Spiral waves of chemical activity

The Zhabotinsky-Zaikin reagent propagates waves of chemical activity. Reaction kinetics remain to be fully resolved, but certain features of wave behavior are determined by purely geometrical considerations. If a wave is broken, then spiral waves, resembling involutes of the circle, appear, persist, and eventually exclude all concentric ring waves.     

边界层中TS波及其高阶谐波的演化

基于抛物化稳定性方程，研究了边界层中TS波及其高阶谐波的线性和非线性演化问题。由局部法和Landau展开式导出初始条件，并计算了扰动幅值和速度型等的演化过程和特征，特别是非线性的重要作用。探讨了初始幅值、压力梯度、扰动频率对扰动演化的影响及其规律，这与边界层的稳定性和转捩研究紧密相关。算例结果与全Navier—Stokes方程的直接数值模拟结果一致。     

添加不同材料对肥料中氮磷在土壤中淋出特性的影响

采用6种不同类型的材料与化学肥料复合,通过间歇淋溶实验,研究了不同材料对肥料中N、P淋出特性的影响。结果表明,CK处理(施用化学肥料),经过6次淋溶,氮素淋容量占所施氮素的13%左右,硅酸钠对氮素后期淋溶有一定的促进作用,而沸石、胡敏酸、PAM、柠檬酸对氮素淋溶有一定抑制作用,其中以PAM和柠檬酸抑制作用较大,氮素淋溶量只占所施氮素的6.7%左右。氮素累积淋溶量与时间的关系可用指数方程y=aebt来描述。胡敏酸、PAM、柠檬酸对磷素淋溶有促进作用,以柠檬酸的促进作用最强,而其它材料表现出一定的抑制作用;磷素累积淋溶量与时间的关系可以用双常数方程lny=A Blnt来描述,其中柠檬酸处理使方程的B值最大,反映磷素淋溶量随时间变化增加最快。     

太阳系天体相对地球某点的波动式螺线运动(Ⅰ)——太阳、月球相对地球某点螺线运动方程推导及模拟分析

为研究太阳系天体相对地球某点的运动规律,首先建立了地心黄道坐标系,并将太阳绕地球的圆周运动转换为太阳绕地心的余弦波动,同时将此余弦波动作为标准余弦曲线.将太阳绕地球的运动分解为波动和"自转",并分双波动坐标轴和波动-螺面坐标轴分析,推导出太阳对地球赤道某点的波动式螺线运动轨迹方程,同时进行计算机模拟与分析,得到了太阳对地球某纬度某点的波动式螺线运动轨迹方程.以此类推,推导出月球对地球某点的波动式螺线运动轨迹方程,并分别进行计算机模拟与分析.结果表明,太阳、月球相对于地球某点的运动轨迹为与幅值与角度相关的波     

Cassini discovers a kinematic spiral ring around Saturn

Since the time of the Voyager flybys of Saturn in 1980-1981, Saturn's eccentric F ring has been known to be accompanied on either side by faint strands of material. New Cassini observations show that these strands, initially interpreted as concentric ring segments, are in fact connected and form a single one-arm trailing spiral winding at least three times around Saturn. The spiral rotates around Saturn with the orbital motion of its constituent particles. This structure is likely the result of differential orbital motion stretching an initial cloud of particles scattered from the dense core of the F ring. Different scenarios of formation, implying ringlet-satellite interactions, are explored. A recently discovered moon candidate, S/2004 S6, is on an orbit that crosses the F-ring core at the intersection of the spiral with the ring, which suggests a dynamical connection between S/2004 S6 and the spiral.     

Waves of larch budmoth outbreaks in the European alps

Spatially extended population models predict complex spatiotemporal patterns, such as spiral waves and spatial chaos, as a result of the reaction-diffusion dynamics that arise from trophic interactions. However, examples of such patterns in ecological systems are scarce. We develop a quantitative technique to demonstrate the existence of waves in Central European larch budmoth (Zeiraphera diniana Gn.) outbreaks. We show that these waves travel toward the northeast-east at 210 kilometers per year. A theoretical model involving a moth-enemy interaction predicts directional waves, but only if dispersal is directionally biased or habitat productivity varies across the landscape. Our study confirms that nonlinear ecological interactions can lead to complex spatial dynamics at a regional scale.     

Photoacoustic "signatures" of particulate matter: optical production of acoustic monopole radiation

Absorption of pulsed laser radiation by a single particle generates a photoacoustic wave whose time profile can be measured with a wideband pressure transducer. Solution of the wave equation for pressure in one, two, and three dimensions shows that the photoacoustic wave is determined by the geometry and dimensions of the particle, and by its sound speed and density relative to the fluid that surrounds it. Photoacoustic waves, referred to here as signatures, are reported in experiments in which fluid droplets, cylinders, and layers are irradiated with 10-nanosecond laser pulses.     

海上漂浮输油软管拉伸与弯曲力学特性

海上漂浮输油软管为复杂的组合截面柔性结构,制造工艺复杂,造价高昂。基于有限元方法,采用ABAQUS软件,分析计算了5层粘合型海上输油漂浮软管在管内无压及带压工况下的轴向拉伸载荷与拉伸率、曲率与弯矩之间的非线性关系及产生机理。通过模型计算,得到了管道各层的应力分布特点,结果表明,因其非对称的结构特点,粘合型管道仍然存在非线性的等效截面刚度特性。分析了螺旋钢筋布置角度、螺旋钢筋直径、帘线-橡胶复合材料层帘线布置角度等结构设计参数对轴向载荷作用下管道拉伸率的影响,相关研究成果可为管道设计提供参考。     

头屯河水库淤积变形的一维非恒定数值模拟

在水库一维非恒定水沙数学模型的基础上,运用Preissmann四点偏心差分格式离散水流方程,并用追赶法求解;对悬移质泥沙运动方程,采用相邻时层之间用差分法求解,而在同一时层上求其分析解,不仅可以避免含沙量计算结果的不合理,而且计算量也大大减少,水流方程与泥沙方程用非耦合方法求解;并用该模型对头屯河水库淤积变形进行了验证计算,与实测资料吻合较好.     

Scroll-shaped waves of chemical activity in three dimensions

Ferric ions catalyze the oxidation of malonate by bromate in acid solution, sometimes at a spatially uniform, steady rate, but sometimes in a self-regenerating three-dimensional wave which resembles a rotating scroll, often with its axis closed in a ring. In cross section perpendicular to the axis, one sees an involute spiral emerging from a thin cylindrical core. This "dissipative structure" organizes reaction stages periodically in space and time everywhere except along its rotation axis, which may therefore be a thermodynamically unique locus.     

Spiral Flow in Rivers, Shallow Seas, Dust Devils, and Models

Spiral flow has been observed in meandering rivers, braided rivers, very shallow sea water, model experiments, and dust devils. Experimental work also produced standing spiral waves and spouts of water. Many observed spirals reversed direction from time to time. Geometry of the system, roughness, and turbulence are perhaps dominant in the control of spiral flow.     

Curvature and propagation velocity of chemical waves

The collision of circular chemical waves in an excitable medium, the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction, leads to characteristic cusplike structures. The high curvatures of these structures are especially suitable for experimentally verifying the predicted proportionality between the velocity and the shape of traveling waves. A computerized spectrophotometric video technique with microscopic resolution was used to determine the proportionality factor (2 x 10(-5) square centimeter per second), which in this case is the diffusion coefficient of the autocatalytic species of the reaction system. A numerical calculation of the spatiotemporal evolution of the cusp structure is in good agreement with the experimental observations.     

热化学非平衡流场辐射特性数值计算

设计了耦合辐射的三维热化学非平衡流场计算方法,以适用于任意形状的网格。采用Jameson有限体积法求解耦合辐射源项的三维N-S方程。化学模型包含11个组元,20个化学反应。辐射源项通过直接求解辐射输运方程RTE获得。在空间和方向上分别离散后,利用有限体积法求解不同方向上的辐射输运方程,精确计算了波长为100-1500nm所有主要组元的吸收系数,逐条计算了目前已观测到的空气组元的原子谱线,而对分子的带状谱采用了带模型计算,并最终得到了驻点处辐射密度随波长变化的分布情况。     

A cellular automation model of excitable media including curvature and dispersion

Excitable media are spatially distributed systems characterized by their ability to propagate signals undamped over long distances. Wave propagation in excitable media has been modeled extensively both by continuous partial differential equations and by discrete cellular automata. Cellular automata are desirable because of their intuitive appeal and efficient digital implementation, but until now they have not served as reliable models because they have lacked two essential properties of excitable media. First, traveling waves show dispersion, that is, the speed of wave propagation into a recovering region depends on the time elapsed since the preceding wave passed through that region. Second, wave speed depends on wave front curvature: curved waves travel with normal velocities noticeably different from the plane-wave velocity. These deficiencies of cellular automation models are remedied by revising the classical rules of the excitation and recovery processes. The revised model shows curvature and dispersion effects comparable to those of continuous models, it predicts rotating spiral wave solutions in quantitative accord with the theory of continuous excitable media, and it is parameterized so that the spatial step size of the automation can be adjusted for finer resolution of traveling waves.     

Can microscale chemical patches persist in the sea? Microelectrode study of marine snow, fecal pellets

Microelectrode studies demonstrate the existence of persistent oxygen and pH gradients around flocculent, macroscopic marine particles known as marine snow. Oxygen is partially, but continuously, depleted within and around marine snow in the dark and can be completely depleted within large fecal pellets. Boundary layers hundreds of micrometers thick are maintained despite advection of fluid past the particles. The existence of chemical microhabitats on the scale of millimeters around macroscopic particles in the pelagic zone may significantly influence the distribution and activity of marine microorganisms and permit processes requiring low oxygen, including denitrification.     

河西边缘绿洲荒漠沙地开垦后土壤性状演变及土壤碳积累研究

【目的】土壤养分变化及碳积累过程是评价绿洲农田生态系统结构、功能和生产力演化的重要指标。本研究的目的是通过了解西北干旱区自然荒漠开垦为灌溉农田后该指标的变化,揭示干旱区新垦农田土壤发育及演变规律,为新垦沙地持续利用提供指导。【方法】选择河西走廊中段临泽边缘绿洲0—46年开垦时间序列的沙地农田,取样分析0—60 cm土壤剖面的物理、化学性状变化及碳积累特征,通过比较2008年与2014年的耕层土壤(0—20 cm)测定结果,分析近几年土壤性状的变化。【结果】耕层土壤砂粒含量随开垦利用年限的增加而逐渐降低,但显著的变化发生在开垦16年后的农田,且最近10年土壤粒级组成变化不明显;在沙地开垦后的最初20年,耕层土壤有机碳(SOC)及全氮含量呈线性增加,20年后增加趋势减缓。开垦46年后,SOC、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别增加了9.0倍、6.3倍、6.3倍和13.5倍,耕层土壤无机碳(SIC)含量增加了77.1%;速效钾随开垦年限的增加呈先降低而后增加的趋势。20—40 cm和40—60 cm土层SOC及氮、磷、钾养分含量随开垦年限延长而逐渐增加,但变化幅度小于耕层土壤。2008—2014年的6年间,不同开垦年限的同一地块耕层土壤粒级组成未发生变化,但SOC及氮、磷、钾养分有明显的积累。沙地开垦46年后0—60 cm土层SOC、SIC和全碳的年平均固存量分别为0.75、0.79和1.47 kg·hm-2·a-1;SOC的积累主要发生在0—20 cm耕作层,而SIC的积累在40—60 cm土层。荒漠沙地转变为灌溉农田后有巨大的碳固存潜力;土壤黏粉粒增加对SOC及养分的积累和保持起重要作用。【结论】沙地开垦为灌溉农田后,随利用年限的增加,土壤肥力显著改善,但开垦46年后土壤肥力仍处于较低水平。对新垦沙地农田,要实现土地可持续利用和生产力持续提高,须采取提升土壤肥力水平的农田管理措施。     

The formation of stellar systems from interstellar molecular clouds

Star formation, a crucial link in the chain of events that led from the early expansion of the universe to the formation of the solar system, continues to play a major role in the evolution of many galaxies. Observational and theoretical studies of regions of ongoing star formation provide insight into the physical conditions and events that must have attended the formation of the solar system. Such investigations also elucidate the role played by star formation in the evolutionary cycle which appears to dominate the chemical processing of interstellar material by successive generations of stars in spiral galaxies like our own. New astronomical facilities planned for development during the 1980's could lead to significant advances in our understanding of the star formation process. Efforts to identify and examine both the elusive protostellar collapse phase of star formation and planetary systems around nearby stars will be especially significant.     

The morphological evolution of galaxies

Many galaxies have taken on their familiar appearance relatively recently. In the distant Universe, galaxy morphology deviates significantly (and systematically) from that of nearby galaxies at redshifts (z) as low as 0.3. This corresponds to a time approximately 3.5 x 10(9) years in the past, which is only approximately 25% of the present age of the Universe. Beyond z = 0.5 (5 x 10(9) years in the past), spiral arms are less well developed and more chaotic, and barred spiral galaxies may become rarer. At z = 1, around 30% of the galaxy population is sufficiently peculiar that classification on Hubble's traditional "tuning fork" system is meaningless. On the other hand, some characteristics of galaxies have not changed much over time. The space density of luminous disk galaxies has not changed significantly since z = 1, indicating that although the general appearance of these galaxies has continuously changed over time, their overall numbers have been conserved.     

Phobos: preliminary results from mariner 7

Analysis of an image of Phobos on Mariner 7 frame 7F91 indicates that the martian satellite is larger and has a darker surface than had previously been thought. The limb profile measures 18 by 22 kilometers and is elongated along the orbital plane. Phobos has an average visual geometric albedo of 0.065 lower than that known for any other body in the solar system. It seems probable that Phobos did not form by accretion around primordial Mars, but was captured at some later time.     

江西省主要林型下土壤有机质及N素的状况与剖面分布

通过对江西省主要林区大量剖面取样与测定后发现，江西省森林土壤中有机质、胡敏酸、富里酸、全Ｎ量、碱解Ｎ、有机质Ｃ／Ｎ比的剖面分布表现出明显的规律性，即不同森林类型的土壤剖面中，除有机质Ｃ／Ｎ比表现出相反的趋势外，其它性状均表现出阔叶林＞混交林＞杉木林；在同一土壤剖面中，从表土至底土层所有上述性状都表现出明显的下降趋势，这种剖面分布状况随剖面深度的增加，按对数方程，剩幂方程和指数方程衰减。讨论了产生上述结果的原因，提出了相应的对策。