香蕉组培苗基质配方的筛选

以椰糠、砖红壤、有机肥和河沙作为基质材料,用正交法设定出16种配方,对巴西香蕉组培苗进行营养杯栽培试验,通过测试分析基质理化性状、幼苗叶片营养元素含量和生长指标,确定出最佳的基质配方。结果表明：椰糠与砖红壤是影响基质理化性状、植株生长与大中量养分积累的主要因素,砖红壤是影响微量元素锰、锌、镍、镉积累的主要因素,有机质是影响铜素积累的主要因素。椰糠混配处理显著改善了基质的pH值、容重等理化性状,促进了植株生长,增加了叶片养分积累。其中椰糠 ∶ 泥土 ∶ 有机肥 ∶ 河沙=4 ∶ 0 ∶ 0.05 ∶ 0.1     

不同轻基质配方对油茶全光照扦插生根的影响

以10种轻基质材料为原料配置16种配方,并在全光照间歇喷雾条件下研究这16个配方对普通油茶优良无性系‘岑软3号’扦插生根的影响。结果表明,不同配方轻基质对油茶扦插生根有明显的影响,生根率从6.67%到100%不等,含有椰糠的轻基质配方生根情况明显优于不加入椰糠的配方。在含有椰糠的5种配方中,配方12(椰糠∶菌渣∶泥碳土体积比为4∶2∶1)的生根率最高,达100%,且成本在5个配方中从高到低位列第4,成本较低,最适合作油茶全光照喷雾扦插育苗的基质。     

不同栽培基质对牛大力根系发育的影响

以不同比例泥土、砂、椰糠、草炭混合作为牛大力栽培基质,并进行盆栽试验,研究不同栽培基质条件下,基质的养分特征及其对牛大力根系生长和膨大状况的影响。结果表明：由草炭＋泥土(体积比2∶1)及草炭＋椰糠＋砂(体积比1∶2∶1)混合的基质pH值较适中,有机质含量与氮磷钾养分含量均较高,养分状况较理想,牛大力根系发达,但膨大块根较少;而泥土与砂混合基质各项指标均比较低,养分比较贫乏,牛大力根系发达,但块根膨大明显。在本研究条件下,基质养分不是根系膨大的关键因素,泥土含量高的基质可能因为较为理想的通气和热量条件而有利于块根的膨大。     

水培生菜育苗基质筛选

[目的]筛选出最适宜的育苗基质。[方法]对穴盘育苗的出苗率以及幼苗的叶片数和最大根系进行试验分析。[结果]3种基质对生菜育苗出苗率影响,椰糠基质明显高于其他2种供试基质,达到了93%以上;对幼苗的叶片数和最大根系影响,椰糠基质同样和其他2种基质存在明显差异,并且高于其他2种基质。[结论]椰糠基质在生菜育苗上有其显著的优势,值得在生菜育苗中大力推广和应用。     

不同基质对桉树育苗效果的影响

利用泥炭、椰糠和腐熟稻壳混配寻找适合桉树育苗的轻型基质。依据格子试验以腐熟稻壳为配比基础筛选出理化性质优良的13个基质配比进行桉树育苗影响研究。结果表明,不同混配基质对桉树幼苗的株高、地径、地上和地下部分鲜重、干重均有显著影响。采用主成分分析对不同基质的应用效果进行的综合评价表明,处理9(泥炭∶椰糠∶腐熟稻壳=1∶3∶6)表现最佳,是适合桉树育苗的理想基质。腐熟稻壳可以完全取代炭化稻壳应用于桉树育苗,并且可以加大腐熟稻壳用量可以降低生产成本。     

低硝酸盐含量的厚皮甜瓜无土栽培试验

在椰糠中添加一定比例的有机鸡粪肥可以使无土栽培中厚皮甜瓜的长势增强，但产量不一定增加。使用日本园艺全营养配方营养液和花无缺复合肥水溶液2种不同配方的营养液，对植株的生长势和产量及果实的可溶性固形物的含量影响差距并不大，但对成熟果实中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量因基质的不同有极显著的影响。选用新椰糠和有机鸡粪肥体积比为5：1作基质，使用花无缺复合肥水溶液作营养液可以生产出硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量符合国家水果标准的甜瓜。     

不同基质配比对酸柚苗生长的影响

通过设置不同基质配比处理,筛选出较适合酸柚苗的基质配方,为无籽蜜柚优质砧木繁育提供理论依据。以椰糠、表土、甘蔗灰和菜籽饼为原料,按不同体积比配制9种栽培基质进行容器育苗,并测定各基质理化性质及苗木生长生理指标。结果表明:不同基质配比处理对酸柚苗的苗高、径粗、叶片增加数、总生物量及叶绿素含量方面影响显著,其中T5(1/3椰糠、1/3表土、1/3菜籽饼)综合表现最好,其次为T2(2/3椰糠、1/6表土、1/6菜籽饼)和T9(2/3表土、1/6甘蔗灰、1/6菜籽饼),表现较差的为T1(2/3椰糠、1/6表土、1/6甘蔗灰)、T4(1/3椰糠、1/3表土、1/3甘蔗灰)和T7(1/6椰糠、2/3表土、1/6甘蔗灰)。结合苗木生长状况及基质成本,认为体积比为1/3椰糠、1/3表土、1/3菜籽饼的栽培基质较适合酸柚苗生长。      

不同轻型基质对金钱树生长影响初报

采用单纯形-格子设计,将农林废弃物的椰糠、甘蔗渣、碳化稻壳、中药渣按体积比混合,得到35种轻型基质。结果表明,不同基质对金钱树的苗高、地径、根系生长、生物量有显著差异,经过综合评分,得出6种较好基质,分别为:100%椰糠;75%椰糠:25%碳化稻壳;50%甘蔗渣:50%中药渣;50%椰糠:50%中药渣;25%椰糠:50%碳化稻壳:25%中药渣;25%椰糠:25%甘蔗渣:25%碳化稻壳:25%中药渣。     

椰糠替代泥炭作观赏凤梨基质的研究

以奥斯塔拉凤梨为试材,广东泥炭、进口泥炭、蛭石、珍珠岩、海南椰糠为栽培基质材料,按不同比例混合,选用国内外较为通行的改良配方,设定3个营养液浓度进行无土栽培试验.试验以土壤栽培为对照,通过测定基质的物理特性和植株的株高、冠幅、光合速率以及叶片元素(氮、磷、钾、镁、钙、铜、锰)含量,探讨不同基质对奥斯塔拉凤梨生长的影响.结果表明:奥斯塔拉凤梨无土栽培最佳基质配方为:进口泥炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=1∶1∶1,而在椰糠∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=1∶1∶1中生长的整齐度最好,可见,椰糠完全可以替代泥炭广泛应用于园艺生产栽培.     

椰糠在不同氮源发酵过程中养分变化规律的研究

以烘干鸡粪、尿素、磷酸氢二铵等作为氮源,调整椰糠发酵堆(椰糠基质)的碳氮比为30:1,并添加酵素菌进行短期发酵,研究椰糠基质在添加不同氮源发酵后的养分含量变化规律。结果表明:(1)发酵后椰糠基质的有机质含量均呈动态下降的趋势,其中以纯鸡粪为氮源的A、H处理的有机质含量下降最多。(2)发酵后椰糠基质的全氮、速效氮、速效磷的含量,以C、F、E、B、D等含化肥氮源的处理较高;速效钾的含量,以A、H两个以纯鸡粪为氮源处理的含量较高,以E、D两个以部分鸡粪为氮源处理的次之。(3)从发酵后椰糠基质的养分含量分析来看,以C(100%磷酸二氢氨-氮)、E(33.3%鸡粪-氮+33.3%尿素-氮+33.3%磷酸氢二铵-氮)、F(50%尿素-氮+50%磷酸二氢氨-氮)处理发酵后的养分含量较高,为椰糠基质发酵的优良配方。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.