谷氨酰胺对肉鸡免疫器官胚后发育的影响

160只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分成4组。分别饲喂添加0％、0．2％、0．4％和0．8％谷氨酰胺（Gln）饲粮28d。每周末取鸡24只，每组6只，颈静脉放血致死，取胸腺、法氏囊和脾脏，称重．制作切片．光镜观察，研究基础日粮中添加Gln对肉鸡免疫器官胚后发育的影响。结果显示：（1）添加0．8％Gln组1、4周龄和添加0．4％Gln组2、4周龄胸腺重量显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），添加0．8％Gln组2周龄极显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）；添加0．4％Gln组1、2、4周龄和添加0．8％Gln组4周龄法氏囊重量显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），添加0．8％Gln组1、2周龄极显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）；试验各组脾脏重量均高于对照组。添加0．8％Gln组4周龄显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。（2）试验组胸腺小叶皮质增厚，淋巴细胞密集，髓质比例减小。胸腺小体减少、减小。试验组法氏囊皱襞内淋巴滤泡增多，皮质增厚．淋巴细胞增多。试验组脾脏脾小结增多、增大；动脉周围淋巴鞘增厚；椭球增多、增大．细胞排列疏松．鞘毛细血管管腔变大．内皮细胞增高。间隙增大。添加0．8％Gln对肉鸡免疫器官发育影响最为明显。结果表明，日粮中添加Gln对肉鸡中枢淋巴器官胚后发育的促进作用优于外周淋巴器官。并有延缓法氏囊退化作用。本试验从组织学角度证明Gln能够促进机体淋巴细胞的增殖分化及免疫器官的胚后发育，进而提高机体的免疫功能。     

钒对肉鸡免疫器官发育的影响

取1日龄AA肉仔鸡144只，随机分为对照组和试验组，在试验组鸡的基础日粮中按0、30mg／kg添加钒。试验期共42d，每周末从每组取鸡6只，称重后扑杀，取胸腺、腔上囊和脾称重，Bouin液固定，制作石蜡切片，观察、摄像，研究钒对肉鸡胸腺、腔上囊和脾等免疫器官质量、器官指数和组织结构发育的影响。结果显示，试验组鸡的胸腺、腔上囊和脾平均质量和器官指数显著或极显著高于同日龄对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；试验组鸡的胸腺小叶皮质增厚，胸腺小体增多；腔上囊皱襞发达，腔上囊淋巴滤泡体积较大、皮质较厚、退化延缓；脾小结体积较大、生发中心明显，动脉周围淋巴鞘增厚，椭球增大。结果表明，在肉雏鸡的日粮中添加钒30mg／kg，可促进胸腺、腔上囊和脾的发育，延缓腔上囊的退化。     

铬对热应激下蛋鸡脾组织结构的影响

将处于热应激条件下的 192只 35周龄新罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分成 6组 ,分别饲喂不添加铬的玉米 -豆粕型基础日粮和添加 10、2 0、30、4 0、5 0 mg/ kg葡萄糖耐量因子 (glucose tolerance factor,GTF)的试验日粮 5 2 d。取出器官组织固定后 ,制作石蜡切片 ,HE染色 ,光镜观察。观察可见 ,添加 2 0 mg/ kg GTF组蛋鸡脾白髓中脾小结体积增大 ,生发中心明显 ;空肠管壁出现集合淋巴小结。添加 30、4 0 mg/ kg GTF组蛋鸡脾白髓动脉周围淋巴鞘增厚 ;椭球数量增多 ,体积增大。结果显示 :给热应激下蛋鸡补充有机铬 (GTF) ,免疫器官 (脾 )的组织结构发生明显变化 ,可缓解热应激反应 ,增强机体免疫功能     

钒水平对闽中麻鸡免疫器官发育的影响

取1日龄闽中麻鸡256羽,随机分为4组,A组为对照组,B、C、D组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0、20、40和80 mg/kg的钒.试验期42 d,每周末从各组取鸡6羽,称重后扑杀,取胸腺、腔上囊和脾称重.Bouin液固定,制作石蜡切片,显微观察、摄影.结果表明,B组的胸腺、腔上囊和脾的平均质量和器官指数均高于A组,C、D组的胸腺、腔上囊和脾的平均质量和器官指数均低于A组,部分差异显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01).B组的胸腺小叶增大、皮质增厚,胸腺小体减少;腔上囊皱襞发达,腔上囊小结体积较大、皮质较厚;脾小结增多、增大,动脉周围淋巴鞘增厚.C、D组免疫器官均有不同程度的病理变化,D组较为明显.结论:在动物基础日粮中添加钒20 mg/kg可促进胸腺、腔上囊和脾的发育,延缓腔上囊的退化;添加40 mg/kg免疫器官发育受到影响,80 mg/kg抑制了免疫器官发育.     

外源谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡免疫器官发育的影响

将192只1日龄肉仔鸡随机分成4组,各试验组日粮在基础日粮中分别添加0.1%,0.4%,0.8%的谷氨酰胺,试验21d以测定谷氨酰胺对早期肉仔鸡免疫器官发育的影响。结果表明:谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡的免疫器官的发育有促进作用,从而提高体重和平均日增重,其中添加0.8%时法氏囊和脾脏的重量及法氏囊指数显著大于对照组。     

白花蛇舌草多糖对AA鸡免疫器官发育的影响

本试验旨在探讨白花蛇舌草多糖（OPS）对AA鸡免疫器官发育的影响。试验组在基础日粮中分别添加OPS 0．4g／kg、08g／kg、1．2g／kg,以在基础日粮中添加0．4g／kg黄芪多糖（APS）为阳性对照,饲喂7日龄AA鸡一周。分别在14日龄、28日龄与42日龄时采取胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊,制作常规石蜡切片、HE染色后观察。结果表明,实验组鸡脾脏淋巴小结增多,动脉周围淋巴组织鞘增宽;胸腺皮质增厚和法氏囊淋巴滤泡皮质增厚,淋巴细胞增多。随着OPS添加剂量增大,对AA鸡脾脏和法氏囊发育的促进作用增强。可见,白花蛇舌草多糖能促进AA鸡的脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊发育。     

乌苏里貉脾脏T、B淋巴细胞及其DNA和RNA分布规律的研究

用核酸的组织化学方法对乌苏里貉脾脏T、B淋巴细胞及其DNA和RNA的分布进行研究。结果表明:乌苏里貉脾脏T-淋巴细胞主要分布在中央动脉周围淋巴鞘为,其次是脾小结外周,边缘区和椭球周围。B-淋巴细胞主要居留在脾索为。DNA存在于T、B淋巴细胞核为,RNA存在于胞浆中,貉脾脏白髓动脉周围淋巴鞘发达,脾小结未见生发中心,椭球数量较多,但体积较小。脾小梁不发达。     

杜仲提取物对肉仔鸡免疫器官发育影响的组织学观察

在饲喂基础日粮的基础上,在肉用仔鸡饮用水中添加0、1.25%、2.5%和5%的杜仲提取物,通过观察1、2、3、4、5、6周肉仔鸡法氏囊、胸腺和脾脏发育的组织学情况,来研究杜仲的生物学功能,旨在为杜仲提取物作为饲料添加剂提供理论依据.结果表明,添加2.5%、5%杜仲提取物试验组中胸腺小叶、脾小结和法氏囊小结发育程度与对照组相比均发生显著性变化,因而从组织学角度进一步表明了杜仲能够不同程度地促进免疫器官的发育,增强机体的免疫应答能力,从而提高了机体的抵抗力.     

银狐脾脏组织结构及T淋巴细胞分布规律的研究

用石蜡连续切片,进行H.E和Wilder染色,同时采用酸性α-醋酸萘酯酶(ANAE)反应标记淋巴细胞的细胞化学方法,对银狐脾脏组织结构及T淋巴细胞的分布进行研究.结果表明:银狐脾被膜较薄,脾小梁不发达.白髓以脾小结和中央动脉淋巴鞘的形式不规则的分散于红髓之中;红髓由脾索和脾窦构成,脾窦适中.边缘区内鞘动脉数量较多,但椭球较小(直径约16～38μm).ANAE阳性反应的淋巴细胞主要分布在脾小结周边、中央动脉周围淋巴鞘、边缘区和椭球内.     

谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡生产性能及免疫机能的影响

为了研究日粮中添加谷氨酰胺(Gln)对肉仔鸡生产性能及免疫机能的影响,本试验选取270只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分成3组,分别在日粮中添加0、0.2%、0.4%Gln,测定各组生长及屠宰性能、免疫器官指数、新城疫HI抗体滴度和外周血T淋巴细胞百分率.结果表明:日粮添加0.2%、0.4%Gln对肉仔鸡生长、屠宰性能有较好的促进作用,并能加快胸腺和脾脏发育,延缓法氏囊退化;添加Gln可提高新城疫HI滴度,其中以14、28日龄时0.2%的添加剂量提高最为显著(P<0.05);Gln可促进肉仔鸡外周血T淋巴细胞的分裂增殖,其中以42日龄时0.2%的添加剂量提高最为显著(P<0.05).由此可知,日粮中添加0.2%、0.4%Gln能够提高肉仔鸡生产性能、增强免疫功能,其中0.2%的添加量较好.     

Effect of L‐carnitine on proliferative response and mRNA expression of some of its associated factors in splenic mononuclear cells of male broiler chicks

The effect of L‐carnitine supplementation on mitogen (concanavalin A, Con A) induced proliferation of mononuclear cells (MNC) in the spleen was investigated in broiler chickens at different ages. Day‐old chickens were fed a diet supplemented with or without L‐carnitine (100 ppm) for 24 days. The carnitine‐supplemented group showed greater proliferation of MNC in the spleen in response to Con A than that of the control group at 24 days of age. In addition, at 24 days of age the carnitine‐supplemented group showed higher expression of interleukin (IL)‐2 and interferon (IFN)‐γ mRNA, but lower expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the Con A‐stimulated splenic MNC than the control group. The enhancement effect of L‐carnitine on MNC proliferation and IL‐2 mRNA expression was not found in chicks at 14 days of age. Addition of L‐carnitine (50 nmol/mL) to the culture medium enhanced proliferation and IL‐2 mRNA expression of splenic MNC obtained from 24‐day‐old but not from 14‐day‐old broiler chickens. The results suggest that L‐carnitine is capable of enhancing MNC proliferation in broiler chickens at 24 days of age partly through increasing IL‐2 and IFN‐γ production and decreasing NO production.     

木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡后肠道微生物的影响

主要研究了小麦基础口粮添加木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡后肠道微生物的影响.将120只7日龄肉仔鸡分成2组,日粮分别添加0,0.1%木聚糖酶,饲喂至21日龄,研究木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡后肠道菌群数量变化的影响.结果表明,加酶未使同肠和盲肠乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌数量发生显著变化.利用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术研究了木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡后肠细菌群体的影响.结果表明,加酶组回肠和盲肠的图谱比对照组条带相对较多,但差异不显著;组内个体间的图谱相似性比组问的相似性相对较大.木聚糖酶影响肉仔鸡后肠微生物数量和种群的作用效果不明显.     

木薯型日粮添加复合酶对肉鸡生长性能、组织器官重量及养分消化的影响

文章旨在评估日粮用木薯粉替代玉米同时补充外源复合酶对肉鸡生长性能、组织器官重量及养分表观消化率的影响。试验选择平均初始体重（44.15±0.76）g的肉鸡576只,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复36只。试验日粮采用2×2因子设计,即2种原料（玉米和木薯）和酶添加量（0和100?mg/kg复合酶）,其中T1组和T2组分别饲喂玉米、木薯型日粮,T3和T4组分别在T1和T2基础日粮中添加100?mg/kg复合酶,试验为期3周。结果：玉米型日粮组肉鸡末重较木薯型日粮组显著提高6.65%（P＜0.05）,但料重比显著降低2.10%（P＜0.05）。无论日粮类型如何,添加复合酶较未添加组肉鸡料重比显著降低2.10%（P＜0.05）。日粮类型及复合酶对肉鸡平均日增重和料重比的影响具有显著交互作用（P＜0.05）。与T2组相比,T3组肉鸡脾脏相对重量显著提高50%（P＜0.05）。无论日粮是玉米型还是木薯型,补充100?mg/kg复合酶较未补充组淀粉表观消化系数显著提高5.59%（P＜0.05）。结论：在本研究条件下,日粮中添加50%木薯粉完全替代玉米同时补充100?mg/kg复合酶可以改善肉鸡饲料效率,提高淀粉表观消化率。 [关键词]木薯|复合酶|肉鸡|生长性能|养分消化     

霉变饲料中添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂对肉鸡人工感染发生的影响

本试验旨在研究霉变饲料和／或添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂对肉鸡人工感染发生的影响。选取140羽1日龄健康的AA肉鸡随机分成7个组．每组4个重复。第1组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮;第2组饲喂霉变饲料;第3～7组以混合感染病鸡病变组织匀浆饮水制作人工感染疾病模型;第3～7组分别饲喂基础日粮、霉变饲料、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂＋抗氧化剂、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂＋抗氧化剂＋中药增免剂。试验期35d。结果发现,肉鸡摄入霉变饲料与摄入正常饲料相比,提高肉鸡料重比和死淘率,显著降低肉鸡增重、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数,显著降低血清IBDV、H9N1v和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。给人工感染肉鸡饲喂霉变饲料与饲喂正常饲料相比．显著提高料重比和死淘率,显著降低肉鸡增重、胸腺指数和脾脏指数,显著降低血清IFN-1、IL-2、IL-4和IL-12含量以及LTR,显著降低血清IBDV、H9N1V和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。霉变饲料中添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂能显著提高混合感染肉鸡增重,并降低料重比和死淘率（P〈0．05）,显著提高胸腺指数、法氏囊指数（P〈0．05）,显著提高血清IBDV、H9N1V和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。可见,霉变饲料可导致肉鸡免疫功能抑制,加重肉鸡混合感染病情;复方霉菌毒素吸附剂能有效缓解霉变饲料对人工感染肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和病情的不利影响,抗氧化剂和免疫功能增强剂可减轻霉变饲料的毒性作用。     

牛膝对肉鸡生产性能与免疫器官指数的影响

试验选择48羽12日龄快大黄肉仔鸡随机分成3组,在试验组的基础日粮中分别添加0%、0.4%和0.8%的牛膝,试验期30 d,研究牛膝对肉鸡生产性能与免疫器官指数的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,Ⅰ组45日龄肉鸡平均日采食量、日增重显著提高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05);此外,与对照组相比,Ⅰ组30日龄法氏囊、脾脏指数,45日龄脾脏指数显著提高(P<0.05),Ⅱ组45日龄脾脏指数显著提高(P<0.05)。研究提示,合理使用牛膝不仅可以提高肉鸡的生产性能,还能有效促进免疫器官的生长发育,其适宜添加量为0.4%。     

褪黑素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

采用对比试验,将120只1日龄AA肉鸡分为2组(对照组和试验组),每组3个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组不添加褪黑素,试验组添加褪黑素10mg/kg,研究褪黑素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫机能的影响。试验结果表明:试验期间,鸡的平均日增重(ADG)、饲料转化率(FCR)差异显著(P<0.05);平均日采食量(ADFI)差异不显著(P>0.05);胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊指数试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

Dietary supplementation of phenyllactic acid on growth performance,immune response,cecal microbial population,and meat quality attributes of broiler chickens

A total of 750 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly fed 5 dietary treatments with 5 replicate pens per treatment. The 5 dietary treatments fed for 42 d were a corn-soybean meal basal diet without antibiotic (control); a mixture of 10 ppm of avilamycin + 60 ppm of salinomycin as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP); 0.1% phenyllactic acid (PLA); 0.2% PLA; and 0.4% PLA. The BW gain and FE were significantly improved in AGP and PLA groups compared with control group. The white blood cells and heterophil counts were significantly higher in the PLA-supplemented groups compared with AGP and control groups, but the heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was lower in the control group than other groups. The plasma IgY concentration was significantly increased in birds fed PLA-supplemented diets, but the plasma IgA and IgM concentrations were not different among the treatment groups. In addition, the antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus was significantly higher in PLA-treated compared with control and AGP-treated groups. Neither PLA nor AGP treatments affected the cecal aerobes andSalmonella content; however, cecalLactobacillus population increased in chickens fed 0.1% PLA, and total coliform bacteria population significantly decreased in chickens fed various levels of PLA and AGP. Dietary supplementation of PLA did not affect the pH, lightness, and redness of breast meat, but the water-holding capacity and shear force value increased and the yellowness decreased significantly when birds were fed PLA. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of 0.1 and 0.2% PLA improves BW gain and FE of broiler chickens. In addition, PLA supplementation increases the immune characteristics and the number of lactic acid bacteria, decreases the number of coliform bacteria, and improves the meat quality attributes of broiler chickens. Thus, dietary PLA could be a viable alternative to antibiotics in broiler diets.     

天门冬氨酸镁的不同添加水平和饲喂时间对肉仔鸡肌肉品质的影响

研究天门冬氨酸镁（MgAsp）的不同添加水平和饲喂时间对肉仔鸡胸肌品质的影响。在试验一中,256只AA肉仔鸡随机分配到4个处理组,每组8个重复,每个重复8只鸡,各处理MgAsp的添加量分别为0%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%;在试验二中,试验分4个处理组, 分别在第6、5、4周开始使用加镁日粮（MgAsp的添加水平为0.9%）,以不添加MgAsp的日粮作为对照。试验一结果表明,肉仔鸡胸肌的pH随MgAsp添加量的增加成二次性的提高（P<0.01）,胸肌的TBARS值随MgAsp添加量的增加呈线性降低（P<0.01）,日粮中添加镁显著提高肌肉匀浆液中的LDH活性（P<0.05）。随着日粮中MgAsp添加量的增加,肌肉的亮值增加（P<0.05）,蓝值下降（P<0.05）;试验二结果表明,随着MgAsp添加时间的延长,除胸肌的TBARS外,肉品质的指标并未进一步改善,而且胸肌的pH和蓝值呈下降趋势。日粮添加MgAsp可以改善肉仔鸡胸肌品质;短时间（1周）的添加MgAsp对改善肉仔鸡胸肌品质是有效的。     

Investigation of the immune effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on blood leukocytes and selected organs of the chicken's lymphatic system

Background: The health of chickens and the welfare of poultry industry are central to the efforts of addressing global food security. Therefore, it is essential to study chicken immunology to maintain and improve its health and to find novel and sustainable solutions. This paper presents a study on investigation of the effect of Scutellaria baicalensis root(SBR) on the immune response of broiler chicken, especially on lymphocytes and heterophils reactivity, regarding their contribution to the development of immunity of the chickens.Methods: The 121-day-old Hubbard Hi-Y male broiler hybrids were randomly assigned to four treatment groups,three SBR supplemented groups(0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of SBR) and one control group. Each treatment was replicated five times with six birds per replicate pen in a battery brooder. Blood was collected after 3~(rd) and 6~(th)wk of the experiment, and hemoglobin and hematocrit values were determined, as well as total leukocyte count and differential count were performed. Nitroblue tetrazolium test and phagocytosis assay as nonspecific immune parameters and humoral immune responses to the antigenic challenge by sheep red blood cells were performed.Moreover, the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to form radial segmentation(RS) of their nuclei was analyzed.Body weight and relative weight of spleen, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were recorded.Results: Results showed that mean heterophile/lymphocyte ratio increased in the SBR groups compared to the control group and the blood of the chickens showed lymphocytic depletion. The results also demonstrated that the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen in groups fed with SBR significantly decreased compared to the control group. This study also showed that the addition of SBR significantly inhibited the formation of RS of nuclei compared to some cytotoxic substances.Conclusion: We found that SBR supplementation should be carefully evaluated when given to poultry. The excess intake of SBR supplementation may cause immunologic inhibition and may negatively affect the development of immune organs. SBR has inhibited the formation of radial segmentation nuclei showing antimetastatic properties and also the phagocytosis of chicken heterophils.