraction was investigated. Qualitative and quantitative differences among the constituents in various samples of different origins were found. In particular, these were evident in the HPLC profile of Kenya aloe and an Aloe barbadensis sample, which exuded a high content of isoaloeresin D and aloins, whereas GC-MS analysis showed the presence of anisole exclusively in Kenya aloe samples. Moreover, the results obtained by means of the latter technique suggested a reason for the prevailing use of Mosselbay and Port Elizabeth aloes in bitter spirits formulation.     

Characterization of Aloeride, a new high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Aloe vera with potent immunostimulatory activity

We have characterized a new immunostimulatory polysaccharide called Aloeride from commercial aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) juice. Aloeride is between 4 and 7 million Da, and its glycosyl components include glucose (37.2%), galactose (23.9%), mannose (19.5%), and arabinose (10.3%). At 0.5 microg/mL Aloeride increased NF-kappa B directed luciferase expression in THP-1 human monocytic cells to levels 50% of those achieved by maximal concentrations (10 microg/mL) of LPS. Aloeride induced the expression of the mRNAs encoding IL-1beta and TNF-alpha to levels equal to those observed in cells maximally activated by LPS. Acemannan, the major carbohydrate component from aloe, used at 200 microg/mL in the macrophage assay resulted in negligible NF-kappa B activation. Analysis of acemannan and Aloeride using size-exclusion chromatography suggests that the low activity of acemannan is due to trace amounts of Aloeride. Although Aloeride comprises only 0.015% of the aloe juice dry weight, its potency for macrophage activation accounts fully for the activity of the crude juice.     

不同水肥模式对籼稻和粳稻抗倒伏性能的影响

倒伏是影响水稻稳产高产的主要限制因素之一,该研究旨在通过比较不同处理的倒伏指数（Lodging Index,LI）,及LI与倒伏相关生长性状和力学性能之间的关系,研究灌溉方式、肥料类型及水稻种类交互作用对倒伏相关形态特征、基部节间力学性状及产量等指标的影响。于2019和2020年6月-10月开展试验,研究2种水稻种类（南粳5055和Y两优900）在不同肥料类型（有机肥和化肥）及灌溉方式（控制灌溉和浅水勤灌）下的抗倒伏性能。结果表明：控制灌溉显著降低了株高和地上部分鲜质量（P<0.05）;平水年（2020年）倒二茎节（I1）的LI受到水稻种类与肥料类型交互作用的影响,对于粳稻,两种肥料类型的LI无显著差异（P>0.05）,对于籼稻,则表现为有机肥处理下I1的LI显著大于化肥处理（P<0.05);综合考虑抗倒伏性能和产量,有机肥施用下的控制灌溉模式适用于粳稻,化肥施用下的控制灌溉模式适用于籼稻。研究为通过灌溉和施肥措施调控不同种类水稻的抗倒伏性能提供数据支持和理论支撑。     

两种菊芋耐盐差异研究

To explore genetic variability for two Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) cultivars, N1 (the sixth-generation cultivated with 75% seawater irrigation for six years) and N7 (a general variety), a experiment was conducted to study the changes in physiological attributes under different concentrations (0%, 10% and 25% of seawater concentration in greenhouse and 0%, 30% and 50% of seawater concentration in the field) of seawater salinity stress. In the greenhouse experiment, decreases of dry growth rate, but increases of dry matter percentage and membrane injury occurred in both the genotypes at 10% and 25% seawater treatments, although lesser cell membrane damage was observed in N1 than N7. N1 accumulated greater contents of Na⁺, Cl^-, soluble sugar and proline in leaves compared with N7. In the field experiment, the yields of shoot, root and tuber, and the contents of total-sugar and inulin in tubers of N1 were higher than those of N7. Lesser degree of salt injury in N1 indicated that the relatively salt-tolerant cultivar had higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, lower Na⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio, and the salt-induced enhancement of osmotic adjustment.     

Symbiotic efficiency and compatibility of native rhizobia in northern Thailand with different soybean cultivars

Symbiotic efficiency and compatibility of 81 isolates of native bradyrhizobia from irrigated areas in northern Thailand with four soybean cultivars and one cowpea cultivar were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Effectiveness and / or compatibility of the tested isolates were compared with those of a standard strain (Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB 1809) by using plants grown on plastic seed bags. Effectiveness of the isolates was also estimated using uninoculated control plants grown in a nitrogen-free solution. Nodulation of a wide range of host plants by the majority of the tested isolates was observed, which agreed well with the results of our previous field experiment (Shutsrirung et al. 2002: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 48, 491–499). Up to 75% of the tested isolates induced a higher growth efficiency than that of the uninoculated control in association with one of the tested cultivars, Black soybean. Comparision with uninoculated control plants, enable to estimate the proportion of the tested isolates leading to effective growth promotion (E + e) of each cultivar, namely, Black soybean (local Thai cultivar), 75%; Cowpea, 82%; SJ5 (commercial Thai cultivar), 33%; Bragg (US cultivar), 33%; and Improved Pelican (US cultivar), 9%. These results indicated that although isolates with a high infectiveness with both “Asian-type” and “US-type” soybeans could be found, a high frequency of isolates leading to inefficient nodules was observed in the US cultivar, suggesting the presence of genetic differences in the soybean cultivars that express high-preference (efficient nodules) or low-preference (inefficient nodules) for a certain group of tested isolates. Based on the results of this laboratory experiment together with our previous field experiment, native rhizobial populations in the irrigated area of northern Thailand could be separated into three groups; Group 1: rhizobium strains showing a high effectiveness with only Asian cultivars, Group 2: strains showing a high effectiveness with only US origin cultivars, and Group 3: strains showing a high effectiveness with both Asian and US origin cultivars. The majority of the native rhizobial populations belonged to Group 1. The isolates in Group 3 may display a high potential for manipulating useful rhizobial inoculant.     

Model experiment on the effect of a plough pan on crop yield under differing conditions of soil moisture availability

A field experiment conducted over two years examined the effect of increasing depth of cultivation from 1 to 40 cm on crop yields in a generally compacted soil where a plough pan had developed. The test crop was sugar beet in the first year and peas in the second; both crops were grown under irrigated and unirrigated conditions. Measurements showed that the physical condition of the uncultivated profile to a depth of 40 cm was unfavourable for root growth, but that the plough pan represented a greater constraint. The weather in the two years differed markedly: 1976 was much drier, and 1977 wetter, than average. Under conditions of moderate stress, i.e. 1976 irrigated and 1977 unirrigated treatments, when maximum soil moisture deficits (SMD) of 60 and 137 mm, respectively, were achieved, cultivation to 40 cm gave maximum yield. Under conditions of low moisture stress (1977 irrigated, maximum deficit 40 mm), cultivation to 10 cm was adequate. The SMD reached 250 mm in the 1976 unirrigated crop and here cultivation to 10 or 20 cm gave maximum yield. Neutron probe soil moisture measurements showed that the ability of the crop to extract water from lower horizons was restricted in compact soil conditions.     

华北平原海水灌溉对土壤性质和菊芋产量的影响

Irrigation with various dilutions of seawater can act as an alternate water resource and thus plays an important role in saving freshwater resources as well as promoting agriculture in the coastal semi-arid areas of the North China Plain. Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus L.） grown in a field experiment was irrigated with seawater diluted with freshwater from 2001 to 2003 to determine the feasibility of seawater irrigation in the Laizhou area. For treatments of CK （non-irrigation） along with seawater concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, total dissolved solid （TDS） in the non-irrigated soil significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） in both 2002 and 2003 and was 1.3 times higher in 2003 than in 2001. In the 25% and 50% seawater concentration treatments, TDS in 2001 was significantly greater （P ≤ 0.05） than CK; however, TDS in these two treatments decreased by 34.9% and 40.1%, respectively, in 2003 compared with 2001. The sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） remained below 10 mmol^1/2 L^-1/2, indicating that alkalization was low with seawater irrigation. In 2001 and 2002, compared to CK and the irrigation treatment with 75% seawater, irrigation with 25% and 50% seawater increased the yields of Jerusalem .artichoke. This meant that Jerusalem artichoke could be safely grown in salt-affected land of Laizhou area with 25% and 50% seawater irrigation.