施肥方式对超级杂交稻产量及效益的影响

为研究与超级杂交水稻良种相匹配的强化栽培技术,2004年在湖南浏阳开展了不同施肥方式对超级杂交稻产量及效益影响的研究.结果表明,每公顷施N 187.5 kg,N,P,K总量440.1 kg,N:P:K=1:0.56:0.56能获得最高的产量和效益,投入产出比则以每公顷施N 106.5 kg,N,P,K总量274.5 kg,N:P:K=1:0.79:0.79的方式为最高.     

配方施肥改善米老排容器苗生长指标

为筛选米老排容器苗最佳施肥组合,采用L₁₆ (4 ⁵)正交试验设计和等量施肥法,研究N、P和K肥3因素对米老排容器苗苗高、地径、生物量以及养分利用的影响。研究结果表明：不同施肥组合处理对米老排容器苗苗高、地径、总生物量等指标均有着显著影响,配方施肥对米老排容器苗的生长发育具有明显促进作用;3种肥料对米老排容器苗苗高生长的影响效应均是N>P>K,其施肥最优组合是N₁P₃K₂（每株施N、P和K分别为50、50、60 mg）,对地径生长和生物量积累影响效应均为N>K>P,施肥最优组合分别是N₁P₄K₂（每株施N、P和K分别为50、60、60 mg）和N₁P₄K₁（每株施N、P和K分别为50、60、45 mg）;合理的配方施肥能有效提高米老排苗木的养分利用效率。综合苗木各指标看,米老排容器苗最优施肥配方是：N₁P₄K₁（每株施N、P和K分别为50、60、45 mg）。     

有机无机复混专用配方肥在四季柚上的应用

以水果专用肥不同用量、施肥时间、与无机肥配施等不同施肥措施在四季柚上开展试验,结果显示：不同处理对四季柚品质影响差异显著。随着专用肥施用量的增加,还原糖、总糖、固形物都显著升高,考虑到投入成本,15kg／株为较合理的施用量。有机无机配施试验结果显示,在N、P、K总量相同下,以水果专用肥10kg／株配施N0．28kg、K2O0．28kg、P2O50．16kg为佳。基追肥试验显示：施肥时期对果实品质有一定的影响．基追肥分施优于一次性施入。     

配比施肥对槟榔幼苗肥料利用率及养分协同效应的影响

为了明确N、P、K肥对槟榔幼苗生长及营养吸收与利用的影响,从而确定合理的槟榔幼苗施肥技术。以槟榔幼苗为对象,采用“3414”肥料配比田间盆栽试验,测定不同施肥处理对槟榔幼苗营养吸收与分布及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明：（1）施肥提高了槟榔幼苗的生物量和肥料利用率;在氮磷钾平衡施肥时,氮肥和磷肥相对利用率达到最大;在不施磷肥,氮钾平衡施肥时,钾肥相对利用率达到最大;（2）槟榔幼苗地上部氮养分积累量是影响其生物量的主要因子,地下部磷养分积累量是影响其生物量的主要因子;（3）相关性分析与通径分析表明,氮与磷可协同促进槟榔幼苗生物量的增长,但会受到施钾量及钾肥相对利用率的制衡,3种元素协同促进植株生物量增长。因此氮肥和磷肥的相对利用率是槟榔幼苗施肥的关键指标。综上,氮磷钾配比施肥有利于槟榔幼苗的营养吸收和利用,以N∶P∶K=2∶2∶2(T6)配比施用效果较好。     

生物菌肥对白叶1号产量及品质的影响

为探索植物根际促生菌与复合肥配施对茶树产量及品质的影响,文章选用白叶1号为研究对象,选择恶臭假单胞菌、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、弯曲芽孢杆菌和洋葱伯克氏菌4种根际促生菌,通过冷冻干燥制备成生物菌剂,设不施肥、只施生物菌剂、只施复合肥、生物菌剂和复合肥混施4种不同处理,研究不同施肥处理对白叶1号茶树产量和品质的影响.结果表明,生物...     

不同施肥量对大麦苗产量和品质的影响

试验研究了复合肥不同施用量对大麦苗产量及其麦叶叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质和SOD酶活性的影响.结果表明,增加复合肥施用量有利于麦苗产量和可溶性蛋白质的提高;但过高的复合肥施用量(87.5 kg/667 m2)麦苗的增产效果减弱,且叶绿素含量和SOD酶活性也出现下降.试验表明,在当地适量基施垃圾土的条件下以每667 m2配施62.5 kg复合肥(N:P2O5:K2O=16:16:16)为宜.     

不同施肥处理对大豆根际土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

研究不同施肥处理下,大豆不同生育时期土壤微生物生物量C、N,可培养微生物数量及土壤酶活性的动态变化.结果表明:与对照相比,各施肥处理均显著增加大豆不同生育期土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、细菌数量、土壤脲酶和转化酶活性,处理间以有机无机肥配施处理最高,对土壤真菌和放线菌的影响因肥料和生育时期而异;土壤脲酶活性均为有机肥+NPK>NPK>有机肥>CK;转化酶活性表现为有机肥+NPK>有机肥>NPK>CK.     

氮、磷、钾、钙肥不同用量对花生光合性能及产量品质的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了N、P、K、Ca肥不同用量对花生光合性能及产量品质的影响,结果表明,施N、P、K、Ca肥可提高花生叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率;对叶片光合性能的改善作用,N肥主要在前期、P肥在中后期、K肥和Ca肥前后期比较一致。施肥可明显提高花生荚果产量,且施N肥处理随施肥量的增加产量显著提高,施P、K、Ca肥处理以中等施肥量(P150、K300、Ca300)产量最高。施肥可不同程度地提高花生籽仁脂肪、粗蛋白和游离氨基酸含量,改善花生籽仁品质。对花生籽仁品质的改善作用,P肥最大,其次是N和Ca肥,K肥的作用不明显,施K肥过多(K450)还会明显降低脂肪含量。施用Ca肥能提高花生籽仁中油酸亚油酸比值(O/L),K肥可提高花生籽仁可溶性糖含量。     

不同施肥组合对油茶生长和营养的影响

研究不同施肥组合对油茶生长和营养的影响,选择有利于油茶生长的施肥组合,为油茶增产施肥提供科学合理的借鉴。以十年生的普通油茶岑软3号为试材,通过N∶P∶K不同配比、用量以及有机肥的用量,设置10个试验处理,测量油茶不同生长时期的果实叶片性状和营养生理指标,并进行方差分析、多重比较和相关性分析。结果表明：0.5 kg N∶P∶K(20∶8∶17)+5 kg有机肥+0.25 kg中量元素水溶肥料（Ca+Mg≥10.0%）对油茶的生长效果最好。这种施肥组合能有效增大果实大小、增加叶面积、提高净光合速率、蒸腾速率和树体氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量,有利于树体营养的储存与分配。综合来看,0.5 kg复合肥N∶P∶K=2∶1∶2和5 kg有机肥一年内在春秋季节同时施用2次对油茶生长和营养的促进效果更好。     

不同品牌复合肥料对水稻产量构成的影响初探

通过施用不同品牌复合肥对水稻生育进程、茎蘖动态、产量构成的影响进行综合分析,结果表明:在其他管理水平一致、667 m2总氮量施用标准相同的情况下,49％(N27、P2O510、K2O12)汉枫掺混肥、51％(N28、P2O515、K2O8)茂施复混肥和46％(N16、P2O516、K2O14)中东绿聚能复合肥在水稻上使...     

Fertilizer and planting strategies to increase biomass and improve root morphology in the natural rubber producer Taraxacum brevicorniculatum

Taraxacum brevicorniculatum produces high-quality natural rubber in its roots and could be developed as an alternative commercial source of this valuable raw material. However, current wild type accessions have a low biomass and branched roots that make them difficult to harvest. We set out to determine the optimum fertilizer and spacing requirements for T. brevicorniculatum plants in greenhouse and field trials, aiming to increase root biomass and reduce branching thus maximizing rubber yield and reducing losses during harvesting. Our preliminary data from greenhouse trials show that fertilizers containing calcium and magnesium in addition to NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) increase root biomass by 25% compared to standard NPK fertilizer plus boron, and by 15% compared to NPK plus calcium. Fertilizers with a low N:P ratio increased the root biomass in greenhouse and field trials. Dense sowing (5-10 cm between plants) inhibits root branching and leads to the formation of single taproots that can be harvested easily. We therefore provisionally recommend the application of low N:P ratio NPK fertilizer supplemented with calcium and magnesium to closely-spaced plants in order to achieve the greatest increase in plant biomass per hectare.     

不同肥料滴灌配施夏玉米产量与氮磷钾吸收利用特性

以郑单958为材料,在滴灌施肥条件下设不施氮(N0)、不施磷(P0)、不施钾(K0)和氮磷钾均施(NPK)4个处理,以传统灌溉施肥方式(施用量同NPK处理)为对照,研究滴灌水肥一体不同肥料配施夏玉米产量与氮磷钾吸收、分配及利用特性。结果表明,滴灌条件下,相较于磷钾肥,玉米对氮肥更敏感。N0处理的产量、干物质积累量、整株氮磷吸收量均显著降低,其叶片钾含量、茎鞘磷含量极显著增加,导致叶片钾积累量、茎鞘磷积累量显著增加。P0和K0处理玉米产量、干物质积累量、植株氮素吸收量均与NPK处理无显著差异,分别导致磷素和钾素吸收量显著降低。不施磷钾肥处理氮素从秸秆向子粒的转运受到限制,子粒含氮量下降,氮素收获指数显著降低。滴灌条件下,氮磷钾肥平衡施用玉米养分吸收均衡、分配合理,物质生产和产量显著高于传统灌溉施肥方式。     

Post-harvest storage effects on guayule latex,rubber, and resin contents and yields

Guayule is a new crop being commercialized for hypoallergenic latex production. Because natural processes that occur in the plant following harvest, notably dehydration, result in rapid loss of latex and immediate processing of guayule shrub for latex on a commercial scale is not feasible, storage conditions that maintain latex concentration and yield need to be established. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different storage conditions on the extractable latex, total rubber, resin, and guayulin A and B contents, and extractable latex, total rubber, and resin yields in harvested guayule shrub. The experiment was established using plants transplanted into the field at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA, on 22 March 2001. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Two germplasm lines (11591 and AZ-2) were used for this experiment. Twenty plants of each line were harvested six times (November 2002, March 2003, July 2003, November 2003, March 2004, and July 2004) from each field plot. Two plants of each line were randomly assigned to each of 10 storage treatment combinations reflecting wet, dry, or wet alternated with dry conditions prior to chipping for latex extraction. Extractable latex content, total rubber content, resin content, and guayulin A and B contents were determined after storage and compared with freshly harvested shrub. Plant biomass, latex yield, rubber yield, and resin yield were also determined and compared with fresh harvested shrub. AZ-2 was significantly lower in latex, rubber, and guayulin A content than 11591, and significantly higher in biomass, latex yield, rubber yield, resin content, resin yield, and guayulin B content. The results from this study show that moist storage of harvested shrub prior to dry chipping allows a higher yield of latex. Storing the shrub under moist conditions may allow more flexible harvesting and processing schedules, by limiting post-harvest latex losses and increasing the time interval between harvesting and processing.     

Optimal harvest timing vs. harvesting for animal forage supply: Impacts on production and quality of lucerne on the Loess Plateau,China

The current promotion of larger areas of lucerne (Medicago sativa) production on the Loess Plateau in China prompted this study, which investigated lucerne harvesting practices by farmers and the scope for improved harvest yield and quality by optimizing harvest date, interval and height above ground. On-farm surveys were conducted to document the dominant harvesting practices used by farmers and their perceptions of barriers to adoption of alternative harvesting practices. In districts with less emphasis on livestock, less labour and inadequate facilities to store conserved lucerne, smaller areas of lucerne are grown and it is often harvested daily to meet demand from penned livestock. The consequence is that much of the lucerne is harvested either before or after flowering, resulting in suboptimal yield of biomass and crude protein. Field experiments conducted at low and high rainfall locations on the Loess Plateau over three seasons showed that delaying the start to harvest until after mid-June (the date of first flowering), while not affecting total biomass harvested for the season, does reduce leaf biomass harvested and hence crude protein concentration and yield. Lower crude protein is a consequence of a decline in both leaf percentage in harvested biomass and stem nitrogen concentration. Commencing harvests well before flowering with short (3 week) harvest intervals also penalized total and leaf biomass harvested. Raising cutting height from ground level (current farmer practice) to 50 mm (likely with the advent of mechanized harvesting) did not penalize harvested total or leaf biomass.     

基肥配方施肥对玉竹生长与根茎形成的影响

合理施肥是保证玉竹植株健壮生长和根茎产量与品质的关键。通过按不同比例的腐熟猪粪渣、NPK复合肥、过磷酸钙、碳酸氢铵进行基肥配方,研究不同基肥配方施肥对玉竹植株生长与根茎形成的影响。结果表明,在基肥配方中,采用腐熟猪粪渣与NPK复合肥相结合对玉竹植株长高方面有显著促进作用,通过增加叶数和叶片叶绿素含量,使根茎侧枝发生作用加强,提高单位植株根茎的鲜干重与水溶性多糖含量,从而增加单位面积根茎产量,改善根茎品质;增施P肥能显著促进玉竹根茎侧枝的发生,提高根茎中累积干物质分配率,促进干物质往根茎分配,进而提高植株总鲜干重和根茎产量;增施N肥能显著促进玉竹地上部分的生长,进而提高植株的茎叶鲜干重。     

长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响

基于25年定位试验,设置6个大田试验处理（CK,不施肥;NPK,常规施用化肥;1/4M+3/4NPK,25%有机肥替代化肥;1/2M+1/2NPK, 50%有机肥替代化肥;M,100%有机肥替代化肥;MNPK, 100%化肥+100%有机肥）,研究了长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,水稻地上部N素总积累量与产量大小均表现为MNPK>1/4M+3/4NPK> NPK>1/2M+1/2NPK>M>CK,与NPK处理相比,MNPK和1/4M+3/4NPK处理的地上部氮素总积累量增加20.11%~27.86%、产量增加2.04%~12.42%。各处理花前N素转运量对籽粒贡献率（69.54%~84.60%）显著高于花后积累量对籽粒贡献率（15.40%~30.46%）,花前N素积累是水稻植株N素的主要来源。1/4M+3/4NPK处理的氮肥偏生产力及氮收获指数均高于NPK处理,分别提高16.42%、10.29%。有机无机肥配施比单施化肥处理显著改善了稻米品质,提高了籽粒氨基酸含量,其中,非必需氨基酸含量是必需氨基酸含量的2倍左右。长期施肥条件下,25%有机肥替代化肥处理在化肥减施基础上,可以提高肥料利用率、促进水稻养分吸收,是黄壤性水稻土地区实现水稻增产、品质提升的最佳施肥措施。     

不同施肥模式对热带地区菠萝生长发育及产量品质的影响

本研究探究了不同施肥模式对菠萝（Ananas comosus）生长发育、养分吸收及产量品质的影响,旨在筛选出高产优质高效的施肥方案。以‘台农17号’菠萝为材料,采用田间小区试验,设置不施肥（CK）、农户常规施肥（NPK）、减量施肥（INF）、有机无机肥配施（INF+M）和有机无机缓控释肥配施（INF+M+S）5组处理,每组3次重复,比较不同施肥模式下菠萝叶片数、干物质量、产量品质和氮、磷、钾积累与分配的差异。结果表明：快速生长期后,NPK处理叶片数高于其他处理,约为84片。INF+M和INF+M+S处理收获期干物质积累量分别提高20.28%和23.16%,而INF与NPK处理间无显著差异。INF+M+S处理氮、磷积累量分别较NPK处理提高8.33%、2.77%,钾积累量无显著差异,而INF和INF+M处理对氮积累量无显著影响,但降低了磷、钾积累量。此外,INF+M+S处理显著提高了氮、磷、钾转运量,增幅依次为62.32%、189.83%和30.79%,INF+M处理氮、磷、钾转运量也有不同程度提高,而INF处理则降低了磷、钾转运量。相较于CK处理,施肥处理显著降低了冠芽养分分配率,3种减量施肥处理较NPK均提高了收获期菠萝果实养分分配率,减少了叶片等营养器官养分分配率,其中INF+M+S处理果实氮、磷、钾分配率分别较NPK处理提高131.43%、66.60%和147.33%。INF、INF+M和INF+M+S处理产量较NPK处理分别提高1.64%、19.35%和37.09%,且INF+M+S显著高于其他处理;施肥处理较CK显著提高可溶性糖的含量,降低可滴定酸和维生素C含量。但施肥处理间可溶性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C含量之间无显著差异。综上所述,INF+M+S处理下菠萝产量最高,且能提高养分积累量、养分转运量和果实养分分配率,为菠萝最优施肥模式。     

长期施肥对氮素利用以及土壤剖面氮素分布、积累的影响

依托28年长期定位试验，采集不同施肥处理土壤剖面样品，测定土壤硝态氮含量，结合产量计算氮素利用效率。结果表明，长期施肥显著增加玉米子粒产量、地上部总吸氮量及氮收获指数。化肥+有机肥(NPKM)处理产量最高，较单施化肥(NPK)处理提高8.7%。各处理硝态氮含量随着土层的加深均呈先降低后升高的趋势，硝态氮主要积累在0～100 cm土体，NPK、NPKM处理硝态氮积累量占比高于55%。因此，有机肥替代部分化肥可显著提高子粒产量，增加氮素利用效率，减少氮素淋溶。     

Herb and oil composition of dill (Anethum graveolens L.): Effects of crop maturity and plant density

Steam-distilled dill (Anethum graveolens L.) oil yield and composition varies with the relative amount of vegetative and reproductive tissue and the maturity of the plant material distilled. The characteristics of the dill plant at harvest may be manipulated through production practices. A study was conducted in western Montana to determine the effects of crop maturity and plant density on dill plant growth and on oil production and quality. The crop was harvested at intervals from early fruit formation through fruit pigmentation. Oil yield declined with fruit maturity over the sampling period, particularly after the completion of fruit ripening and “seed” shatter. The carvone content of the oil increased and α-phellandrene decreased as the plant progressed from flowering to fruit ripeness. The highest oil yields with maximum carvone levels were obtained when most of the fruits on primary umbels were pigmented but had not become dry and fully mature. The balance between carvone and phellandrene in the oil was a function of the proportion of mature umbel tissue to vegetative and immature umbel tissue. Seeding rates of 2.2–17.9 kg ha⁻¹ resulted in average plant densities of 100–474 plants m⁻². Total biomass production and oil yield were generally unaffected by plant density, but plant population influenced plant architecture and oil composition. Plants grown at low density had a more extensive development of umbellate fruiting structures and a lower proportion of leaf and stem tissue than did plants at high density. Carvone was higher in oil from widely spaced plants, while phellandrene, α-pinene, and dill ether (3,9-epoxy-1-p-menthene) were lower. Harvest date and plant density affected oil composition in a complementary manner. An early harvest or high plant density is preferable if herbaceous oil characteristics are desired, while a late harvest or low plant density is suitable when growing dill for seed or for a high-carvone oil.     

不同追氮方式对寒地玉米干物质、产量及品质的影响

通过大田试验,分析不同追氮方式对寒地玉米干物质量、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,追氮大喇叭口期至成熟期干物质明显高于PK(不施氮肥)和CK(不施肥)处理,分别增加了33.0%~52.4%和49.5%~71.3%,且NPK+DD2(基肥+氮肥深追二次)处理较NPK+SD1(基肥+氮肥浅追一次)处理干物质量提高14.6%。追氮提高寒地玉米单穗穗行数,显著提高了行粒数和百粒重,提高寒地玉米产量,与PK处理相比产量提高54.4%~73.2%;NPK+DD2、NPK+DD1(基肥+氮肥深追一次)与NPK+SD1处理相比产量提高8.76%~12.2%,以NPK+DD2处理产量最高,收获指数最高,达到63.06%。追氮改善寒地玉米品质,与CK和PK处理相比,蛋白质分别提高为2.05%~2.38%和2.24%~2.57%,脂肪含量分别降低了0.33%~0.58%和0.14%~0.39%,淀粉含量分别提高1.81%~2.11%和0.29%~0.59%,赖氨酸含量降低0.01%~0.02%和0.02%~0.03%。不同追氮方式有利于寒地玉米干物质积累及子粒产量和品质的提高,且氮肥深追好于氮肥浅追,以NPK+DD2处理效果最好。