培养基质对丛枝菌根(AM)真菌生长发育的影响

温室条件下,以盆栽培养方法研究不同培养基质对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae生长发育的影响。结果表明：不同理化性质的基质对菌根共生体生长发育的影响不同,综合考虑菌根长度、根外菌丝量及孢子数3项指标,以沙土混合物(体积比3∶1)对G. mosseae菌剂的生长发育最为有利。宿主植物菌根长度及根中的可溶性糖浓度与根外孢子数有正相关关系,而宿主植物中磷浓度与菌根真菌的生长发育也有类似的关系。说明培养基质的养分状况、水分状况、通气状况等诸多因素都会影响菌根共生体的建立和发展。宿主植物的菌根长度、根中可溶性糖浓度以及宿主植物磷浓度对菌根真菌的生长发育有显著影响。因此,工厂化AM菌剂生产中,应以沙土混合物(体积比3∶1)为生产G. mosseae菌剂的培养基质。     

葫芦科蔬菜对丛枝菌根真菌依赖性的研究

在盆栽条件下试验研究了5种葫芦科（Cucurbitaceae)蔬菜对2种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌的语性。结果表明，AM真菌Glomus mosseae(G.m)和Gigaspora rosea(Gi,r)均能有效地促进葫芦科蔬菜的生长，显著增加叶面积和植株干物质量，提高叶片的光合速率，降低气孔阻力。供试葫芦科蔬菜对菌根的依赖程度顺序为黄瓜＞西瓜＞苦瓜＞葫芦＞南瓜。5种葫芦科蔬菜对AM的依赖性与AM真菌对根系的浸染率呈正相关关系，符合直线回归方程：y＝117．19＋0．7468x。     

AM真菌生长发育影响因素及其对植物作用的研究

由真菌与植物根系共生形成的AM菌根在自然界中分布广泛，其牛长发育受温度、土壤湿度等条件的影响；AM菌根可以促进宿主植物的生长已经在许多植物上得到证实，此外。此类菌根对提高植物的耐盐性、抗旱性及抗重金属毒性方面都有显著的作用。     

AM 真菌对花生与甘薯产量的影响

在大田条件下试验研究了丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Glomus versiforme Berch及混合菌种[Glomus mosseae Nicolson&Gedermann+Sclerocystis smuosa(Gerd.Bakshi)Almeida ＆ Schenck]对花生与甘薯生长及产量的影响结果表明,供试AM真菌能显著促进花生植株生长健壮,增加单株果数,单位面积产量比对照增加21.3%.接种Glomus versiforme处理的甘薯植株高度和茎叶质量均低于对照,未增加植株生长量和产量;混合菌种处理则提高甘薯的生长量和增加单株薯块数,其单株产量、单位面积产量分别为对照的1.6和1.4倍,表明大田应用时不同作物应采用不同AM真菌.     

基质未灭菌和灭菌条件下接种AM 真菌 对香橙砧木生长的影响

在基质灭菌条件下接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌能促进植物生长发育,但在未灭菌条件下接种AM真菌鲜有报道。因此,在温室盆栽条件下,以香橙砧木（Citrus Junossieb ex Tanaka）为材料,研究了不同处理基质（灭菌和未灭菌）及接种AM真菌对香橙砧木的根系菌根侵染率、株高、茎径、叶片数、生物量及根系性状的影响。探讨在模拟自然条件（基质未灭菌）下接种AM真菌其接种效应是否仍然有效。研究结果表明：在基质灭菌条件下,接种黄雷克囊霉（Redeckera fulvum）(R.f)处理的株高、叶片数、地上干重、生物量和根系性状显著优于未接种菌根处理,而接种凹坑无梗囊霉（Acaulospora excavata）(A.e)处理的株高、茎径、叶片数、生物量低于未接种处理,但无显著差异。而根系性状显著优于对照;在基质未灭菌条件下,除了接种R.f处理的总根长显著高于未接种处理外,其他指标均与未接种处理无显著差异。这表明在盆栽试验中基质灭菌条件下,接种R.f处理能提高香橙砧木生长,接种A.e处理能抑制其生长,但在基质未灭菌条件下,接种两种AM真菌的香橙砧木生长与对照无显著影响,没有表现出在基质灭菌条件下...     

园艺作物菌根及其在生态农业的应用

园艺作物经济价值较高，习惯于苗圃或营养钵育苗，是丛枝菌根（AM）真菌应用的先锋作物，在AM真菌应用过程中具有示范推广作用而受到普遍关注。简介了园艺作物菌根资源、生态及AM真菌促进作物对水分与养分的吸收利用、提高其抗旱性和抗病性、增加产量和改善品质的效应；阐述了农业生产中菌根在园艺作物的应用现状与前景，指出接种AM真菌将成为新世纪生态农业的重要生物技术之一，在发展无公害绿色食品生产中具有广阔的应用前景。     

AM真菌生长发育影响因素及其对植物作用的研究

由真菌与植物根系共生形成的AM菌根在自然界中分布广泛,其生长发育受温度、土壤湿度等条件的影响;AM菌根可以促进宿主植物的生长已经在许多植物上得到证实,此外,此类菌根对提高植物的耐盐性、抗旱性及抗重金属毒性方面都有显著的作用。     

AM真菌与地上草食动物的互作及其对宿主植物的影响

丛枝菌根是自然生态系统中广泛存在的一种植物根系与菌根真菌的共生体.放牧是草原生态系统的一种重要生态学功能.目前,关于AM真菌和植物的关系,以及草食动物与植物的相互作用研究已经非常深入,但有关AM真菌-植物-草食动物的多重相互作用研究尚处于发展初期.本文从揭示AM真菌-植物-草食动物三者相互作用机理的角度出发,围绕动物采食作用对AM真菌的侵染、孢子群落组成的变化及其作用机理,丛枝菌根对动物采食行为的影响,以及植物个体与群落对二者共同作用的响应等方面,对AM真菌-植物-草食动物研究领域最新的成果进行综述,并在此基础上,提出AM真菌-植物-草食动物相互作用领域未来的研究方向.     

不同外源碳对AM真菌吸收氮源合成精氨酸的影响

本文意在探究外源碳对丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM）真菌吸收氮源合成精氨酸(Arg)的影响。采用三室隔离盆栽培养系统,以高粱（Sorghum bicolor L. Moench）为宿主植物,接种AM真菌Glomus intraradices,在菌丝室施加4 mmol/L的NH4NO3,同时在根室施加不同形式的碳源,测定分析不同外源碳条件下根外菌丝体（ERM）、菌根和植物茎叶中的Arg含量和总氮含量。结果表明ERM和菌根中的Arg含量远远高于茎叶中;虽然不同形式外源碳提高了AM真菌的ERM干重和菌根侵染率,但是葡萄糖降低了ERM、菌根和茎叶中的Arg含量,蔗糖和甘油对Arg含量没有显著的影响,只有外源Arg和谷氨酰胺（Gln）使ERM中的Arg含量显著增加;不同外源碳对菌根和茎叶的总氮含量没有显著影响。由上述结果分析可知在根室施加外源碳对AM真菌的氮代谢和宿主植物氮素营养水平没有显著影响,Arg合成所需的碳可能大多来自宿主植物供给的碳水化合物;但是施加外源碳能够促进AM真菌的生长繁殖。     

根瘤菌和AM真菌对紫花苜蓿结瘤和产质量的影响

了解酸性土壤条件下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)接种中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium medicae,SM)和丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)的作用,有益于扩大西南地区牧草种植,促进牧业发展。选择当地典型、有代表性的酸性黄壤,设置不接种(CK)、接种SM(SM)、接种AMF(AMF)、混合接种(SM+AMF)四个处理,通过微区试验研究SM与AMF对紫花苜蓿生长、品质、根系结瘤和植株养分吸收等的影响。结果表明:在SM+AMF处理中,菌根真菌感染率和结瘤数分别较单接种提高,但根瘤单重显著减少,固氮效率和吸磷能力增加,其牧草产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁积累量均显著高于其他处理,表现出SM与AMF的协同效应。与CK相比,SM或AMF处理均促进苜蓿生长,提高牧草产量,改善品质,但SM和AMF处理之间无显著差异。在SM处理中,地上部氮含量和氮、磷、钾积累量高于CK,植株氮积累量高于AMF。在AMF处理中,其根系活力显著高于SM处理,有益于养分吸收,可解释植株磷、钾、钙、镁含量和积累量高于SM的原因。因此,SM和AM...     

转Bt基因作物对丛枝菌根真菌的影响研究进展

在过去的十年里，世界范围内转基因作物尤其是抗虫性转Bt基因作物的品种和种植面积迅速增加。同时，转Bt基因作物的环境安全性评价问题成为人们关注和研究的热点。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是生态系统中普遍存在的土壤微生物，能与绝大多数植物种类形成共生关系，在农业生态系统中起重要作用。转Bt基因作物环境释放后，其与AMF问的共生关系是否受所转入Bt基因的影响，以及影响机制需要及时研究。为此，综述了转Bt基因作物与AMF共生特征方面的研究进展，并根据Bt毒素发生的空间和时间规律提出了危害机制以及转Bt基因植物的规模化种植将降低农田系统中的AMF的生物多样性的观点。     

丛枝菌根真菌对棉花耐盐性的影响研究

盆栽灭菌试验研究丛枝(AM)真菌对棉花耐盐性的影响结果表明,自然盐渍化土壤和人工模拟盐渍条件下接种AM真菌处理的生物产量显著高于不接种处理,相同土壤下菌根真菌对棉花植株生长的促进作用随盐水平的提高而增大,表明AM真菌与植株建立的共生关系有利于棉花在盐渍土壤中生长。盐胁迫下棉花植株对P的需要量增加,接种AM真菌可提高植株含P量,促进植株生长,提高棉花的耐盐性。     

长期保护性耕作对丛枝菌根真菌多样性的影响

为了明确我国北方干旱地区长期保护性耕作以及深松对丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)多样性的影响,笔者于2014年在山西省临汾市连续22年实施保护性耕作的长期定位试验基地,针对免耕覆盖(NTS)、深松免耕覆盖(SNTS)及传统耕作(TT)3种处理方式,进行了不同耕作条件下土壤AMF物种丰度、孢子密度、Shannon多样性指数以及AMF侵染率等因素的比较研究。结果显示,长期保护性耕作(NTS和SNTS)共分离鉴定出AMF 7属9种,其中根孢囊霉属(Rhizophagus)和斗管囊霉属(Funneliformis)各2种,球囊霉属(Glomus)、近明球囊霉属(Claroideoglomus)、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)、硬囊霉属(Sclerocystis)和隔球囊霉属(Septoglomus)各1种;而传统耕作(TT)共分离鉴定出AMF 6属8种,没有检测到无梗囊霉属。NTS、SNTS和TT处理在不同土层的AMF优势种基本一致,0~40 cm土层为摩西斗管囊霉(Fu.mosseae)和变形球囊霉(G.versiforme),40~80 cm土层为摩西斗管囊霉、变形球囊霉和聚丛根孢囊霉(Rh.aggregatum),80~120 cm土层为聚丛根孢囊霉,120 cm土层以下只有NTS和SNTS处理中存在聚丛根孢囊霉,说明保护性耕作措施促进了AMF向土壤深层发展。NTS和SNTS处理在同一土层的AMF物种丰度、孢子密度和Shannon多样性指数均高于TT处理,SNTS处理高于NTS处理。同一耕作措施不同土层的AMF物种丰度、孢子密度和Shannon多样性指数均随土层加深而逐渐降低;NTS和SNTS处理在小麦各生育期的丛枝侵染率和孢子密度均高于TT处理;各处理在小麦拔节期的AMF侵染率最高,分别为14.9%、16.1%和10.6%,而在收获期的土壤孢子密度最高,分别为111.7个·(100g)~(-1)、125.0个·(100g)~(-1)和90.3个·(100g)~(-1)。研究认为,长期免耕覆盖、尤其深松免耕覆盖,提高了AMF多样性。该研究结果可为中国北方旱作农田生态系统中AMF自然潜力的充分发挥,以及保护性耕作技术的合理应用提供科学依据。     

丛枝菌根真菌领域专利情报分析

丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 与植物共生在提高植物的抗逆性、抗病性和维护植物健康方面发挥着关键作用,其在农业、林业和生态环境等方面的应用受到广泛关注。本研究基于incoPat科技创新情报平台,检索了2019年前国内外丛枝菌根真菌的专利产出,对专利申请数量、主要申请人、技术构成等方面进行了分析,以揭示国内外丛枝菌根真菌领域的研发状况、技术发展趋势和产学研合作情况。近年来,中国丛枝菌根真菌领域专利数量急剧增加,AMF产品化不断加强,AMF应用领域从农业领域向污染修复领域拓展,结合现代生物、信息技术等新兴技术的AMF检测技术和研究方法正在快速发展,新的研发充分考虑了AMF产品化和应用的结合;我国在丛枝菌根真菌领域的专利申请人多隶属高校和科研院所,企业参与度较低。AMF菌种扩繁和污染修复领域的应用已成为焦点,生物和信息新技术成果正引入AMF检测技术的开发;中国在丛枝菌根真菌领域的产学研合作研发亟需加强。     

AM 真菌对蔬菜品质的影响

大田生产条件下试验研究丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhiza，AM）真菌4个高效菌种Glomus mosseae、Glo-mus versiforme、Gigaspora rosea 和Sclerocystis sinousa对西瓜、黄瓜、芋头和菜豆品质的影响结果表明，AM真菌能显著提高这些蔬菜维生素C、氨基酸、粗蛋白等营养成分含量，接种Glomus mosseae处理可分别增加菜豆维生素C含量25％、磷63％，芋头粗蛋白19％、氨基酸总量24％，黄瓜可溶性糖20％、磷26％、粗蛋白40％，西瓜可溶性固形物25％、维生素C32％。     

Effectiveness of native West African arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in protecting vegetable crops against root-knot nematodes

Twenty strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), native to West Africa, and three commercial AMF, were evaluated for their protective effect against root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., in pots and field experiments in Benin. In pots, these strains were assessed in sterilized soil following inoculation of nematodes and in non-sterilized soil naturally infested with nematodes using tomato. The four strains showing greatest potential in suppressing nematode development were further assessed in the field with a relatively high natural infestation level of nematodes (155 per 100 cm³ soil) over a tomato–carrot double cropping. In the pot experiments, most native strains provided significant suppression of nematode multiplication and root galling, but in most cases the level of nematode control depends on either sterilized or non-sterilized soils. In the field experiments, application of AMF mostly resulted in significant suppression of nematode multiplication and root galling damage on both crops indicating that the AMF persists and remains protective against root-knot nematodes over two crop cycles. Field application of AMF increased tomato yields by 26% and carrot yields by over 300% compared with the non-AMF control treatments. This study demonstrates for the first time, the protective effect of indigenous West African AMF against root-knot nematodes on vegetables. The potential benefits of developing non-pesticide AMF-based pest management options for the intensive urban vegetable systems are evident.     

Global diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form associations with most land plants and can control carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling between above- and belowground components of ecosystems. Current estimates of AM fungal distributions are mainly inferred from the individual distributions of plant biomes, and climatic factors. However, dispersal limitation, local environmental conditions,and interactions among AM fungal taxa may also determine local diversity and global distributions. We assessed the relative importance of these potential controls by collecting 14,961 DNA sequences from 111 published studies and testing for relationships between AM fungal community composition and geography, environment, and plant biomes. Our results indicated that the global species richness of AM fungi was up to six times higher than previously estimated, largely owing to high beta diversity among sampling sites. Geographic distance, soil temperature and moisture, and plant community type were each significantly related to AM fungal community structure, but explained only a small amount of the observed variance. AM fungal species also tended to be phylogenetically clustered within sites, further suggesting that habitat filtering or dispersal limitation is a driver of AM fungal community assembly. Therefore, predicted shifts in climate and plant species distributions under global change may alter AM fungal communities.     

Dependency of Cassia siamea on vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Thirty‐day‐old seedlings of Cassia siamea were transplanted into pots containing a subsurface Oxisol uninoculated or inoculated with Glomus agaregatum at two target soil solution phosphorus (P) concentrations. While no evidence of Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) colonization was noted in the uninoculated soil, C. siamea roots were colonized to the extent of 63 and 61% at soil P concentrations of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. VAMF colonization led to significant increases in tissue P concentrations measured at harvest at both soil P concentrations. However, shoot dry matter yield was significantly increased only at the first soil P concentration. Shoot dry matter yield of mycorrhizal C. siamea at soil P concentration of 0.02 mg/L was comparable to mycorrhizal growth of C. siamea at soil P concentration of 0.2 mg/L but inferior to the nonmycorrhizal growth of the legume. Based on these response patterns, C. siamea was classified as a highly mycorrhizal dependent species.     

The impact of biological pesticides on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have a key role for plant nutrition in organic farming systems where crop protection relies on biopesticides. Although these are considered safe, their effects on non-target organisms, such as AM fungi, are not known and should be evaluated. A pot and a field experiment were employed to investigate the impact of biological pesticides (azadirachtin, spinosad, pyrethrum and terpens) on exogenous AM fungal inoculum (pots) and on indigenous AM fungi (field). The synthetic fungicide carbendazim and non-pesticide treated controls with or without mycorrhizal inoculation were also included. Plant growth and root colonization were measured 20 and 40 days post inoculation (dpi) in the pot experiment, or 40 and 90 dpi in the field study. Pesticide effects on the structure of the intraradical AM fungal community were determined via DGGE and cloning. Spinosad, pyrethrum and terpenes did not affect the colonization ability and the structure of the AM fungal community. On the contrary, pot application of azadirachtin resulted in a selective inhibition of the Glomus etunicatum strain of the inoculum. DGGE analysis showed that the field application of azadirachtin induced significant and persistent shifts in the AM fungal community. Carbendazim completely hampered mycorrhizal colonization in pots, compared to its field application which had a transitory effect on the colonization ability and the community structure of indigenous AM fungi. Our study provides first evidence for the effects of biological pesticides on the diversity of AM fungi.     

钼污染对丛枝菌根和球囊霉素的影响

丛枝菌根作为地球上最广泛的共生体,在各种逆境环境中发挥着重要作用.基于不同钼污染程度的钼矿区,分析了钼污染对丛枝菌根真菌侵染、繁殖及其分泌球囊霉素能力的影响.结果 表明,在4个不同钼污染级别的土壤中,丛枝菌根真菌与植物共生关系的形成未受到钼污染的影响,平均菌根侵染频度为50.64％.洛阳钼矿区土壤的平均孢子密度为19....