甘蓝型油菜分枝籽粒油酸含量的光谱估测

为寻找最佳光谱检测部位,创新一种高油酸油菜种质资源筛选方法,以44个高油酸含量的甘蓝型油菜为材料,按照从主茎、一次分枝到二次分枝的顺序,采集籽粒反射光谱及油酸含量数据,分析不同部位的原始及一阶微分光谱与对应籽粒油酸含量的相关关系,建立了基于全波长、特征波长的逐步多元线性回归(stepwise multiple line...     

转基因高油酸油菜株系W-4种子脂肪酸组成

为研究fad2基因下调表达对油菜种子脂肪酸组成的影响,分析比较了转基因高油酸油菜品系W-4的T5、T6和T7种子以及非转基因对照Westar种子中的脂肪酸组成。数据显示W-4种子中油酸平均含量为84.61%±1.41%,较对照增加了25.91%,达到极显著水平;亚油酸和亚麻酸含量分别为3.22%±0.56%和3.45%±0.51%,较对照分别下降了80.89%和47.00%,降幅均达极显著水平。此外,W-4种子中棕榈酸平均含量为3.42%±0.18%,较对照Westar下降18.10%,达到极显著水平;而硬脂酸平均含量为1.87%±0.19%,较对照下降了8.33%,亦达到显著水平;W-4种子中廿碳烯酸的平均含量为1.54%±0.06%,较对照平均增幅为18.46%,达到极显著水平;W-4平均芥酸含量较对照略有增加,但不显著。结果表明油菜种子中fad2基因下调表达对种子的脂肪酸合成与积累影响较大,其不仅显著降低种子中多不饱和脂肪酸含量,增加油酸的含量;而且也显著降低饱和脂肪酸含量,并促进长链单烯酸的合成。     

高油酸花生遗传改良研究进展

油酸和亚油酸是花生种仁中的主要脂肪酸,其含量和比例是花生和花生油的重要品质指标,花生中的油酸含量存在丰富的遗传变异,与普通花生相比,高油酸花生因含有较高的不饱和脂肪酸更受到消费者的青睐。提高花生油酸含量、降低亚油酸含量(即提高油酸、亚油酸比值,O/L值) 是花生品质改良的重点,也是国内外研究的热点之一。通过育种途径改良花生脂肪酸成分及其含量,对于提高人民生活水平和增进营养健康具有重要意义。本文围绕着调控油酸含量的脂肪酸脱氢酶FAD2 基因的特点,高油酸花生分子标记的研究进展,油酸含量的检测技术和高油酸花生育种的方法进行了综述,总结了中美两国高油酸花生育成的新品种以及对高油酸花生育种的现状,并进行了展望。     

Synthesis and physical properties of petroselinic based estolide esters

A new series of petroselinic (Coriandrum sativum L.) based estolide 2-ethylhexyl (2-EH) esters were synthesized, as the capping material varied in length and in degrees of unsaturation, in a perchloric acid catalyzed one-pot process with the esterification process incorporated into an in situ second step to provide the coriander estolide 2-EH ester. The kinematic viscosities ranged from 53 to 75 cSt at 40 °C and 9.1 to 14.6 cSt at 100 °C with a viscosity index (VI) ranging from 151 to 165. The caprylic (C8) capped coriander estolide 2-EH ester had the lowest low-temperature properties (pour point = −33 °C and cloud point = −33 °C), while the coco-coriander estolide 2-EH ester produced an estolide with modest low-temperature properties (pour point = −24 °C and cloud point = −25 °C). The coco-coriander estolide 2-EH ester was explored for the ability to resist oxidative degradation with the use of an biodegradable additive package added in 1.5%, 3.5%, or 7.0% units based on weight. The oxidative stability increased as the amount of stability package increased (rotating pressurized vessel oxidation test (RPVOT) times 65-273 min). Along with expected good biodegradability, these coriander estolide 2-EH esters had acceptable properties that should provide a specialty niche in the U.S. as a biobased lubricant.     

基于主成分和聚类分析的冀花高油酸花生品种综合评价

利用3年表型和重测序数据分别对11个冀花高油酸花生品种进行主成分分析和聚类分析。结果发现,15个性状中脂肪含量变异系数最小为1.91%,除亚油酸外产量性状变异均大于品质变异系数,百果重与百仁重呈极显著正相关,油酸和亚油酸呈极显著负相关。主成分分析提取的前2个主成分累计贡献率达78.99%,利用表型性状对品种进行分类,结果与系谱关系部分一致。质控后获得320 000个分布均匀的高质量SNP位点,利用基因型数据将11个品种聚为4类,能够将同一组合衍生品种划分为同一类,结果与品种系谱关系一致。因此,利用基因型数据更能准确反映品种内在遗传基础,为种质资源的分类和利用提供参考。     

基于RNA-Seq技术的向日葵油酸形成的转录组学分析

本研究以高油酸材料J9和低油酸材料NK244为研究对象,在授粉后20d取材,采用RNA-Seq技术对其进行转录组学研究。经比较分析,2个材料共鉴定到差异表达基因（DETs）5 447个,其中上调表达基因2 709个,下调表达基因2 738个。对DETs进行生物信息学分析,GO信息分析表明,有2 218个DETs富集到57个功能条目,其中上调表达基因主要涉及催化活性、异构酶活性、碳水化合物结合、DNA结合、脂结合、碳水化合物过程、脂代谢过程和脂肪酸生物合成等;下调表达基因主要涉及蛋白激酶活性、ATP结合、蛋白磷酸化、tRNA氨酰化的蛋白质翻译和纤维素生物合成过程。KEGG分析中799个差异表达片段被显著富集在28个通路,主要为碳水化合物代谢通路和脂代谢通路。本研究为向日葵油酸调控机理研究提供了一定理论依据,为向日葵品质育种与种质创新提供理论参考。     

油酸在黄曲霉毒素诱导肝细胞损伤中的保护作用

为了解油酸在黄曲霉毒素B1（aflatoxin B1,AFB1）诱发的肝损伤中所起的保护作用,以体外培养的肝细胞（L-02）作为靶细胞,研究油酸的保护机制。设置3组实验：对照组（无处理）、AFB1组（只有AFB1）、油酸组（AFB1和油酸共同处理）,药物处理24h后显微镜观察细胞形态,细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒（Cell Counting Kit-8, CCK-8）检测细胞活力,荧光法检测活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平,Annexin V-FITC/PI检测细胞凋亡率,蛋白质免疫印迹检测血红素加氧酶-1（heme oxygenase 1,HO-1）、Caspase-3以及Survivin蛋白的表达。采用t检验或单因素方差分析进行统计分析。结果发现：与对照组相比,AFB1暴露能够明显抑制细胞活力（P<0.05）,促进细胞凋亡（P<0.001）,升高ROS水平（P<0.001）;与AFB1组相比,油酸作用后细胞活力显著增加（P<0.01）,细胞凋亡减少（P<0.01）,ROS水平降低（P<0.001）。与AFB1组相比,油酸作用后可显著提高 HO-1（P<0.05）和抑凋亡蛋白Survivin的表达（P<0.05）,降低凋亡蛋白Caspase-3（P<0.01）表达。因此认为油酸对AFB1引发的肝细胞损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与其通过促进抗氧化酶蛋白HO-1的表达,从而降低氧化应激水平,降低细胞凋亡有关。     

分子标记辅助选育甘蓝型油菜高油酸pol TCMS不育两用系及其恢复系

高油酸油菜的食用品质、营养价值、贮存和加工品质较高,在食用、工业和药用等领域都发挥重要的作用.为获得高油酸油菜不育系和恢复系,以高油酸油菜J-3111为供体亲本,采用回交转育与分子标记辅助选择相结合的育种策略,将高油酸优良等位基因(fad2基因)导入到甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质温敏雄性不育(pol TCMS)两用系616A...     

Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases(rust and late leaf spot)incur large yield losses,in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide.High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut,as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers.Marker-assisted backcrossing(MABC)is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using traitlinked markers.We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars(GJG 9,GG 20,and GJGHPS 1)for foliar disease resistance(FDR)and high oleic acid content.A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines(ILs)for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed.Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94%of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies.Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent,GPBD 4,and ILs with high(~80%)oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery.These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India.     

美国大花生脂肪酸的遗传分析

Ｆ４３５作高油酸亲本与１２个美国大花生品种配制杂交组合,并以大花生为轮回亲本回交３次。结果表明,花生高油酸（８０％左右）性状由两对隐性基因控制。在在美国大花生种质资源中,两对显、隐性基因杂合的种质普遍存在,而隐性纯合形式的种质很少。Ｆ２和回交后自交ＢＣｎ＋１Ｓ１代群体出现３（正常油酸含量）：１（高油酸含量）的分离比例,两对隐性基因除控制高油酸性状外,对勘察农艺性状无影响。花生棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸的     

Effects of microfluidization on microstructure and physicochemical properties of corn bran

Corn bran was treated by the microfluidization process and the resulting changes in its microstructure and physicochemical properties were examined. The results showed that the microfluidization process could effectively decrease particle size of corn bran and loosen microstructure of the bran matrix. This led to a significant decrease in bulk density and increases in specific surface area. The swelling capacity, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and cation-exchange capacity increased by 140%, 90%, 140%, and 90%, respectively, after a total of 8 passes through the IC₂₀₀ and IC₈₇ chambers. In addition, microscopic analysis revealed a gradual disintegration of original cell wall structure and the dissociation of different bran tissues as the extent of microfluidization treatment increased. Findings of this study highlighted the great potential of the microfluidization process in producing a high-quality fiber ingredient from corn bran.     

Improved physicochemical and structural properties of wheat gluten with konjac glucomannan

Konjac glucomannan (KGM), a dietary fiber, can be used to improve the quality of flour products. In this study, the effects of KGM at different concentrations on the water distribution, morphological, textural, thermal, and structural properties of wheat gluten were studied. KGM improved the physicochemical and structural properties of wheat gluten by changing the water holding capacity, secondary structure, and free sulfhydryl and disulfide bond contents. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that KGM can evenly fill the network structure, affecting gluten network development. KGM exhibited no effect on moisture content; however, KGM decreased water mobility in wheat gluten. The increased thermal denaturation temperature indicates that KGM can improve the thermal stability of wheat gluten. Sharp changes in texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters were observed around 5% KGM, and elasticity and cohesiveness were optimal after the addition of 4% KGM. In addition, the secondary structure analysis indicated that α-helix and β-sheet structures increased. The addition of 5% KGM increased the content of disulfide bonds by 2.57-fold. Overall, the changes in gluten structure and properties suggest that wheat gluten could be improved the stability, functionality and water holding capacity of gluten by adding KGM.     

Effect of emulsifiers on complexation and functional properties of oxidized white sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) starch

The effect of addition of three commonly used emulsifiers namely GMS (glycerol monostearate), SSL (sodium stearoyl lactylate) and DATEM (diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides) on complexation, thermal, pasting and textural properties of OWSS (oxidized white sorghum starch) was studied. The study is of interest as both oxidized starches and emulsifiers are present as co-ingredients in different food products and thus their complexation could affect the textural characteristics of foods. The complexation index (CI) reduced on oxidation of sorghum starch. The CI for native white sorghum starch (NWSS) was in the order GMS > SSL > DATEM whereas for OWSS, CI was in the order GMS > SSL > DATEM. Presence of emulsifiers significantly reduced gelatinization enthalpies of starches. Types I and II amylose–lipid complexes were observed in NWSS and OWSS on addition of GMS. Pasting temperature of NWSS increased while peak viscosity reduced on addition of SSL and GMS. Cold paste and setback viscosities of OWSS increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) on addition of emulsifiers. Emulsifiers reduced firmness and rupture strength of NWSS and OWSS gels. Increase in firmness of gels on storage increased in NWSS and decreased in OWSS on addition of emulsifiers. Elasticity of OWSS on cold storage was higher in the presence of SSL and GMS.     

Effects of glutelin and globulin on the physicochemical properties of rice starch and flour

The effect of two rice endosperm proteins, glutelin and globulin, on the physicochemical properties of rice starch and flour was investigated. Albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin were sequentially extracted from defatted rice flour with de-ionised water, 1.5 M NaCl, propan-2-ol and 0.1 M NaOH, respectively, followed by dialysis and lyophilisation. Globulin and glutelin were then added to pure rice starch at various concentrations, separately and together, and the pasting and textural properties of mixtures were analysed by the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) and TA-XT2 textural analyser, respectively. The presence of glutelin in rice starch caused an increase in pasting temperature but a decrease in the viscosity parameters of the starch paste. The concentration of glutelin was also positively correlated with the hardness and adhesive properties of the starch gel. The presence of globulin, on the other hand, resulted in a decrease in all the pasting and textural parameters except gel hardness and the changes were linearly correlated with the concentration of the protein for most of the physical parameters. When the two proteins were added to rice starch together, the outcomes in pasting and textural properties were generally dependent upon the relative concentrations of the two proteins, but were also influenced by the presence of the other two protein fractions, albumin and prolamin. The presence of globulin initially accelerated the rate of water absorption by starch during cooking while the presence of glutelin slowed it down, but in both cases, the ultimate amount of water absorbed was significantly lower than that by pure starch. The contrasting effects of the different protein fractions mean that it might be possible to manipulate the textural properties of rice starch and flour to achieve desirable sensory outcomes by varying the proportions of the protein fractions in product formulations.     

Effect of processing on the beta-glucan physicochemical properties in barley and semolina pasta

A health claim linking the consumption of barley β-glucan and the lowering of blood cholesterol has been allowed in North America and Europe which resulted in increased interest in barley products. Waxy barley flour rich in β-glucan (10% d.b.) was used to produce barley functional spaghetti and compared to semolina spaghetti. The impact of processing (extrusion, drying and cooking) on the physicochemical properties of barley blends and pasta as the molecular characterization of β-glucan were investigated. Pasta processing did not significantly affect the amount of β-glucan, but it impacted the β-glucan physicochemical properties in the end products. In all pasta, extrusion and drying were detrimental to the β-glucan properties, while cooking significantly increased the extractability and molecular weight of β-glucan, and in turn its viscosity, which determines its physiological effectiveness. In general, replacing wheat semolina with barley flour rich in β-glucan resulted in improved barley pasta containing the recommended amount of β-glucan per serving and enhanced β-glucan properties.     

蔗糖脂肪酸三酯在菜籽油脱磷工艺中的应用及蔗糖酯磷脂复合物的制备

本文以蔗糖脂肪酸三酯（sucrose fatty acid triester，STE）和磷脂酰胆碱（phosphatidylcholine，PC）为原料制备蔗糖酯磷脂复合物，并通过傅里叶红外光谱分析（Fourier infrared spectrum，FT-IR）、热重分析（thermogravimetric analysis，TGA）和差示扫描量热分析（differential scanning calorimetry，DSC）对制备的蔗糖酯磷脂复合物进行表征分析；以STE为吸附脱磷剂，考察STE在菜籽油脱磷工艺中的应用。研究结果表明，STE与PC在无水乙醇体系中形成了新型的STE-PC复合物，与STE和PC相比，STE-PC复合物具有更低的相变熔融温度；另外，STE对菜籽油中的磷脂有一定的吸附脱除作用，在脱磷温度为55oC、STE添加量为3.5%、脱磷时间为30min条件下，脱磷率可达37.2%。     

The nutritional components and physicochemical properties of brown rice flour ground by a novel low temperature impact mill

A low temperature impact mill (LTIM) was created and used for grinding brown rice. The nutritional components and physicochemical properties of the resulting flour were investigated and compared with those ground by traditional wet colloid mill (CM) and dry high-speed universal grinder (HUG). It was found that LTIM produced a fine flour with unimodal particle size distribution, and well retained non-starch nutrients. Especially, the phenolic content of flour prepared by LTIM was two times higher than that prepared by CM. LTIM also led to less damaged starch content than HUG. The damaged starch content related well with the thermal and gel hydration properties. Interesting, comparing the particle size distribution before and after enzymolysis, it was found that LTIM could pulverize dietary fiber of brown rice efficiently. The results from this study indicated that the LTIM may provide a promising technology for pulverizing brown rice thus open its new applications.     

蕹菜梗叶绿素浸提工艺的优化及其理化性质

利用单因子试验和正交试验探讨了蕹菜梗叶绿素的最佳浸提工艺,并对其理化性质进行分析。结果表明,蕹菜梗叶绿索的最佳浸提工艺为：乙醇浓度85％、料液比1：50、提取温度70℃、提取时间4h,其提取率为0．1957mg·g^-1;蕹菜梗叶绿素易溶于有机溶剂,但不溶于水,其可见光区的最大吸收波长为410nm,且具有较好的耐光和耐热性。     

Effect of germination time on physicochemical properties of brown rice flour and starch from different rice cultivars

The present work was designed to obtain information on the effect of germination time on the selected physicochemical properties of brown rice flour and starch prepared from three different rice cultivars. Changes in total starch, amylose and amylopectin contents of flour, amylopectin/amylose ratio and molecular weight of starch, gelatinization, pasting, rheological, and morphological properties of flour and starch during 5 days of germination were investigated. Significant changes of pasting and rheological properties of brown rice flour were found during germination, but only small changes of these properties could be found in isolated starch. Scanning electron micrographs of flour showed that the continuous matrix structure of flour was highly destroyed after germination and scanning electron micrographs of isolated starch showed that after three days of germination, pits and holes were discovered on the surface of some starch granules. Germination had little effect on the average molecular weight of starch, but the polydispersity value in germinated brown rice (2–5 days germination) was higher than that in non-germinated brown rice. The changes observed in physicochemical properties of brown rice flour and starch after germination provided a crucial basis for understanding flour and starch modification mechanisms with potential applications for an industrial scale.     

Improving the barrier and mechanical properties of corn starch-based edible films: Effect of citric acid and carboxymethyl cellulose

The films produced from pure starch are brittle and difficult to handle. Chemical modifications (e.g. cross-linking) and using a second biopolymer in the starch based composite have been studied as strategies to produce low water sensitive and relatively high strength starch based materials. A series of corn starch films with varying concentrations (0-20%, W/W) of citric acid (CA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were produced by casting method. The effects of CA and CMC on the water vapor permeability (WVP), moisture absorption, solubility and tensile properties were investigated. The water vapor barrier property and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were improved significantly (p < 0.05) as the CA percentage increased from 0 to 10% (W/W). At the level of 15% (W/W) CMC, the starch films showed the lowest WVP values (2.34 × 10⁻⁷ g Pa⁻¹ h⁻¹ m⁻¹) and UTS increased from 6.57 MPa for the film without CMC to 16.11 MPa for that containing 20% CMC.