青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊妊娠期外周血液中孕酮和雌二醇含量的测定

用放射免疫法测定了５只青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊妊娠期外周血液中孕酮和１７β－雌二醇的含量。孕酮含量随怀孕时间的增长而升高，怀孕１３０ｄ左右升到最高（８．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ±１．５３ｎｇ／ｍｌ），到分娩前１￣３ｄ降至３．３１ｎｇ／ｍｌ±１．３２ｎｇ／ｍｌ。雌二醇含量在整个怀孕期间保持较低的水平（８．３５￣１０．３２ｐｇ／ｍｌ），到分娩前１￣３ｄ升至２３．９８ｐｇ／ｍｌ±１．３２ｐｇ／ｍｌ。     

牦牛、半血野牦牛生长发育期若干激素变化规律

采用放射免疫技术对１～２４月龄家牦牛、半血野牦牛血液中ＩＮＳ，ＧＨ，ＬＨ，Ｔ，Ｐ，１７β－Ｅ＿２含量进行研究。结果表明，家牦牛、半血野牦牛ＩＮＳ均值分别为３．０８２７±１．９５５１μＵ／ｍｌ，３．１４２４±１．４６６８μＵ／ｍｌ；ＧＨ分别为３．５５４９±０．４６２４ｎｇ／ｍｌ，３．９０４８±０．６０４７ｎｇ／ｍｌ；ＬＨ分别为０．３８２２±０．００２１ｎｇ／ｍｌ，０．４０８６±０．０６４９ｎｇ／ｍｌ；Ｔ分别为５．５６２１±２．５９２７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，１１．０４３７±１０．９５０８ｎｇ／ｍｌ；Ｐ＿４分别为０．５７２９±０．５０３６ｎｇ／ｍｌ，０．３５３９±０．２０３３ｎｇ／ｍｌ；１７β－Ｅ＿２分别为２６．３５３８±１５．６４６４ｐｇ／ｍｌ，２２．７０２１±６．９４７２ｐｇ／ｍｌ。经二因子无重复观察值的方差分析表明，家牦牛和半血野牦牛之间，各月龄之间ＩＮＳ，ＧＨ，ＬＨ，Ｔ，Ｐ＿４，１７β－Ｅ＿２含量均无显著差异。     

莲花白鹅排卵周期血浆中LH、17β－E_2和P含量的变化

采用放射免疫分析法测莲花县白鹅排卵周期外周血浆中ＬＨ、１７β－Ｅ２和Ｐ的动态变化，结果表明，正常产蛋母鹅在排卵周期中均出现三个峰值，ＬＨ峰值出现在排卵前１０ｈ左右，比１７β－Ｅ２和Ｐ峰值提前１６ｈ左右，而其它两次峰三者同步，血浆各激素的平均值分别是２．９２４±０．２３２ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２７．３３７±２４．３１８ｐｇ／ｍｌ和１６４．７４８±２３．９８１Ｐｇ／ｍｌ。但生软壳蛋母鹅在排卵前４ｈ左右见有一峰院，并以ＬＨ和１７β－Ｅ２明显，其血浆中三种激素的平均含量分别为３．２１５±０．６５７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２７．３１２±２１．８５９ｐｇ／ｍｌ和２１１．６５７±１０４．３７５ｐｇ／ｍｌ，除１７β—Ｅ２外，均高于正常产蛋母鹅的水平，但差异并不明显。     

奶山羊乳汁中孕酮和17β—雌二醇水平的季节性变化规律

应用ＲＩＡ对１５只西农萨能奶山羊在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节乳汁中的Ｐ４和１７β－Ｅ２水平变化进行研究。结果表明：５～７月份,Ｐ４水平为０９３ｎｇ／ｍｌ±０１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ（０７７～１０９ｎｇ／ｍｌ）,１７β－Ｅ２为５６３３ｐｇ／ｍｌ±４２８ｐｇ／ｍｌ（５０３３～６４２４ｐｇ／ｍｌ）。此时期西农萨能奶山羊处于非繁殖季节。８月中旬以后,试验羊的Ｐ４、１７β－Ｅ２水平均出现与繁殖季节相一致的变化。说明在舍饲条件下,西农萨能奶山羊于８月中旬进入繁殖季节;在首次发情前２ｄ,Ｐ４出现特有的小分泌峰,而在发情期其水平降至很低。配种后,妊娠羊Ｐ４水平一直维持很高,而未孕羊再次出现发情周期的Ｐ４分泌范型,在周期的第１３ｄＰ４水平达峰值（１０９３ｎｇ／ｍｌ±３４５ｎｇ／ｍｌ）。１７β－Ｅ２水平在发情期达到峰值,Ａ组（ｎ＝１２）为８５２７ｐｇ／ｍｌ±１１６１ｐｇ／ｍｌ,Ｂ组（ｎ＝３）为８８０２ｐｇ／ｍｌ±１４３１ｐｇ／ｍｌ。在发情周期的其它时间,１７β－Ｅ２在小范围内波动。     

西农萨能奶山羊妊娠期外周血浆孕酮、17β──雌二醇和皮质醇的变化

采用放射免疫分析法测定了１４只西在萨能奶山羊妊娠期外周血浆孕酮（Ｐ４）、１７β－雌二醇（１７β－Ｅ２）和皮质醇（Ｆ）水平。血浆Ｐ４水平在配种当日为０．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ，以后升高，妊娠２０天时为４．７ｎｇ／ｍｌ。在妊娠３０－５０天，Ｐ４水平有所下降，最低值在４０天，为３２ｎｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ４水平从６０天开始一直维持在６．２ｎｇ／ｍｌ左右，到妊娠结束时降低到０．６ｎｇ／ｍｌ。血浆１７ｐ－Ｅ２水平在配种后保持稳定，从妊娠４０天开始稳定上升，在妊娠结束时达到峰值７９．８ｐｇ／ｍｌ，血浆下水平在配种后呈波动式下降，到妊娠６０天变为波动式升高，并在妊娠结束时达到峰值１７ｎｇ／ｍｌ。前言西农萨能奶山羊是经过数１０年选育的高产品种，在国内享有盛名。关于西农萨能奶山羊初情期［１］、发情周期［２，３］、分娩期［４］以及非繁殖季节［５］的内分泌状况已有研究报告，但对其妊娠期的内分泌变化迄今尚无资料。为了研究西农萨能奶山羊妊娠期主要生殖激素的变化情况，给奶山羊妊娠生理学及妊娠病理学提供基础资料，我们应用放射免疫分析法（ＲＩＡ）分析了西农萨能奶山羊妊娠期外周血浆孕酮（Ｐ４）、１７β－雌二醇（１７β－Ｅ２）和皮质醇（Ｆ）的水平。材料和方法在西?     

超排处理奶牛期间乳中孕酮含量的变化与超排效果的关系

对超排的供体奶牛不同时期的固体干奶样中孕酮含量进行放射免疫分析，研究其与超排效果的关系。研究表明，超排奶牛乳中孕酮水平变化与正常性周期乳中孕酮水平相比较，变化规律正常，发情表现明显著，超排有效率达１００％。超排前４ｄ乳中孕酮含量≥７．８ｎｇ／ｍＬ组超排效果好于＜７．８ｎｇ／ｍＬ组，获得可用胚胎数差异显著（７．８±５．６对３．２±２．９Ｐ＜０．０５）。而且以７．８ｎｇ／ｍＬ以上孕酮水平预选供体时，则选择的准确性可由原来未经选择的７１．４％（２０／２８）提高到８０％（２０／２０）左右。     

二甲苯胺噻唑对绵羊血液及脑脊液中乙酰胆碱的影响

用荧光分光光度计的方法研究了二甲苯胺噻唑（静松灵）对乙酰胆碱（ＡＣＨ）的影响，肌注２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ该药后，血液及脑脊液中ＡＣＨ浓度呈上升趋势，于２．５小时达峰值，血液ＡＣＨ由０时７．９６５±０．４１８ｎｇ／ｍｌ２．５小时的４３．９３９±１．３０７ｎｇ／ｍｌ（ｎ＝５，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＡＣＨ浓度增加了４．５倍，脑脊液ＡＣＨ则由０时的１２．７２２±１．３４７ｎｇ／ｍｌ增７１、９５４±２．２５７ｎｇ／ｍｌ     

四季鹅母鹅生殖内分泌的研究

本实验用放射免疫法测定了四季鹅母鹅在生长发育、产蛋和抱窝期生殖激素分泌变化的规律。结果发现，在生长发育期血浆促黄体素（ＬＨ）和１７β—雌二醇（１７β—Ｅ２）水平随日龄增长而呈上升趋势，至１８０日龄ＬＨ和１７５—Ｅ２均达到最高值，分别为１．１５６±０．１４７ｎｇ／ｍｌ和２３６．５６±３４．２９Ｐｇ／ｍｌ，开产后二者均有所下降。孕酮（Ｐ）在初生时较高达１．８６±０．４８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，之后逐步下降，至开产后Ｐ含量大幅度增加，提示：ＬＨ和１７β—Ｅ２能促进生殖器官的发育。母鹅卵巢小卵泡的Ｐ转变为１７β—Ｅ２的能力较强。在产蛋期，产蛋前ＬＨ在１３小时内，Ｐ在１２小时内（个别为２０小时）出现２次高峰。产蛋前Ｐ高峰为４—５小时，而ＬＨ峰则于产蛋前１—３小时出现。ＬＨ的峰可诱导成熟卵泡排卵，Ｐ则引起ＬＨ峰的出现。在抱窝期，促卵泡素（ＦＳＨ）、Ｐ、１７β—Ｅ２有相似的变化模式。初期较高，中期最低，至雏鹅出壳则三者水平有所回升。但促乳素（ＰＲＬ）则相反，初期急剧上升，至中期最高，接近雏鹅出壳时下降，出壳后仍维持一定水平，至休产期才降至低水平。ＰＲＬ对抱窝和母性行为上具有重要作用。     

睾酮对水牛血清胃泌素水平的影响

选用３头雄性中国海仔水牛,观察了去势及去势后注射睾酮对血清胃泌素水平的影响。结果去势后血清胃泌素水平明显下降（５０１．００±３７．２０ｖｓ,４３３．６±１０３．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ,Ｐ＜０．０５）,去势后水牛注射睾酮（２００μｇ／ｋｇＢＷ·ｄ,持续１２ｄ）血清胃泌素水平明显上升（４０８．１±６４．５ｖｓ,５１９．８±３４．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ,ｐ＜０．０５）。表明睾酮影响反刍动物胃泌素分泌。     

黑白花奶牛犊牛的行为观测

通过对２５头黑白花奶牛初生犊牛的行为观察，结果表明，初生犊牛最早吃乳时间１．１±０．１２小时，最早吃料时间７．５±２．３天，最早吃草时间１０．５±１．７５天。每日活动时间１月龄前为１．８±０．１６小时，断乳后为５．７±１．６４小时；休息时间１月龄前为１６．１０±４．７５小时，断乳后为１３．０４±３．７８小时；反刍时间１月龄前为４．１６±１．５５小时，断乳后为６．５０±２．９３小时；反刍次数１月龄前为１４．１６±１．７５次／日，断奶后为１１．７８±１．４８次／日。     

Pharmacokinetic studies of levofloxacin after oral administration in healthy and febrile cow calves

The present experiment was designed to study the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in six healthy cross bred female cow calves (4 to 6 months age) weighing between 40 to 80 kg. Plasma from blood was separated by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm. Quantitative estimation of levofloxacin was done by UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 286 nm. The mean maximum plasma concentration (Cp_max ) of levofloxacin in febrile calves (5.28?±?0.32 µg/ml) did not differ significantly as compared with healthy calves (4.50?±?0.22 µg/ml) after single dose (20 mg/kg) oral administration. The mean therapeutic plasma concentration ( Cp_ther ) of levofloxacin was maintained for longer period in febrile calves (10 h) as compared to healthy calves ( 8 h). The mean maximum urine concentration (Cu_max) in febrile (40.86?±?2.19 µg/ml) also did not differ significantly as compared with healthy calves (39.38?±?2.43 µg/ml). No significant difference in various pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma was observed in healthy calves ( β?=?0.23?±?0.01/h ; t1/2 β?=?3.00?±?0.17 h and MRT?=?4.66?±?0.14 h ) and febrile calves ( β?=?0.23?±?0.01/ h; t1/2 β?=?3.05?±?0.16 h and MRT?=?5.04?±?0.14 h ) . The mean value of β, and t ½ β calculated in urine also did not differ between healthy and febrile calves. However, the value of MRT(3.79?±?0.07 h) and Cl_B(1.65?±?0.09 ml/kg/min) calculated in urine of febrile calves significantly(p?B?=?2.09?±?0.13 ml/kg/min). Based on kinetic profile levofloxacin may be given orally at the dose rate of 1.49 mg/kg B.W.at 8 h intervals in febrile calves.     

Colostral transfer of gamma glutamyl transferase in lambs

Serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels in blood samples taken from normal lambs which had suckled colostrum were found to be up to 140 times normal adult levels. These high serum levels declined rapidly reaching a stable level approximately 60% higher than normal adult values by 24 days of age. Newborn lambs which had not yet consumed colostrum had GGT levels which would be considered normal in adult sheep. The GGT concentration in ewes' colostrum was up to 470 times normal serum levels. There was a significant positive correlation between serum GGT and gamma globulin levels in blood samples taken from lambs within 24 hours of birth.

Lambs' serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) levels also rose concurrently with the absorption of colostral gamma globulin, with the day 1 AP values being significantly correlated with the serum gamma globulin levels. Serum AP levels declined gradually but were still well above normal adult levels at 45 days of age while SGOT levels returned to normal adult levels by two to three days after birth.

It is concluded therefore that, as previously shown in calves, lambs acquire high levels of serum GGT activity from their mothers' colostrum in proportion to the amount of gamma globulin absorbed and also show a concurrent rise in serum AP activity. However the rise in SGOT levels at this time has not been observed in calves.     

Colostral transfer of gamma glutamyl transferase in lambs

Serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels in blood samples taken from normal lambs which had suckled colostrum were found to be up to 140 times normal adult levels. These high serum levels declined rapidly reaching a stable level approximately 60% higher than normal adult values by 24 days of age. Newborn lambs which had not yet consumed colostrum had GGT levels which would be considered normal in adult sheep. The GGT concentration in ewes' colostrum was up to 470 times normal serum levels. There was a significant positive correlation between serum GGT and gamma globulin levels in blood samples taken from lambs within 24 hours of birth. Lambs' serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) levels also rose concurrently with the absorption of colostral gamma globulin, with the day 1 AP values being significantly correlated with the serum gamma globulin levels. Serum AP levels declined gradually but were still well above normal adult levels at 45 days of age while SGOT levels returned to normal adult levels by two to three days after birth. It is concluded therefore that, as previously shown in calves, lambs acquire high levels of serum GGT activity from their mothers' colostrum in proportion to the amount of gamma globulin absorbed and also show a concurrent rise in serum AP activity. However the rise in SGOT levels at this time has not been observed in calves.     

湖羊和考力代羊公羔垂体－性腺轴系内分泌活动的差异

用放射免疫方法测定了湖羊和考力代羊公羔从初生到１８０日龄垂体内ＬＨ总量，血浆ＬＨ和睾酮浓度的变化。结果表明：湖羊从初生到９０日龄垂体内ＬＨ总量迅速上升（Ｐ＜０．０１），以后呈下降趋势；血浆ＬＨ浓度０～２０日龄较低（０．８９～１．０３ｍＩｕ／ｍｌ），３０日龄开始上升，９０日龄达到峰值（２．３４ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ），以后呈下降趋势。血浆睾酮从４０日龄起迅速上升，１２０日龄达到２．７３ｎｇ／ｍｌ，以后维持于高水平（２．３４～４．４４ｎｇ／ｍｌ）。考力代羊０～１８０日龄垂体内ＬＨ总量呈持续上升趋势（Ｐ＜０．０１），血浆ＬＨ水平０～８０日龄维持较低水平（０．５２±０．９９ｍＩｕ／ｍｌ），以后呈上升趋势；血浆睾酮水平０～１３０日龄很低（０．１９～１．１３ｎｇ／ｍｌ），１４０日龄开始上升。两品种比较，０～９０日龄湖羊垂体内的ＬＨ总量，血浆ＬＨ及睾酮水平均高于考力代羊。提示湖羊公羔性成熟早与其生后早期垂体合成和释放ＬＨ水平高有关。     

Effect of pre‐partum supplementation of vitamin E to Murrah buffaloes on immune functions and viability of calves

This study was undertaken in buffalo neonates born to vitamin E (dl ‐ alpha ‐ tocopherol acetate) ‐ supplemented and non‐supplemented Murrah buffaloes. Calves from vitamin E‐supplemented buffaloes (n = 10; vitamin E ‐supplemented calves [VeC]) and non‐supplemented buffaloes (n = 10; control calves [CC]) constituted the treatment and control groups respectively. Two colostrum samples were taken at the first post‐partum milking and again after 12 h from dams for IgG estimation. Sampling of blood was performed on days 0 (before colostrum feeding), 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 and 126 post‐birth and analysed for apparent efficiency of absorption (%) of IgG and various immune parameters. Colostral IgG level was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in vitamin E‐supplemented buffaloes. The calves in both groups were born hypogammaglobulinemic with IgG level <5 g/l. However, first colostrum feeding resulted in significantly elevated IgG levels (>10 g/l) in calves of both groups at 24 h, which remained high afterwards. Apparent efficiency of absorption (%) of IgG at 24 h was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in VeC than in CC. Plasma Nitric Oxide (NO) levels were significantly elevated in the calves of either group at birth, which declined significantly (p < 0.01) afterwards. Vitamin E feeding to dams had no added effect on NO levels in experimental calves. Total leucocyte counts did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts changed significantly between groups (p < 0.01) and days (p < 0.01), with lymphocytes increasing and neutrophils declining with age. This study revealed that the calves were immunologically immature at birth. Ante‐partum supplementation of vitamin E did not influence plasma NO or IgG but had a significant effect on colostral IgG (p < 0.05). It also improved the apparent efficiency of absorption (%) of IgG at 24 h in VeC as compared to CC.     

新生羔羊血液某些免疫功能指标的特点和发育变化

本文以１２只自然分娩、初生重１．５－４．５ｋｇ的新生湖羊羔为对象，研究了７日龄产后期内血液某些免疫功能指标的特点和发育变化。结果表明：羔羊出生时ＷＢＣ较低，２４ｈ内明显升高，然后稍降，３日龄后逐渐回升至相对稳定；中性粒细胞％出生时较低，１日龄明显升高，然后缓慢下降，５日龄后相对稳定，淋巴细胞和单核细胞％与中性粒细胞呈相反关系变化，也于５日龄后相对稳定；淋巴细胞中Ｂ淋巴细胞比例２４ｈ内明显上升，以后随日龄增长呈波动性下降，Ｔ淋巴细胞比例变化与其相反；血浆ＴＰ、Ａ、Ｇ、ｒ－Ｇ含量出生时均较低，１日龄吃初乳后明显升高，以后ＴＰ保持相对稳定的高水平，Ａ呈下降趋势，Ｇ特别是ｒ－Ｇ进一步上升，约３日龄趋于相对稳定。     

Influence of colostral quality on serum proteins in dairy calves raised in smallholder farms in Thailand

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of colostral quality on serum proteins in calves. Samples were collected from visited farms in Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Kamphaeng Saen and Nong Pho Animal Hospital. In total, 35 dairy farms contributed 80 dams and calves’ samples. Colostrum samples from 80 dairy cows and blood samples from their calves were taken to evaluate colostral immunoglobulins (Ig) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), and calf serum protein and IgG. Total colostral Ig, colostral and serum IgG, and serum protein were measured by a colostrometer, single radial immunodiffusion, and refractrometer, respectively. Immunoglobulin G and serum protein concentrations increased in the 1st day after birth, and maximum concentrations were seen in the 2nd day and then decreased in the 7th and 14th days. Average?±?SD total colostral IgG concentrations at calving date and at 1 and 2 days after calving were 93.85?±?33.89, 37.11?±?23.51, and 17.23?±?9.4 mg/mL, respectively. The profile of total Ig and IgG concentrations in colostrum had a similar pattern, with the maximum concentrations obtained in calving date and rapidly decreased thereafter. Low IgG concentrations were seen in the 7th and 14th day after calving. The calves that were fed with high quality colostrum had higher serum protein at 1 day of age, 7.49?±?1.01 g/dL, than calves fed with low quality colostrum, 6.40?±?0.86 g/dL (P?<?0.01). The increase in serum protein after first colostrum feeding of high and low quality colostrum was 1.55?±?1.07 and 0.81?±?0.69 g/dL, respectively (P?=?0.02).     

A longitudinal study of bovine coronavirus enteric and respiratory infections in dairy calves in two herds in Ohio

This prospective longitudinal study examined the epidemiology and disease syndrome associated with bovine coronavirus (BCV) infections in a cohort of 8 conventional calves from 0 to 120 days of age, in two dairy herds in Ohio. The periods of respiratory shedding of BCV were determined by direct immunofluorescent (DIF) staining of nasal epithelial cells and ELISA of nasal swab supernatant fluids. The periods of fecal shedding of BCV were determined by ELISA and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). The isotype-specific antibody titers to BCV in serum (at selected intervals between 0 and 120 days of age) and the post-suckling (24 to 48 h after birth) total immunoglobulin levels were examined by ELISA and zinc sulfate turbidity tests, respectively. Of the 8 calves studied, 4 had evidence of BCV respiratory (by DIF or ELISA) or enteric infections (by IEM or ELISA) in association with diarrhea or rhinitis, even though 7 of 8 calves showed increases in one or more serum antibody isotypes to BCV and 6 of 8 calves showed BCV respiratory or enteric antigen shedding by ELISA. Serological antibody titer increases occurred in 3 calves before 30 days of age and in 4 calves after 30 days of age; two of the latter calves had a second rise in serum antibody titers to BCV after the initial rise. A serological antibody titer increase was not observed in one calf. This suggests that BCV infections may be very common in a closed herd and may occur in older calves, although many may be subclinical and some may be recurrent. There were no statistically significant correlations between total serum immunoglobulin levels or BCV antibody isotype titers in serum (24-48 h after birth) and clinical disease or infection by BCV; however, calves with low levels of IgA BCV antibodies in serum (24-48 h after birth) had a significantly greater average number of days with diarrhea than those calves having high levels of IgA BCV-specific antibodies in serum.     

Influence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. coli</Emphasis> lipopolysaccharide induced fever on the plasma kinetics of cefepime in cross-bred calves

The pharmacokinetic behavior of cefepime was studied in healthy and febrile cross-bred calves after single intravenous administration (10 mg/kg). The fever was induced with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/kg, IV). The drug concentration in plasma was detected by microbiological assay method using E. coli (MTCC 739) test organism. Pharmacokinetic analysis of disposition data indicated that intravenous administration data were best described by 2 compartment open model. At 1 min the concentration of cefepime in healthy and febrile animals were 55.3 ± 0.54 μg/ml and 50.0 ± 0.48 μg/ml, respectively and drug was detected up to 12 h. The elimination half-life of cefepime was increased from 1.26 ± 0.01 h in healthy animals to 1.62 ± 0.09 h in febrile animals. Drug distribution was altered by fever as febrile animals showed volume of distribution (0.27 ± 0.02 L/kg) higher than normal animal (0.19 ± 0.01 L/kg). Total body clearances in healthy and febrile animals were 104.4 ± 2.70 and 114.2 ± 1.20 ml/kg/h, respectively. To maintain minimum therapeutic concentration of 1 μg/ml, a satisfactory dosage regimen of cefepime in healthy and febrile cross-bred calves would be 15.5 mg/kg and 8.2 mg/kg body weight, respectively, to be repeated at 8 h intervals. The T>MIC values (8 h) of cefepime suggested that this agent is clinically effective in the treatment of various infections.     

Effect of Inter‐Breed Embryo Transfer on Lamb Growing Performance and Survival

The roles of recipient and embryo genotype in determining the growth performance and survivability of offspring based on specific behavioural differences were investigated using inter‐breed embryo transfer. This study was carried out using three recipient genotypes (Awassi, Redkaraman and Tuj) and two embryo genotypes (Charollais and Romanov) to obtain the six possible combinations of ewe and lamb genotypes. Data were collected from 71 recipient ewes (10 Redkaraman with Charollais and 15 Redkaraman with Romanov embryos; 10 Tuj with Charollais and 12 Tuj with Romanov embryos, and 12 Awassi with Charollais lambs and 12 Awassi with Romanov embryos); all ewes received two frozen‐thawed embryos. Awassi ewes had a significantly longer duration of the licking/grooming event (25.5 min, p < 0.05) than Tuj ewes. Charollais lambs were significantly (p < 0.05) more likely to require birth assistance compared to Romanov lambs. Romanov lambs were significantly more (p < 0.01) active than Charollais lambs in the first 2 h after birth; ewe breed had no effect on lamb behaviour. There was no recipient breed effect on either birth or weaning weights of lambs. Charollais lambs were recorded with higher birth (5.5 ± 0.3 kg vs 3.9 ± 0.2 kg; p < 0.001) and weaning (29.4 ± 1.2 kg vs 22.4 ± 1.9 kg; p < 0.001) weights compared to Romanov lambs. At weaning Romanov lambs had significantly higher (95% vs 75%; p < 0.05) survival rates, however, this was not significantly affected by recipient breed. It was concluded that recipient breed was not an important factor in survival and weaning performance of embryo transferred lambs from a prolific breed (Romanov) while these traits recorded for lambs from meat type (Charollais) embryos were influenced by dam breed.