Positioning of longitudinal nerves in C. elegans by nidogen

Basement membranes can help determine pathways of migrating axons. Although members of the nidogen (entactin) protein family are structural components of basement membranes, we find that nidogen is not required for basement membrane assembly in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Nidogen is localized to body wall basement membranes and is required to direct longitudinal nerves dorsoventrally and to direct axons at the midlines. By examining migration of a single axon in vivo, we show that nidogen is required for the axon to switch from circumferential to longitudinal migration. Specialized basement membranes may thus regulate nerve position.     

Development. A degrading way to make an organ

Working out how organs form during embryonic development is a fascinating area of research. In a witty Perspective, Jeff Hardin describes new findings (Nishiwaki et al.) that reveal the many intricate steps needed for gonads to form in the worm C. elegans. Two key players, GON-1 and MIG-17, are metalloproteases that may help migration of distal tip cells by degrading extracellular matrix components.     

YIGSR, a synthetic laminin pentapeptide, inhibits experimental metastasis formation

The invasion of tumor cells through basement membranes is a critical step in the formation of metastases. The binding of the malignant cells to laminin in the basement membranes allows their attachment and activates their invasiveness. Recently a synthetic nonapeptide from the B1 chain sequence of laminin was identified as a major site for cell binding. A pentapeptide within the nonapeptide sequence was found to reduce the formation of lung colonies in mice injected with melanoma cells and also to inhibit the invasiveness of the cells in vitro.     

PTEN磷酸酶活性对人乳腺癌ZR-75-1细胞的迁移及粘着斑激酶磷酸化水平的影响

目的:探讨PTEN磷酸酶活性对ZR-75-1人乳腺癌细胞迁移及粘着斑激酶磷酸化水平的影响。方法:用有和无磷酸酶活性的两种PTEN表达质粒(W t和G 129)转染人乳腺癌细胞株ZR-75-1,用人工基底膜侵袭试验检测其转染前后的迁移能力,以W estern-b lot检测未转染的ZR-75-1和两种表达质粒的ZR-75-1磷酸化粘着斑激酶水平。结果:转染后有磷酸酶活性、无磷酸酶活细胞与未转染ZR-75-1细胞间侵袭抑制率、运动抑制率差异有显著性(P<0.01)。各组细胞间总FAK(粘着斑激酶)水平无明显差异,而W T-PTEN与G 129和ZR-75-1组FAK 397位酪氨酸磷化水平有明显差异。结论:PTEN具有抑制乳腺癌细胞ZR-75-1转移的作用,其机制可能与PTEN使FAK去磷酸化有关。     

鸡胚PGCs迁移与性腺发育关系的研究

采用连续切片法进行鸡胚胎显微观察，研究鸡原始生殖细胞（PGCs）迁移特性及其与性腺发生、发育的关系。结果表明：（1）在孵化53－56h时鸡胚PGCs到达未来性腺形成区域（体腔上皮），且在PGCs到达之前，这一区域已开始增厚；孵化53－56h时，体腔上皮的脏壁层发现有PGCs，说明生殖嵴的发生亦在此期。（2）PGCs最终迁移至增厚的体腔上皮，部分体腔上皮的增厚区域趋向中肾，说明中肾和生殖的发生均有体腔上皮增厚活动的参与。（3）孵化前5d，PGCs仍保持典型特性；卵化7d后，PGCs细胞质中的糖原完全消失。（4）PGCs刚进入未来生殖腺形成区域时呈无序排列，孵化6d时大多数从中紧侧向外移动，排列于未来性腺的上皮层，此时性腺已具有雌雄分化的特征。     

雌二醇对中间球海胆生长、性腺发育及胆固醇代谢的影响

为探讨雌二醇(estradiol)对体质量为(13.58±0.79)g的中间球海胆Strongylocentrotus intermedius性腺发育的调控机制,在室内水槽(200 L)中进行为期60 d的注射试验。试验分对照组、雌二醇(5μg/m L)注射组和他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)(25μg/m L)注射组,每3 d注射1次,并于第30天和第60天时两次取样测定海胆增重率(WGR)、性腺指数(GSI)、性类固醇激素含量和胆固醇合成相关基因的表达量。结果表明:注射雌二醇或他莫昔芬并未显著影响海胆的生长速率,却显著影响试验末期海胆的性腺指数,雌二醇组海胆性腺指数显著高于对照组和他莫昔芬组(P0.05);试验结束时,雌二醇组和他莫昔芬组海胆体腔液中雌二醇含量和性腺中胆固醇含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),雌二醇组海胆性腺中雌二醇含量最高,显著高于对照组和他莫昔芬组(P0.05);雌二醇组海胆性腺和消化道中主要卵黄蛋白(MYP)基因均高于对照组,但均未有显著性差异(P0.05);雌二醇组和他莫昔芬组海胆性腺和消化道中性类固醇激素合成关键基因CYP17和胆固醇合成关键基因CYP51表达量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);他莫昔芬组海胆性腺中CYP17和CYP51基因表达量均低于雌二醇组(P0.05)。研究表明,注射雌二醇显著提高了中间球海胆性腺指数、体内雌二醇含量和雌二醇合成相关基因的表达量,这可能是雌二醇促进海胆性腺发育的调控机制。     

安庆地区野生黄颡鱼的雌性个体生殖力及卵巢组织学研究

该文研究了安庆地区野生黄颡鱼的雌性个体生殖力及其与各体征指标的关系。结果表明,个体绝对生殖力波动于1 347~17 482粒,绝对生殖力与体长、体重和净体重呈线性相关,并对生殖期间的卵巢进行了组织学观察。     

饲料中脂肪水平对海湾扇贝性腺发育、脂肪酸组成和组织结构的影响

为了探讨配合饲料及其脂肪含量对海湾扇贝性腺发育、脂肪酸组成和组织结构的影响,在基础饲料中通过梯度添加鱼油（质量分数为0%、3%、6%和9%）配置4种脂肪质量分数为7%、10%、14%和17%的等氮饲料（质量分数为47%粗蛋白）,分别记为F7、F10、F14和F17,并以小新月菱形藻（Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima）作为对照组,试验在室内1 000 L的水槽中进行,每种饲料随机投喂3组扇贝[初始体质量为（40.79±1.70） g],每个重复30只,试验周期30 d。结果显示：饲料中脂肪含量未显著影响扇贝死亡率（P>0.05）,对照组死亡率显著低于各个饲料处理组（P<0.05）。性腺指数（gonadosomatic index,GSI）随着饲料脂肪含量增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,在F14组GSI达到最高,与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）,显著高于初始时期（P<0.05）。性腺中雌性部分含水量F10组最高,显著高于F17组（P<0.05）;雄性部分各处理组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。性腺中雌性部分粗脂肪含量显著高于雄性部分（P<0.05）。性腺中脂肪酸的含量PUFA>MUFA>SFA,饲料中脂肪含量显著影响性腺中SFA、MUFA、n-3PUFA、DHA和EPA的含量（P<0.05）,当饲料中脂肪含量为14%或17%时达到最高值。性腺组织切片可见,各个处理组卵母细胞和精原细胞充满整个滤泡腔,滤泡密集,滤泡之间无空隙。由此可得出,配合饲料替代部分单胞藻饲喂海湾扇贝,可使其性腺发育至育苗要求,饲料中脂肪质量分数为14%时可以代替部分单胞藻饲喂海湾扇贝促进性腺发育。     

Transfer of experimental autoimmune renal cortical tubular and interstitial disease in guinea pigs by serum

Guinea pigs injected with rabbit tubular basement membranes and Freund's adjuvant develop progressive renal cortical tubulointerstitial disease and deposit autoantibodies in their cortical tubular basement membranes. The identical, even fatal, disease may be produced in normal guinea pigs by a single intraperitoneal injection of serums obtained from guinea pigs with this tubulointerstitial disease, provided such serums contain sufficient amounts of autoantibodies against tubular basement membranes.     

The human laminin receptor is a member of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors

A receptor for the adhesive basement membrane protein, laminin, was isolated from human glioblastoma cells by affinity chromatography on laminin. This receptor has a heterodimeric structure similar to that of receptors for other extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin and vitronectin. Incorporation of the laminin receptor into liposomal membranes makes it possible for liposomes to attach to surfaces coated with laminin. The receptor liposomes also attached to some extent to surfaces coated with fibronectin, but not with other matrix proteins. These properties identify the laminin receptor as a member of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors.     

三角帆蚌cyclin B基因克隆及功能

通过现代分子生物学技术,从三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)中克隆了细胞周期蛋白B(cyclin B)基因的cDNA,得到长度为1 024 bp的序列信息,包括768 bp的ORF,197 bp的3′-UTR,编码255个Aa。进一步分析表明,三角帆蚌cyclin B基因与牡蛎、扇贝具有较高的相似性,其氨基酸序列中具有1个典型的周期蛋白框(cyclin-box),并存在2个周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶(CDK)的作用位点。通过RT-qPCR研究显示:三角帆蚌cyclin B基因在性腺中的表达最高,在雌性中的表达量显著高于雄性(P0.05);而cyclin B基因在其他组织中的表达量均显著低于性腺(P0.05),且无显著雌雄差异(P0.05);沉默cyclin B基因后,除外套膜外,其在性腺和鳃的表达显著降低(P0.05),表明RNA干扰(RNAi)对三角帆蚌不同组织具有不同的沉默效果。流式细胞仪测定RNAi后细胞的分裂时相变化,发现性腺和鳃细胞中G2/M期占比下降,表明cyclin B基因在三角帆蚌中能调控细胞分裂。初步研究了三角帆蚌cyclin B基因及其功能,为三角帆蚌细胞体外建系奠定分子基础。     

池塘养殖的中华绒螯蟹与长江野生中华绒螯蟹生物学特性比较

通过分析池塘养殖与长江野生中华绒螯蟹的生物学指数、可食部分比例、营养成分组成,以比较两者的品质.结果表明:与长江野生中华绒螯蟹相比,池塘养殖的中华绒螯蟹的肌肉指数、肝脏指数、可食部分总和无显著变化(P＞0.05);雌性的性腺指数、性肝指数高于野生中华绒螯蟹,差异显著(P＜0.05),但雄性群体差异不显著(P＞0.05);雄性的粗蛋白质含量显著高于野生的雄性中华绒螯蟹(P＜0.05),但雌性群体差异不显著(P＞0.05);粗脂肪含量、无氮浸出物高于野生中华绒螯蟹,但雌雄群体之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);氨基酸总量高于野生中华绒螯蟹,差异达显著水平(P＜0.05);鲜味氨基酸总含量显著大于野生中华绒螯蟹(P＜0.05);饱和脂肪酸含量、单烯酸含量与野生中华绒螯蟹差异不显著(P＞0.05);多不饱和脂肪酸含量低于野生中华绒螯蟹,其中雌性群体之间差异显著(P＜0.05),雄性群体之间差异不显著(P0.05).     

松油烯-4-醇对粘虫幼虫体壁结构的影响

用砂地柏精油主要杀虫活性成分松油烯 - 4 -醇熏蒸处理粘虫 6龄中期幼虫后 ,在扫描电镜下观察了不同中毒阶段粘虫体表蜡质颗粒及体壁底膜的变化。结果表明 ,松油烯 - 4 -醇处理可导致粘虫幼虫体表蜡质层颗粒形态和排列形式发生改变 ,颗粒间空隙变大 ,体壁底膜也有一定程度的破坏 ,这些病变可能是导致体表失水的主要原因。     

Ultrastructural studies of seed coat and cotyledon during rapeseed maturation

Brassica napus L.(B. napus) is an important oil crop worldwide and it rapidly accumulates oil at late stage of seed maturation. However, little is known about the cellular mechanism of oil accumulation and seed color changes during the late stage of rapeseed development. Here, we analyzed the ultrastructure of seed coat, aleurone and cotyledon in embryos of B. napus from 25 to 70 days after flowering(DAF). The pigments, which were deposited on the cell wall of palisade cells in seed coat, determined dark black color of rapeseed. The chloroplasts degenerated into non-photosynthetic plastids which caused the green cotyledon to turn into yellow. The chloroplasts in aleurone and cotyledon cells respectively degenerated into remnants without inner and outer envelope membranes and ecoplasts with intact inner and outer envelope membranes. From 40 to 70 DAF, there were degraded chloroplasts without thylakoid, oil bodies contacting with plastids or protein bodies, big starch deposits of chloroplasts degrading into small particles then disappearing, and small endoplasmic reticulum(ER) in aleurone and cotyledon cells. Additionally, there were decreases of chlorophyll content and dramatic increases of oil content in rapeseed. These results suggested that the rapid oil accumulation was independent on the NADPH synthesized by photosynthesis of chloroplasts and probably utilized other sources of reductant, such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway during the late stage of rapeseed development. The triacylglycerol assembly presumably utilizes the enzymes in the plastid, cytosol or oil body of cotyledon and aleurone cells.     

虾夷马粪海胆F2代群体体尺、性腺性状及营养成分的分析

为更全面的评价虾夷马粪海胆F2代的品质。测量了虾夷马粪海胆F2代群体25个家系113枚海胆的体尺、性腺性状以及营养成分,其中体尺性状包括壳高、壳径、体重、壳体积、壳重、壳干重、肠道湿重、口器高、口器宽、口器重;性腺性状包括性腺湿重、指数、颜色（亮度值L*,红度值a*,黄度值b*）、水分;营养成分包括总蛋白含量、总氨基酸含量和脂肪酸组成。结果显示：壳性状、口器性状、肠道湿重等性状在家系间和性别间均无显著差异(P>0.05),其中肠道湿重、壳体积和体重在群体内的变异系数相对较大。性腺指数在家系间和性别间均有极显著差异(P<0.01),性腺湿重在家系间差异显著(P<0.05),在性别间差异极显著(P<0.01),两者在群体中均具有较大的变异系数;性腺颜色介于黄色和橙红色之间,亮橙黄色差和亮黄色差在家系间具有显著差异(P<0.05),雌性海胆性腺颜色极显著优于雄性(P<0.01)。性腺中总蛋白和总氨基酸含量在家系间和性别间均具有极显著差异(P<0.01);性腺总脂中二十碳五烯酸EPA和花生四烯酸AA的含量分别为(5.42±4.05)%和(4.42±2.92)%,而二十二碳六烯酸DHA含量较低(0.94±0.86)%,但其在群体内变异极大(92.29%),并且在家系间具有极显著差异(P<0.01)。综合各性状在家系间的多重比较结果,性腺指数较高的家系为SIF2-16、SIF2-10、SIF2-7。而壳径最大的家系为SIF2-9、SIF2-21、SIF2-3;活体重最大的家系为SIF2-9、SIF2-20、SIF2-21。研究规范了海胆性状测量,为评估所构建的虾夷马粪海胆家系的选育潜力,开展下一步家系选择育种提供参考。     

Vascular injury and lysis of basement membrane in vitro by neutral protease of human leukocytes

Frozen and thawed granules of human, peripheral-blood leukocytes rapidly produce hemorrhage when injected into animal tissues. The effect is blocked by inhibitors of proteolysis. The granule extract can digest vascular basement membrane in vitro at neutral pH. In addition, basement membranes of blood vessels damaged in vivo by the leukocyte fraction are found to be attenuated when examined by electron microscopy. The proteases of human leukocyte granules differ in several important respects from known lysosomal cathepsins and trypsin-like esterases. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are a major source of the neutral proteases present in circulating white cells, and release these enzymes during phagocytosis of immune complexes.     

The V-antigen of Yersinia forms a distinct structure at the tip of injectisome needles

Many pathogenic bacteria use injectisomes to deliver effector proteins into host cells through type III secretion. Injectisomes consist of a basal body embedded in the bacterial membranes and a needle. In Yersinia, translocation of effectors requires the YopB and YopD proteins, which form a pore in the target cell membrane, and the LcrV protein, which assists the assembly of the pore. Here we report that LcrV forms a distinct structure at the tip of the needle, the tip complex. This unique localization of LcrV may explain its crucial role in the translocation process and its efficacy as the main protective antigen against plague.     

日本囊对虾性腺蛋白质双向电泳的样品制备方法的改进

采用一种能同时提取RNA、DNA和Protein的试剂（RDP试剂）进行日本囊对虾性腺总蛋白质的制备，并通过双向电泳（2-DE）技术与传统的裂解液法比较提取效果．RDP法所得2-DE图谱清晰，条纹少，蛋白质点数多，而裂解液法存在横向和纵向拖尾，其碱性端蛋白质点大量缺失，说明RDP法能有效去除蛋白质样品中盐离子、脂类等干扰成分．结果不仅为后续的日本囊对虾性腺蛋白质组学研究提供了技术保障，也为其他甲壳类动物性腺总蛋白质的提取提供了借鉴．     

Mitotic Golgi partitioning is driven by the membrane-fissioning protein CtBP3/BARS

Organelle inheritance is an essential feature of all eukaryotic cells. As with other organelles, the Golgi complex partitions between daughter cells through the fission of its membranes into numerous tubulovesicular fragments. We found that the protein CtBP3/BARS (BARS) was responsible for driving the fission of Golgi membranes during mitosis in vivo. Moreover, by in vitro analysis, we identified two stages of this Golgi fragmentation process: disassembly of the Golgi stacks into a tubular network, and BARS-dependent fission of these tubules. Finally, this BARS-induced fission of Golgi membranes controlled the G2-to-prophase transition of the cell cycle, and hence cell division.     

Retinal capillaries: basement membrane thickening by galactosemia prevented with aldose reductase inhibitor

A twofold thickening of capillary basement membranes of rat retinas resulting from dietary galactose was prevented by sorbinil, an inhibitor of aldose reductase. Since the basement membrane thickening was ultrastructurally similar to that typical of diabetic retinopathy, it may indicate changes in vessel permeability and susceptibility to hemorrhage. Galactosemic rats should be useful models for studying basement membrane-related complications of diabetes and for examining the potential biochemical regulation of basement membrane synthesis by aldose reductase inhibitors.