温室葡萄"V"形整枝"W"型叶幕结构研究

详细介绍了温室葡萄＂V＂形整枝＂W＂型叶幕的特点、结构、培养过程及注意事项等,为温室葡萄优质、高效、省工栽培提供了一条新途径。     

不同叶幕类型对‘赤霞珠’葡萄产量与果实品质的影响

【目的】探讨直立叶幕和V形叶幕对酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’果实品质以及产量的影响,以期为建立合理的酿酒葡萄栽培架式提供参考。【方法】通过温湿度仪对不同叶幕类型下果实表面的温度和湿度进行监测,使用便携式光合仪测量叶片的光合指标,测定成熟果实的产量以及品质指标,对葡萄果皮中花色苷代谢途径中相关基因进行qRT-PCR荧光定量验证,分析不同叶幕形对赤霞珠产量以及果实品质的影响。【结果】V形叶幕拥有着较好的通风散热能力,在转色期与成熟中期,V形叶幕叶片的净光合速率显著高于直立形叶幕。V形叶幕平均单株产量和可溶性固形物含量分别比直立叶幕显著提高了20.57%和6.34%,且果实着色较好,两种叶幕形下果皮总酚、总类黄酮、总单宁含量差异不显著,但V形叶幕果皮的总黄烷醇、总花色苷含量分别比直立形叶幕高9.16%和12.92%;V形叶幕下葡萄果皮花色苷代谢途径中相关基因的表达量高于直立形叶幕。【结论】与直立形叶幕相比,V形叶幕在保证葡萄果实品质的同时,又提高葡萄果实产量。     

篱壁式红富士苹果光照分布及结果部位对果实品质的影响

作者对6～7年生篱壁式红富士苹果叶幕光照分布、结果部位对品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:篱壁形叶幕光照垂直分布和水平分布的日变化相对均衡,树冠内未产生无效光区;品质垂直和水平分布与光照垂直和水平分布呈极显著正相关.中、下层中长果枝果实的果面光洁度分别为92.7%和97.2%,端正果率分别为91.6%和92.5%.     

遮阴对‘夏黑’葡萄叶幕微环境、叶片质量及果实品质的影响

以3年生‘夏黑’葡萄为试材,探讨遮阴对葡萄叶幕微环境、叶片质量及果实品质的影响,通过设置覆盖一层黑色遮阳网(T1)、覆盖两层黑色遮阳网(T2)2个处理,以自然光照为对照(CK),研究遮阴对‘夏黑’葡萄叶幕光照强度、温湿度、叶面积、叶绿素含量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:遮阴后葡萄叶幕的光照强度、昼夜温差显著降低,T1、T2的光照强度分别为CK的39.68%、20.28%,T1、T2的昼夜温差分别比CK降低19.85%、42.75%,T1、T2的叶幕相对湿度高于CK;遮阴后葡萄叶长、叶面积增大,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均增加,叶绿素a/b变小;遮阴后葡萄果粒变小,可溶性固形物含量降低,果实品质降低。     

大棚葡萄"双十字V形附平(斜)棚架"优质高产栽培技术

葡萄双十字形附平（斜）棚架栽培方法，1999年在宁波鄞州区王鹤鸣葡萄园首次应用，目前应用面积达250hm^2 。此创新架式是在双十字V形架的基础上增加一顶横梁改进而成，适于连栋钢管大棚，在葡萄栽后第3年保留要间伐植株，并从双十字V形架中分离出来向增加的顶横梁牵引，这样一行葡萄在双十字架V形叶幕的基础上增加一个平（斜）棚叶幕。主要优点是能充分利用棚体内空间、温热条件和光照，扩大了叶幕面积，叶面积指数达2．5以上，叶片受光面积比双十字V形架增加15％～25％，无遮阴叶，在较好管理条件下，与双十字V形架栽培相比产量增加30％～40％，每667m^2产量可达2000-2500kg，品质优。     

叶幕厚度对“赤霞珠”葡萄叶幕微气候、光合特性及果实品质的影响

机械修剪以其高效高质的优势逐渐受到国内外葡萄种植业青睐。为探究机械修剪对葡萄叶幕微气候、光合特性及果实品质的影响,以4年生"赤霞珠"品种为试材,叶幕厚度分别设置为70cm(不抹副梢)、85cm(抹副梢)、85cm(不抹副梢)、100cm(不抹副梢),并于生长期调查了葡萄叶面积,测定光照强度、光合指标及浆果品质,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行数据分析。结果表明:叶幕厚度对叶幕微气候无显著影响,但随叶幕增厚,果际周围温度略降、湿度略升、光照强度减弱;葡萄转色期,70cm(不抹副梢)叶幕光合速率较85cm(抹副梢)显著提高12.9%,85cm与100cm处理差异不大;70cm(不抹副梢)、85cm(抹副梢)处理能在提高产量的同时促使葡萄提前成熟,增加果实含糖量、pH及总花色素含量,100cm处理能提高总酚、单宁及总酸含量。总体来讲,山西晋中地区的"赤霞珠"葡萄叶幕厚度应选择70cm。     

叶幕高度对“赤霞珠”葡萄叶幕微气候及其品质的影响

以"赤霞珠"葡萄为试材,采用单因素三水平设计方法,研究了葡萄的叶幕高度对叶幕微气候的影响,并分析了微气候的改变对葡萄酒品质的影响,为贺兰山东麓产区葡萄的优质生产栽培提供参考依据。结果表明:不同处理的叶幕内层光照依次为1.2m1.5m1.8m(指叶幕高度,下同);葡萄成熟期间不同处理的月平均气温日较差依次为1.2m1.5m1.8m;不同叶幕高度处理对葡萄的总糖含量、pH影响不显著,总酸含量随叶幕高度的增加而降低;不同处理葡萄酒单宁含量依次为1.5m1.2m1.8m,且1.5m处理比1.2、1.8 m处理高出200、230 mg·L-1,不同处理葡萄酒总酚含量依次为1.2m1.5m1.8m,花色苷含量依次为1.5m1.2m1.8m。综合考虑叶幕微气候、葡萄、葡萄酒品质指标,1.5m处理能提高"赤霞珠"葡萄及葡萄酒的品质,适宜在宁夏产区推广。     

枣庄地区气候因子对葡萄生产模式选择的影响

根据1971～2011年共41 a的气象资料,结合葡萄生产实地调查,分析了枣庄地区温度、降水和光照3项气候因子对葡萄生产过程中品种选择、设架及整形修剪等的影响,为葡萄生产模式的选择提供理论依据.综合来看,在露地栽培条件下,应选抗低温冻害、抗病性强、裂果轻的品种;植株主干要高;架式可选用T形架、V形架及棚架;T形架和棚架可采用垂帘式整枝,V形架采用V形整枝,棚架也可根据需要采用水平整枝;水平整枝叶面积指数应大致在2.3～2.4之间,其它整枝形式应相应提高至2.9～3.0.避雨栽培是未来的发展方向.     

渭北产区苹果不同树形光照分布对果实品质的影响

试验以13年生自由纺锤形、小冠疏层形和中干开心形红富士果树为试材,测定了不同树形冠层的光照分布和果实品质指标。结果表明,中干开心形树冠光照分布均匀良好,果实品质优良,好于自由纺锤形和小冠疏层形,是优质苹果生产优先选择的树形。     

叶幕微气候与葡萄生理、产量和品质形成之间基本关系的研究

本实验在北京地区生态条件下，建立了叶幕微气候和葡萄生长发育及生理（营养生长、有机物质代谢、产量和品质诸构成因素的器官生理）之间的基本关系，明确了叶幕微气候对葡萄整体生理的深刻影响；论证了叶幕微气候（尤其是叶幕光能总截留）对果实品质形成的决定作用，为北京地区及其类似气候条件下的葡萄栽培方式改良提供了叶幕微气候调控方面的理论依据。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.