马铃薯施肥肥效及养分利用率的研究

对6年14项次的马铃薯氮磷钾肥肥效试验,研究了施用氮磷钾化肥对马铃薯的增产效果、肥料利用率和施肥对淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥(N)平均增产21.3%,每千克N增产马铃薯37.9kg;增施磷肥(P2O5)增产18.4%,每千克P2O5增产马铃薯51.8kg;增施钾肥(K2O)平均增产15.3%,每千克K2O增产马铃薯35.9kg。总的增产效果:氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。14项次试验中增施氮肥的肥料利用率(N)为24.3%～45.2%,平均32.9%;增施磷肥的肥料利用率(P2O5)为7.5%～20.9%,平均14.8%。增施钾肥的肥料利用率(K2O)为38.3%～92.6%,平均49.8%。平均生产1t马铃薯吸收N为6.15kg,吸收P2O5为1.36kg,吸收K2O为6.17kg。马铃薯淀粉含量旱地明显大于水浇地。减N处理马铃薯淀粉含量最高,其次是NPK配合处理。     

马铃薯平衡施肥及钾肥效应研究

在甘肃高海拔干旱区采用马铃薯高产栽培技术和平衡施肥技术,马铃薯产量为35 350 kg.hm-2,超过当地平均产量1.2倍,配施钾肥马铃薯可增产16.7～2 916.7 kg.hm-2,增幅0.1%～9.0%,每千克K2O可增收马铃薯0.2～19.4 kg,增产增收效益好。施钾后马铃薯薯块数增加29.3%,薯块重增加7.7%,增产以增加穴薯为主,其次是增加薯块重,同时马铃薯品质也有较大改善。试验表明,在施入适量有机肥和氮磷基础上,高产高效的K2O用量为150 kg.hm-2。     

定西市加工型马铃薯品种大西洋高产栽培技术研究

采用二次回归正交设计的方法,研究了定西市加工型马铃薯品种大西洋的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥施用量和种植密度与产量间的关系,建立了其因素与产量的最优回归模型。对试验数据进行灰色关联度分析的结果表明,方案25的灰色关联度为0.741,居参试方案之首,因此马铃薯品种大西洋在定西市的高产栽培技术措施为:纯氮X1=112.5(kg.hm-2)、纯磷(P2O5)X2=112.5(kg.hm-2)、纯钾(K2O)X3=135.0(kg.hm-2),密度X4=60000(株.hm-2)。     

马铃薯高产施肥措施研究

在浙江省马铃薯主产区以马铃薯克851为材料,通过二年连续试验研究了马铃薯施肥措施对产量及相关性状的影响。试验表明,在当地习惯施肥(N80kg.hm-2、农家肥104kg.hm-2)基础上,提高氮肥量至120kg.hm-2,同时增施磷钾肥,提高了马铃薯产量、块茎淀粉含量和商品率,提高了叶绿素含量和净同化率。同时表明,增施磷钾肥的不同处理增产提质效果不同。根据实际生产效益,推荐施肥量为:N120kg.hm-2、P2O580kg.hm-2、K2O180kg.hm-2、农家肥104kg.hm-2。     

基于均匀设计研究氮、磷、钾肥对马铃薯产量的影响

运用均匀设计法研究不同氮、磷、钾配施对马铃薯产量的影响。以马铃薯品种尤金为供试材料,在田间条件下以氮、磷、钾施用量和配比作为变量,马铃薯产量为目标函数建立方程。结果表明:氮、磷、钾需求量,钾肥>氮肥>磷肥,符合马铃薯需肥规律。通过对氮、磷、钾肥与产量的施肥模型进行频次分析得出,黑龙江省哈尔滨地区马铃薯田施肥量:纯N为157.95～162.61 kg/hm2,P2O5为30.59～34.08 kg/hm2,K2O为191.30～204.28 kg/hm2。     

农家肥、氮肥、磷肥配施对马铃薯产量的影响

试验通过对农家肥(X1)、氮肥(X2)、磷肥(P2O5,X3)3因子进行二次回归饱和D-最优设计,研究了不同肥力因子对马铃薯产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:在一般情况下,适当施用农家肥、氮肥以及磷肥都与鲜薯产量成正效应,且氮肥稳定增产作用最大;从产量、经济效益来看,主效因子的最佳农艺措施水平是:农家肥79223.19～118504.10kg.hm-2、氮肥(N)0～120.8523 kg.hm-2、磷肥(P2O5)0～114.34 kg.hm-2,而其主效因子的最优化措施中心组合值是:农家肥98863.64kg.hm-2、氮肥(N)60.426kg.hm-2、磷肥(P2O5)57.17kg.hm-2。     

蜀杂棉3号高产制种的栽培技术研究

采用四无二次正交旋转回归设计,研究了花用氮、磷、钾肥和栽培密度对棉花双隐性核不育系2095-2A杂交制种产量的综合效应.试验结果表明:①氮肥、密度、磷肥3因素对产量存在显著的影响,氮肥>密度>磷息>钾肥.②最佳高产方案为:施用N量为293.56～332.76 kg/hm2、P2O5为141.05～172.84 kg/hm2、K2O为130.05～188.99 kg/hm2、栽培密度可控制在26426～29382株/hm2.     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦施肥现状与评价

为了解宁夏引黄灌区春小麦养分资源管理中存在的问题,于2011-2013年采用农户抽样调查方法,分析评价了该灌区5个县市328个种植户的春小麦施肥和产量情况。结果表明,春小麦平均产量的年际间变幅不大,3年平均产量为4 578kg·hm-2。春小麦产量偏低的农户比例最高,3年平均达46.7%,产量适中的农户平均占23.7%,处于适中以下的农户比例在50%以上。3年春小麦的纯N、P2O5、K2O平均用量分别为357.0、182.7、33.4kg·hm-2。平均86.4%的春小麦种植户氮肥投入过量,44.6%的磷肥施用过量,83.3%的钾肥投入严重不足,肥料养分投入与产量水平分布并不同步。养分投入以化肥为主,有机肥为辅;重氮肥,轻钾肥。化肥N、P2O5、K2O用量分别占养分总投入量的96.6%、98.0%和79.0%。氮肥运筹以基肥和追肥为主,基追比大致为6∶4;磷肥以基肥和种肥为主,钾肥几乎全部通过基肥施入。春小麦每投入1kg纯N、P2O5、K2O养分,平均分别可生产14.8、30.0和154.7kg籽粒,肥料生产力总体趋势为K2OP2O5N。因此,建议宁夏引黄灌区春小麦采用有机无机肥料配施、氮肥后移(60%追肥)的原则,并注意减氮、控磷、补钾,有机肥以30t·hm-2为宜,化肥N、P2O5、K2O投入分别不超过225、180、60kg·hm-2。     

氮、磷、钾肥对作物的增产效果与适宜施用量的探讨

根据近几年来南安市甘薯、花生、马铃薯作物主产区田间肥料试验结果,认为施用氮、磷、钾肥能有效地增加马铃薯、花生植株高度和分枝数,提高了马铃薯茎叶重量和花生的总果数、饱果数和饱果率,降低了秕果数,提高单株重量。施肥对作物产量和效益的影响是：甘薯,施肥〉不施肥,钾肥〉氮肥〉磷肥;花生,施肥〉不施肥,钾肥〉氮肥、磷肥;马铃薯,施肥〉不施肥,氮肥〉钾肥〉磷肥。同时,通过建立甘薯、花生、马铃薯在各种土壤类型上的产量和施肥利润与N、P、K三要素施用量的三元二次数学模型,获得作物适宜施肥量。甘薯,空白产量大于21000kg/hm^2,施肥预期最高产量32000kg/hm^2～42000kg/hm^2的中高产土壤的适宜施肥量为154.3～173.6kg/hm^2N,44.4～75.3kg/hm^2P2O5,193.1～245.3kg/hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0.26～0.43：1.24～1.41;最佳经济施肥量为140.0～162.0kg/hm^2N,40.8～67.0kg/hm^2P2O5,199.9～227.3kg/hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0.25～0.41：1.23～1.64;花生,适宜施肥量组合为112．7-123．8kg／hm^2N,41．2～64．0kg／hm^2P2O5,186．3-197．6kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．37～0．52：1．56～1．69;最佳经济施肥量为74．5～87．7kg／hm^2N,32．0～68．5kg／hm^2P2O5,138．9-163．8kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．43～0．85：1．80～2．04;马铃薯,适宜施肥量组合范围为168．2-247．5kg／hm^2N,55．0～88．0kg／hm^2P2O5,255．0～316．7kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．22～O．48：1．28～1．53;最佳经济施肥量为168．2～233．2kg／hm^2N,61．4～81．4kg／hm^2P2O5 257．2-286．4kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．26～0．48：1．23～1．61。     

栽培因子对风沙土区小麦产量的数学模型研究

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了松嫩平原西部风沙土区小麦籽粒产量与密度、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥四因素的定量关系,建立了产量形成的密度、肥料反应模型,解析了各因素对总产量的主效应及互作效应,寻求定量生产水平下的最佳农艺措施,为松嫩平原风沙土区小麦栽培提供科学依据。试验结果表明,风沙土区小麦高产栽培措施为:密度822.75万～876.45万株/hm2,氮肥(N)129.10～144.05kg/hm2,磷肥(P2O5)116.92～127.88kg/hm2,钾肥(K2O)68.28～78.30kg/hm2,之间的交互作用为正效应,适量增加氮磷肥施用量有助于产量的提高。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.