黄兰(Michelia champaca L.)花开放和衰败过程中生理生化指标的变化

为了研究瓶插黄兰(Michelia champaca L.)花开放和衰败过程中的生理生化反应。以黄兰不同开花阶段的花瓣为材料,瓶插观察其外部形态特征变化,测其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和可溶性蛋白含量的变化。结果表明,黄兰切枝单花平均瓶插寿命为8.5天。花朵开放和凋谢过程中,花瓣中SOD活性呈现先上升后下降趋势,盛花期活性最强;POD活性在整个过程中持续上升;可溶性蛋白含量在开花前期逐渐升高,显色期后则快速下降。抗氧化酶活性的下降是黄兰花衰败的生理原因之一。     

Effects of ethylene on volatile emission and fragrance in cut roses: The relationship between fragrance and vase life

The relationship between fragrance and vase life and the role of ethylene on volatile emission in cut rose flowers was investigated. No relationship was observed between the amounts of volatile compounds emitted and vase life when fragrant and non-fragrant rose cultivars were compared. Neither ethylene production nor respiration rate of flowers was directly related with vase life. Volatile production during vase life was differential and independent among volatiles originating from different biosynthetic groups. Ethylene did not play a role in the regulation of volatile emission in rose flowers. Endogenous ethylene production was very low in most of the cultivars and did not show autocatalytic production trends. Volatile emission patterns during vase life did not parallel endogenous ethylene production. Exogenous ethylene exposure had differential effects among all cultivars, regardless of the fragrance of the flower. Fragrant cultivar ‘Osiana’ was highly sensitive to exogenous ethylene, with petals abscising within 24 h of ethylene (1 μL L^?1) exposure while other fragrant cultivars ‘Erin’ and ‘Lovely Dream’ had low ethylene sensitivity. Volatile production was unaffected by exogenous ethylene. The results of this study indicate that volatile emission in cut roses is not regulated by endogenous or exogenous ethylene and occurs independently of petal senescence and/or abscission. These results provide a better understanding of the complexity of volatile emission in rose flowers.     

Postharvest characteristics of cut dahlia flowers with a focus on ethylene and effectiveness of 6-benzylaminopurine treatments in extending vase life

With the aim of extending vase life of cut dahlia flowers, we investigated the postharvest characteristics of the flowers. Our focus was on the role of ethylene on senescence and on treatments that have extended vase life of other flowers. Continuous exposure to ethylene at 2 or 10 μL L⁻¹ significantly accelerated petal abscission in cut flowers. Flowers continuously immersed in 1 or 10 μL L⁻¹ 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) solution wilted earlier than those treated with distilled water (DW) or 0.15 g L⁻¹ citric acid. Ethylene production from the ovary and ray petal was relatively high (4.5 and 0.9 nL g⁻¹ fresh weight h⁻¹, respectively) at harvest, but decreased gradually over 5 days. No remarkable increase in ethylene production was observed during senescence. Silver thiosulfate complex (STS), an inhibitor of ethylene action, did not extend the vase life of cut flowers, although a high silver concentration was detected in flower organs. In contrast, pulse treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and dip treatment with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) extended the vase life of florets, and BA was more effective than 1-MCP when the flowers were held in both DW and CEPA. BA spray treatment extended vase life of cut ‘Kokucho,’ ‘Kamakura’ and ‘Michan’ flowers. These results suggest that dahlia flower senescence is partially regulated by ethylene, and BA is more effective in delaying the senescence of cut dahlia flowers than ethylene action inhibitors.     

喇叭水仙切花保鲜技术研究

以Golden Harvest为材料,研究预冷时间和保鲜液配比对喇叭水仙鲜切花保鲜效果的影响,在盛花期取三年生Golden Harvest的新鲜花枝,花枝必须生长一致且接近开放,把鲜切花放在5 ℃、相对湿度70%的冰箱中,分别预冷24、36、48 h,结果表明喇叭水仙鲜切花预冷36 h的花径最先达到最大值,且对花的伤害最轻;以预冷36 h的花枝为材料,对SUG与8-HQC以及AgNO3与6-BA分别进行了不同浓度配比试验,结果表明喇叭水仙的保鲜液的最佳配比为5% SUG＋200 mg/L 8-HQC＋45 mg/L AgNO3＋5 mg/L 6-BA,此保鲜液有利于延长切花瓶插寿命、促进开花度和延缓鲜重的降低速度,此条件下喇叭水仙的瓶插寿命可达14.5天,花开的最大直径可达9.21 cm,维持盛开时间达3.6天,且不易发生霉变腐烂。     

非洲菊切花保鲜中的细菌鉴定和8-HQ抑菌保鲜研究

非洲菊切花瓶插观赏过程中常出现花茎弯曲和花朵下垂现象,该现象与插花溶液中的细菌滋生有关。本研究分离纯化了非洲菊切花清水瓶插中出现的细菌,通过16S rDNA测序法鉴定出瓶插过程中滋生的细菌主要来自泛菌属、假单胞菌属、寡氧单胞菌属以及克雷伯氏菌属;并研究了8-羟基喹啉（8-HQ）抑制泛菌属细菌增长的最低长效抑菌浓度为150 mg/L;选用8-HQ和蔗糖作为切花保鲜剂主要成分时,其中150 mg/L 8-HQ + 6%蔗糖的组合能最有效延长非洲菊鲜切花开放时间,并保持瓶插溶液清亮程度。     

Reversal of glyphosate inhibition of Sandersonia aurantiaca flower senescence with aromatic amino acids

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is a broad spectrum post-emergence herbicide. This herbicide inhibits the shikimate pathway enzyme EPSP synthase (5-enol pyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase), thereby interfering with aromatic amino acid metabolism. During preliminary investigations with inhibitors of protein and amino acid biosynthesis, we noticed that vase solutions containing glyphosate altered the normal pattern of Sandersonia aurantiaca flower senescence. Further studies showed that although glyphosate (2 mM) was toxic to all green tissue on the flower stem, the senescence of mature flowers (no green tissue) was delayed. Glyphosate-treated flowers did not fade but stayed a bright orange colour and the compressive strength of the flowers was greater (the flowers were less wilted) than the control flowers that were held in water. Treatment of flowers with vase solutions of phenylalanine (2 mM) and tyrosine (2 mM) in the presence of glyphosate reversed the beneficial effect that glyphosate treatment had on flower senescence. The data indicate that a lack of aromatic amino acids may be the cause of delayed fading and wilting of glyphosate-treated sandersonia flowers.     

不同抗蒸腾剂对月季切花保鲜的影响

本文对几种抗蒸腾剂应用于月季切花保鲜的保鲜效果进行了研究,结果表明：抗蒸腾剂Vaporgard稀释至1：70浓度后喷洒在月季切花表面,可延长月季切花的保鲜期;抗蒸腾剂wiltpruf易导致白色花系的月季切花产生花朵变色,因而不适用于白色花系的月季切花保鲜;在实验设定的浓度内,抗蒸腾剂Transfilm未找寻到合适的适用于月季切花保鲜的浓度,其最适浓度有待下一步继续实验确定;外源ABA做为月季切花保鲜剂使用时,其最佳的喷施浓度为0.01g/L。     

西昌地区切花康乃馨保鲜剂配方的筛选

为了解决康乃馨采后运输和瓶插过程中花朵衰老、细胞膜破坏的问题,研究了不同配方保鲜剂对切花康乃馨品种马斯特(Master)瓶插期间的花枝鲜重、开花级数、花朵直径、CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性的影响。结果表明,C配方(3%Sug 300mg/l8-HQC 500mg/lGlg 20mg/l6-BA)的保鲜效果最好。     

调控月季开花及衰老过程机制的研究进展

月季在历史上不同国家都具有高度的象征意义和文化价值。月季被广泛用作园林观赏植物,切花,并用于香水的精油生产和化妆品行业。月季的开花和衰老的过程仍是园艺学未解决的问题,调节这些过程的机制也有待阐明。本研究从月季开花和衰老过程中的生理机制和遗传学机制方面展开了综述,探讨了影响月季开花和衰老过程的生理学和遗传学因素,重点分析了月季花衰老过程中激素、水分代谢、糖代谢、呼吸作用、抗氧化系统等生理过程的变化,并针对未来月季切花领域的育种方向提供一些思路。     

不同浓度的山梨酸保鲜剂对非洲菊切花保鲜效果的研究

以30mg／L蔗糖＋500mg／L硝酸钙的基本液为对照,添加不同浓度（30、50、70、100mg／L）的山梨酸．研究不同浓度的山梨酸保鲜液对非洲菊鲜切花的保鲜效果。结果表明：各处理与对照相比,均能不同程度增加鲜切花的鲜重,增大花径,延长瓶插寿命,其中以添加100mg／L山梨酸的保鲜液保鲜效果最好,鲜重可比初始值增加16．8％,内层花径变化率比对照增加8．6％,瓶插寿命可比对照延长3d。     

DMTU对香石竹切花花瓣水分胁迫的抗氧化效应

以香石竹切花马斯特品种为试材,以0、5 mmol/L、10 mmol/L三种浓度的二甲基硫脲(DMTU)作为瓶插液,对不同瓶插时期的香石竹切花花瓣细胞保护酶活性进行测定,以期从细胞膜保护酶水平上明确H2O2外源抑制剂DMTU改善香石竹切花应对水分胁迫能力的机理。实验结果显示:在瓶插前期用DMTU处理的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化平稳,过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著高于对照,瓶插后期用DMTU处理的SOD活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于对照,POD活性低于对照,说明DMTU在瓶插早期主要对POD起到了保护作用,而瓶插后期主要对SOD和CAT起到了保护作用。对不同DMTU的浓度而言,浓度为10 mmol/L清除活性氧、维持保护酶活性的作用更强,但是10 mmol/L处理的瓶插寿命短于5 mmol/L处理,5 mmol/L处理的瓶插寿命长于对照,因此DMTU的处理浓度以5 mmol/L为宜。由此可见DMTU在香石竹切花衰老时可清除活性氧,提高保护酶活性,从而缓解水分胁迫带来的膜脂过氧化,延缓花瓣衰老进程,延长其瓶插寿命。     

Salicylic acid alleviates chilling injury in anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum L.) flowers

We tested if salicylic acid (SA) can alleviate chilling injury in anthurium flowers (Anthurium andraeanum). Cut flowers of five cultivars, individually placed in water, were held at 4 °C and 12 °C. Symptoms of chilling injury (CI) were found in the flowers stored at 4 °C. These symptoms included desiccation of the spadix (the compound floral stalk) and a colour change of the spathe (the large floral bract) to pink and then to brown. The time to the CI symptoms depended on the cultivar. CI symptoms were accompanied by an increase in electrolyte leakage, by loss of fresh weight, and by an increase in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. SA at 2.0 mM in water was applied as a 15 min dip. It delayed the CI symptoms, as well as the loss of fresh weight, the increase in electrolyte leakage, and the increase CAT and SOD activity. The data suggest that CI in this system is related to an increase in the concentrations of active oxygen species.     

非洲菊切花水分平衡、鲜重变化和瓶插寿命的关系探究

为提高瓶插非洲菊切花的品质,延长瓶插寿命,研究了不同配方保鲜液处理的非洲菊切花的水分平衡、鲜重变化、鲜重变化率和瓶插寿命各指标的变化规律及其关系。结果表明,处理2(蒸馏水+30 g/L蔗糖+200 mg/L 8-HQ+150 mg/L CA+75 mg/L KH2PO4)、处理3(蒸馏水+30 g/L蔗糖+200 mg/L8-HQ+150 mg/L CA+50 mg/L NaHPO4.2H2O)的保鲜剂配方保鲜效果为好,尤以处理2配方的保鲜效果最佳,瓶插寿命是对照(蒸馏水处理)的2.4倍,达到12 d以上。处理2、3非洲菊切花的瓶插寿命与水分平衡值、鲜重变化率分别呈线性和多项式回归关系,二者的水分平衡值与瓶插寿命的相关系数分别为R=0.984 5和R=0.989 5,鲜重变化率与瓶插寿命的相关系数分别为R=0.994 3和R=0.995 5;处理2、3分别在4.351、4.247 d时的水分平衡值为0,在6.633、6.526 d时切花花枝占最初的质量百分数为100%,这些参数为非洲菊切花的瓶插保鲜提供了重要的理论依据。     

Postharvest water relations in cut rose cultivars with contrasting sensitivity to high relative air humidity during growth

A constant high relative air humidity (RH) during cultivation can strongly reduce the vase life in some cut rose cultivars. We studied three contrasting cultivars in their tolerance to high RH in order to analyse in detail the water relations during postharvest and better understand this genotypic variation. Plants were grown at moderate (60%) and high (95%) RH, and cut flowers were placed in water immediately after cutting. Flowers of cv. Pink Prophyta grown at high RH did not open throughout vase life, while flower opening of cvs. Frisco and Dream was not affected by preharvest RH. Cultivation at high RH resulted in about 80% shorter vase life in Pink Prophyta, whereas in Dream and Frisco the negative effect was considerably smaller (15 and 9% shorter vase life, respectively). The shorter vase life and reduced flower opening of cut roses grown at high RH was due to a higher rate of transpiration both in the light and dark periods. It was found that the leaves of Pink Prophyta grown at high RH could partly close their stomata upon lowering of the water potential or when flower stalks were fed with abscisic acid, but stomata remained far more open than in leaves grown at moderate RH. The RH during cultivation did not affect stem hydraulic conductivity and its recovery after air emboli induction. Preventing vascular occlusion largely alleviated the high-cultivation-RH effect on vase life and flower opening, showing that the effect of high-cultivation-RH becomes only important if water uptake is limited.     

苯扎溴铵预处理对切花菊保鲜的影响初探

为防止Ag+污染环境,开发适宜于切花菊运输前的不含Ag+的预处理剂及预处理方法十分必要。笔者用不同浓度(0~2000 ml/L)无银杀菌剂——苯扎溴铵对切花菊‘神马’的鲜切花进行了不同时间(0~24h)的预处理,然后插入盛有自来水的瓶内,放在温度为20~25℃室内,调查保鲜效果。与其他预处理相比,在100 ml/L溶液预处理3h,瓶插后鲜重一直呈缓慢上升趋势;6d后,极少数叶片发生萎蔫,叶片黄化速度也很缓慢,约90％的叶片12d后还可以保持新鲜;花蕾开放速度也缓慢,15d后仅有50％的花蕾开花,且花瓣挺阔,无枯萎迹象,而且茎干挺直,不弯颈;保鲜效果明显高于其他的预处理。由此可见,使用100 ml/L的苯扎溴铵溶液对菊花鲜切花进行3h的预处理,对其贮运有良好的保鲜效果。     

纳米铜加蔗糖处理对非洲菊切花的保鲜作用

为探究新型纳米级无机杀菌剂纳米铜(nano-copper,NC)处理对切花的保鲜效应,以非洲菊(Gerbera jamesonii)'红艳'切花为试材,观测不同浓度NC单独处理及其与蔗糖组合溶液瓶插处理对非洲菊瓶插寿命、观赏品质和水分关系的影响.结果表明,与去离子水处理(对照组)相比,1、3、5mg/LNC单独处理对非...     

羧甲基壳聚糖和纳米银对芍药切花观赏品质及生理特性的影响

以芍药切花为试材,以蒸馏水为对照(CK1),3％蔗糖+200 mg/L柠檬酸+25 mg/L水杨酸为基本瓶插液(CK2),探索在基本瓶插液中添加200 mg/L羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)和20 mg/L纳米银(NS)对芍药切花瓶插品质及采后生理的影响.结果表明:两种药剂均可改善切花水分平衡状态,提升观赏品质.与对照(CK1)相比,CMCS和NS处理芍药切花最大花径分别增加2.17 cm、3.19 cm,瓶插寿命分别延长3.01 d、4.26 d,最佳观赏期分别延长1.87 d、2.75 d.两种杀菌剂对芍药切花生理特性的调控作用相似,均提高了芍药切花花瓣的可溶性蛋白质含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等保护酶活性,降低了相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)及游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量,其中20 mg/L NS处理的保鲜效果最好.     

脱落酸在牡丹切花衰老中的作用

为探明脱落酸(ABA)在牡丹切花衰老中的作用,为其保鲜技术的开发提供理论依据,以类似跃变型切花牡丹‘如花似玉’为试材,研究ABA和钨酸钠（ABA合成抑制剂）处理对其瓶插期间的开花指数、花径增大率、瓶插寿命、最佳观赏期、花瓣ABA含量和内源乙烯释放量等指标的影响,探讨ABA在牡丹切花衰老中的作用。结果表明,外源ABA处理可以加快牡丹切花衰老进程,缩短瓶插寿命和最佳观赏期;花瓣ABA含量与内源乙烯释放量显著正相关;花瓣ABA含量高峰始终出现在内源乙烯释放量高峰之前。所以,ABA可能以诱导乙烯大量合成的方式间接加速牡丹切花的衰老。     

Treatment with chlorine dioxide extends the vase life of selected cut flowers

The accumulation of bacteria in vase water is often associated with premature senescence in many cut flower species. In the present study, we tested the efficacy of aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) to extend flower display life by preventing the build-up of bacteria in vase solutions. The addition of 2 or 10 μL L⁻¹ ClO₂ to clean deionized water extended the vase life of Alstroemeria peruviana ‘Senna’, Antirrhinum majus ‘Potomic Pink’, Dianthus caryophyllus ‘Pasha’, Gerbera jamesonii ‘Monarch’, Gypsophila paniculata ‘Crystal’ and ‘Perfecta’, Lilium asiaticum ‘Vermeer’, Matthiola incana ‘Ruby Red’ and Rosa hybrida ‘Charlotte’ flowers by 0.9–13.4 d (7–77%) relative to control (i.e. 0 μL L⁻¹ ClO₂) stems. The beneficial effects of ClO₂ treatment were associated with a reduction in the accumulation of aerobic bacteria in vase water and on cut surfaces of flower stems. ClO₂ treatment was also effective in maintaining or extending the vase life of A. majus ‘Potomic Pink’, Dendrathema × grandiflorum ‘Albatron’, G. paniculata ‘Perfecta’ and M. incana ‘Ruby Red’ flowers even when stems were placed into water containing 10¹¹ CFU L⁻¹ bacteria. The efficacy of 10 μL L⁻¹ ClO₂ in vase water containing 0.2 g L⁻¹ citric acid and 10 g L⁻¹ sucrose to extend the display life of G. jamesonii ‘Lorca’ and ‘Vilassar’ flowers was equal to or greater than other tested biocides (i.e. aluminum sulfate, dichloroisocyanuric acid, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, Physan 20™, sodium hypochlorite). Taken collectively, the results of the present study highlight the potential of aqueous ClO₂ for use as an alternative antibacterial agent in flower vase solutions.     

Effects of auxin and methyl jasmonate on cut rose petal growth through activation of acid invertase

Petal growth associated with flower opening depends on cell expansion caused by water influx. To understand the mechanism of flower opening and to develop a method for improving cut flower quality, we investigated the changes in the amount of soluble carbohydrates and invertase activities in rose (Rosa ‘Meivildo’) petals using attached and cut flowers, and the effects of α-napthylacetic acid (NAA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on cut flowers. Cut rose flowers were harvested at the tight bud stage (TB), or mature bud stage (MB), which is the commercial harvest stage, and 2 days after TB. Cut flowers were immediately treated with deionized water or 1% (w/v) glucose. Fresh weight (FW) and the levels of soluble carbohydrates in petals in cut flowers were lower under postharvest conditions than those of attached flowers during flower opening. Although invertase activities in petals of attached flowers increased drastically during TB and MB, those in the petals harvested at TB did not increase under postharvest conditions. These results suggested that sucrose metabolism, including invertase activity, could be an important factor in cut rose flower opening to a greater extent after harvest. In addition, we tried to control flower opening by affecting invertase activities in petals of cut rose flowers. Cut flowers treated with NAA opened faster and those treated with MeJA opened later than in controls. Levels of soluble carbohydrates and invertase activity in petals were also changed by these treatments. In flowers treated with NAA, activities of both vacuolar and cell wall invertases increased 1 day after treatment and then decreased through to the end of the treatment, although activities in control flowers never increased after harvested. By contrast, cell wall invertase activity in MeJA treated flowers increased 1 day later than with the NAA treatment and remained at a relatively high level until 4 days after treatment compared to the controls. Our results suggest that inducing invertase activity in postharvest conditions may important for the quality of cut roses.