海洋环境噪声的分类及其对海洋动物的影响

海洋环境条件特殊,地形复杂,海洋声学的研究进展相对缓慢。本文中对海洋环境噪声按频率范围进行了分类,包括极低频噪声、超低频及甚低频噪声和高频噪声,并探讨了海洋环境噪声对水产养殖动物及野生海洋动物(尤其是海洋哺乳动物)的影响,展望了海洋声学研究的前景。     

海洋环境噪声的分类及其对海洋动物的影响

海洋环境条件特殊,地形复杂,海洋声学的研究进展相对缓慢。本文中对海洋环境噪声按频率范围进行了分类,包括极低频噪声、超低频及甚低频噪声和高频噪声,并探讨了海洋环境噪声对水产养殖动物及野生海洋动物（尤其是海洋哺乳动物）的影响,展望了海洋声学研究的前景。     

Bacterial origin of luminescence in marine animals

Bacterial luciferase activity was detected in light organ extracts of squids, fishes, and pyrosomes, suggesting that these systems are derived from bacteria-animal symbioses. In none of these cases was it possible to culture luminouis bacteria. Analyses of the decay kinetics show that the luciferases from the squid, ceratioid, and pyrosome light organs are all similar to bacterial luciferases from the genus Photobacterium, while those from the anomalopid light organs are different.     

基于仿生模式识别算法的海洋微藻识别研究

依据微藻个体及成像的特点,给出了矩形度、能量、熵、惯性矩、相关度和局部平稳度等形状和纹理参数作为识别的特征值,并利用仿生模式识别算法对海洋微藻实现自动识别。利用文中给出的方法,对在海域中随机采集的不同形状、大小、纹理的微藻混合图像进行识别实验,结果显示,该方法能够准确识别出图像中不同种及同种不同状态下的藻体,说明该方法在微藻图像识别中是有效和可行的。     

基于仿生模式识别算法的海洋微藻识别研究

依据微藻个体及成像的特点,给出了矩形度、能量、熵、惯性矩、相关度和局部平稳度等形状和纹理参数作为识别的特征值,并利用仿生模式识别算法对海洋微藻实现自动识别。利用文中给出的方法,对在海域中随机采集的不同形状、大小、纹理的微藻混合图像进行识别实验,结果显示,该方法能够准确识别出图像中不同种及同种不同状态下的藻体,说明该方法在微藻图像识别中是有效和可行的。     

鲁中地区初霜日、终霜日及无霜期变化特征分析

利用鲁中地区及周边国家气象站资料,采用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall突变检测、滑动T检验、Pearson相关分析、ArcGIS空间插值等方法,对鲁中地区初霜日、终霜日及无霜期的时空变化特征及其与气候因子、地理因子的相关关系进行分析。结果表明,鲁中地区初霜日呈显著推迟、终霜日呈显著提前、无霜期呈显著延长的趋势,初霜日、终霜日及无霜期突变年份分别为2003、1996、2003年。初霜日、终霜日及无霜期与气温相关性较好。初霜日、终霜日及无霜期空间分布不均匀,中部山区初霜日出现较早,向东西两侧依次逐渐推迟;终霜日最早出现在西北部,中部及昌邑-潍坊-安丘一带终霜期出现较晚,最晚为莱芜、临朐、潍坊一带;无霜期最长出现在西北部,最短出现在中部及南部山区。初霜日、终霜日分别与海拔高度和经度呈正相关,并达到极显著水平,无霜期与海拔高度呈负相关,受海拔高度的影响达显著水平。     

印染排放尾水对几种海洋生物幼体的毒性研究

为了评估某印染工业园区印染排放尾水对海洋生物的毒性,以甲壳类(脊尾白虾、三疣梭子蟹)、鱼类(半滑舌鳎、鲻鱼)、贝类(缢蛏)、螺类(泥螺)幼体为实验对象,在96h急性毒性实验的基础上,结合毒性单位分级体系、潜在生态毒性效应指数法研究了印染排放尾水对海洋生物幼体的毒性。结果表明,本实验印染废水经过污水处理厂处理后,仅苯胺的含量超过了《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》,但符合《污水综合排放标准》,其余水质指标均符合两类排放标准。本实验的印染排放尾水对受试海洋生物幼体的96h-LC50顺序为:半滑舌鳎脊尾白虾鲻鱼三疣梭子蟹缢蛏泥螺;对受试生物幼体的毒性单位平均值为4.16,属于中毒水平;对受试生物幼体的潜在生态毒性值为4.72,属于高毒水平。     

The assimilation of elements ingested by marine copepods

The efficiency with which a variety of ingested elements (Ag, Am, C, Cd, P, S, Se, and Zn) were assimilated in marine calanoid copepods fed uniformly radiolabeled diatoms ranged from 0.9% for Am to 97.1% for Se. Assimilation efficiencies were directly related to the cytoplasmic content of the diatoms. This relation indicates that the animals obtained nearly all their nutrition from this source. The results suggest that these zooplankton, which have short gut residence times, have developed a gut lining and digestive strategy that provides for assimilation of only soluble material. Because the fraction of total cellular protein in the cytoplasm of the diatoms increased markedly with culture age, copepods feeding on senescent cells should obtain more protein than those feeding on rapidly dividing cells. Elements that are appreciably incorporated into algal cytoplasm and assimilated in zooplankton should be recycled in surface waters and have longer oceanic residence times than elements bound to cell surfaces.     

ISSR分子标记在入侵植物研究中的应用

\t\t\t\t\t目的 \t\t\t\t\t明确外来入侵植物大薸在云南的潜在适生区,为大薸的防控提供理论依据。 \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t方法 \t\t\t\t\t采用最大熵生态位模型(MaxEnt)与地理信息系统(ArcGIS),结合大薸的地理分布数据、7个环境因子及4个地形因子,对其在云南的潜在分布和适生区等级进行预测。通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线方法进行验证,运用刀切法分析影响大薸分布的环境变量。 \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t结果 \t\t\t\t\t大薸在云南省的适生区面积约13.56万km²,其中以滇中及滇南地区为主;生境主要为营养富集的水域、沼泽、沟渠和水田等。ROC曲线法得到AUC值为0.907,表明预测结果可靠。刀切法分析显示：影响大薸分布的主要环境因子为最冷季度平均温度、海拔和土地利用类型。\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t结论 \t\t\t\t\t大薸在云南的潜在适生区面积较大,占云南国土面积的30%以上。 \t\t\t\t     

积极推进学分制改革,培养高素质人才

文章论述了学分制的涵义和特征,阐述了南京农业大学学分制改革的思路和措施;对进一步深化南京农业大学学分制改革提出了几点思考和建议。     

The use of animals in research

A law professor, who was a member of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council committee which authored The Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research, argues that political attacks by animal rights organizations constitute the most important practical aspect of this issue because they lead to restrictions that severely inhibit the ability of researchers to afford the use of animals. Researchers and "patient groups" must be mobilized to struggle against these organizations in order to prevent a disaster from overtaking biomedical research in the United States.     

The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge

Knowledge of mammalian diversity is still surprisingly disparate, both regionally and taxonomically. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status and distribution of the world's mammals. Data, compiled by 1700+ experts, cover all 5487 species, including marine mammals. Global macroecological patterns are very different for land and marine species but suggest common mechanisms driving diversity and endemism across systems. Compared with land species, threat levels are higher among marine mammals, driven by different processes (accidental mortality and pollution, rather than habitat loss), and are spatially distinct (peaking in northern oceans, rather than in Southeast Asia). Marine mammals are also disproportionately poorly known. These data are made freely available to support further scientific developments and conservation action.     

The role of ammonites in the Mesozoic marine food web revealed by jaw preservation

Ammonites are prominent in macroevolutionary studies because of their abundance and diversity in the fossil record, but their paleobiology and position in the marine food web are not well understood due to the lack of preserved soft tissue. We present three-dimensional reconstructions of the buccal apparatus in the Mesozoic ammonite Baculites with the use of synchrotron x-ray microtomography. Buccal mass morphology, combined with the coexistence of food remains found in the buccal mass, suggests that these ammonites fed on plankton. This diet may have extended to all aptychophoran ammonites, which share the same buccal mass morphology. Understanding the role of these ammonites in the Mesozoic food web provides insights into their radiation in the Early Jurassic, as well as their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous/early Paleogene.