细交链孢菌酮酸及其衍生物的合成与杀虫活性

为了寻找具有较高杀虫活性的特胺酸化合物,以天然活性产物细交链孢菌酮酸(TeA)作为先导化合物,利用酰基化米氏酸作为酰基化试剂,设计、合成了26个3-位不同酰基取代和5-位不同取代的含特胺酸骨架衍生物 4a~4s、5a~5g、7a 和 8a ,其中14个化合物未见文献报道,所有目标化合物的结构均经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱和高分辨质谱确证。初步杀虫活性测定结果表明,在100 μg/mL下处理72 h内,所有目标化合物对麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius)均表现出良好的杀虫活性,并具有内吸性,其中化合物 5d 和 7a 48 h致死率为100%,高于对照药剂螺虫乙酯,具有作为先导化合物进一步研究的价值。对处理后的小麦植株进行残留量测定,结果表明目标化合物 4e、5c、7a 和 8a 能被植株较好的吸收 。 该研究结果可为进一步研究具有特胺酸骨架化合物的构效关系提供参考。     

影响链格孢菌生长及产孢的因子

在实验室研究了影响稗草病原真菌链格孢生长及产孢的因子.链格孢菌可在较宽的温度范围内生长、繁殖;连续黑暗、空气充足条件下有利于产孢;该菌在4种不同的植物产品上培养可产生大量的孢子,最多的无芒稗籽上每克干物质产孢量达3.59×108个,这些培养物在首次产孢收获后均可直接培养作二次产孢利用.固体(菌块)和液体(菌悬液)接种培养物均能成功产孢.但培养量大时液体接种优于固体接种,产孢量与接种菌悬液浓度呈正相关.     

狭卵链格孢菌株AAEC05-3及其毒素对稗草的致病性

为了确定稗草生防菌狭卵链格孢Alternaria augustiovoidea菌株AAEC05-3防除稗草的潜力,研究了其孢子接种浓度和喷液量对该菌株致病力的影响及菌株的寄主专化性。结果表明,接种浓度和喷液量显著影响菌株的致病力,接种浓度达到1×106个孢子/mL时,菌株对稗草生长抑制率达到85.32%。150mL/m2的喷液量对稗草的防除效果达到91.84%。进一步增加喷液量,菌株对稗草的生长抑制率降低。水稻、大豆、向日葵和绿豆对菌株不敏感,而小麦、玉米和谷子等作物对菌株较敏感,表明菌株寄主相对专一。通过柱层析法和高效液相色谱法分离到一除草活性化合物,化合物的最大紫外吸收峰在243nm和281.5nm。试验结果表明,采用C18柱并以甲醇∶水(v/v)=60∶40为流动相能较好地分离纯化该毒素。在100mg/L浓度下,毒素可完全抑制稗草种子的萌发。盆栽试验结果表明,在100mg/L浓度下,该毒素对稗草幼苗生长抑制率达76%。表明菌株AAEC05-3可有效防除稗草,具有微生物除草剂开发潜力。     

大批量生产百日草链格孢菌孢子的技术

通过研究光照、菌丝体粉碎、培养基等因素对百日草链格孢菌孢子形成的影响，试图探寻大批量生产该菌孢子的条件和方法。结果显示，低氮培养、近紫外光照射、适当适时的菌丝体粉碎能诱导百日草链格孢菌形成大量的孢子。在上述条件下，应用液体发酵培养菌丝体，结合固体培养诱导孢子，是一种可行的方法。     

河南省玉米细交链孢菌叶枯病的初步研究

１９９４～１９９５年在河南省新乡、辉县等地玉米上分离到１株交链孢菌ＡｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａｔｅｎｕｉｓＮｅｅｓ。新乡市郊区玉米生长后期普遍受此菌侵染，主要为害叶片及苞叶，叶鞘亦可发病，玉米发病率为１４％～５３％，严重影响玉米的产量     

莲子草假隔链格菌粗毒素生物活性研究

利用种子生测法,研究了莲子草假隔链格菌（Nimbya altermantherae）粗毒素对农田12种杂草的生物活性及6种作物的安全性。结果表明,该粗毒素对12种田间常见杂草种子萌发及根长、芽长均有抑制作用,且随粗毒素溶液浓度的提高抑制作用相应增强。在浓度为50μg／ml时,粗毒素对光头稗（Echinochloa colonum）、荠菜（Capsella bursa—pastoris）、升马唐（Digitaria ciliaris）的萌发表现出一定的抑制作用,在粗毒素浓度为400μg／ml时,对荠菜,千金子（Leptochloa chinensis）的萌发具有强烈的抑制作用,萌发率为0。在粗毒素浓度为50μg／ml时,对鳢肠（Eclipta prostrata）、光头稗Echinochloa colorbuln）、升马唐（Digitaria ciliaris）、蔺草（Beckmannia syzigachne）、看麦娘（Alopecurus aequalis）等杂草的根长、芽长也表现出一定的抑制作用。粗毒素对不同作物萌发的影响也有差异,对花生（Arachis hypogaea）、大豆（Glycine max）的萌发及根长的生长无抑制作用,其中对花生的根长还有一定的促进作用。粗毒素浓度小于或等于400μg／ml时,对油菜（Brassia campestris）的萌发及根长、芽长的生长无抑制作用。粗毒素对小麦（Triticum aestivum）不安全。     

链格孢菌毒素对紫茎泽兰叶片光合作用的影响

 本文研究了一个新分离纯化的链格孢菌毒素对恶性杂草紫茎泽兰叶片的致病作用与叶片光合作用抑制的相关性。结果表明:在毒索处理叶片的形态产生明显变化之前,光合放氧速率和表观量子效率均明显降低。进一步的研究表明其作用位点在类囊体膜上,主要抑制了2个光系统的电子传递活性,但对于色素含量、暗反应关键酶则没有显著的影响。     

稗草致病菌--尖角突脐孢菌的生物学特性

从稗草病株上分离到一尖角突脐孢菌.对该菌生物学特性的研究表明,其菌丝生长的适宜温度为25～32℃,最适温度为30℃,最适pH为4～6, 对光照无要求; 碳、氮、磷和硫等元素是该菌菌丝体生长的必需元素,钾和镁对菌丝体的生长有极大的促进作用,加入少量的铁和锌对菌丝生长有利,铜元素抑制该菌的生长; 缺碳和氮素明显影响菌落的生长.该菌生长最合适的速效碳源是葡萄糖,缓效碳源是玉米粉,最适无机氮源是硝酸铵,最适有机氮源是酵母粉; 分生孢子萌发的适合温度范围为20～30℃; 分生孢子快速萌发的酸碱条件为初始pH4～7,最佳初始pH值为5; 光照不利于分生孢子快速萌发.     

柑橘链格孢褐斑病病菌对异菌脲和嘧菌环胺敏感性评价

柑橘链格孢褐斑病(Alternaria brown spot,ABS)是新近在我国局部地区新发现的病害。本研究以来自我国各褐斑病发生区的54个代表菌株为群体,应用刃天青(RZ)显色法测定病菌群体对异菌脲和嘧菌环胺的敏感性。结果表明,该病菌种群孢子萌发对2种药剂均表现敏感,尚未发现抗药性菌株,平均EC50分别为0.616 6μg/m L和0.030 4μg/m L。对于异菌脲,广西和浙江菌株较不敏感;对于嘧菌环胺,所有菌株均非常敏感,且敏感性与菌株的地理来源无关。     

禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型固体发酵产孢培养基及其工艺条件的研究

禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型（Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh. f. sp. echinochloae,HGE）是一株稗草生防潜力菌,为了获得该生防菌大量孢子用于田间试验,本文研究了其固体发酵产孢最佳培养基配方及其培养条件。通过试验筛选确定了固体发酵培养基所需碳源及其浓度、氮源及其浓度以及底物基质,适合HGE菌孢子生产的培养基最佳组合为：以珍珠岩为底物基质,在其中添加4%米粉、1%豆粕粉、0.2%Na3PO4.12H2O、0.1%MgSO4.7H2O。同时确定了适合HGE菌孢子生产的培养条件：培养基最适含水量为40%,最佳接菌量为8%菌悬液,25℃静置培养11 d,培养期间用黑光灯12 h循环光照。按优化后培养条件放大培养HGE菌,获得最高产孢量可以达到1.5×107孢子·克-1干物质。温室生测结果显示优化条件生产的HGE菌孢子对稗草防效可达80%以上。     

稗草生防菌新月弯孢菌Culvularia lunata菌株J15(2)的安全性和致病力

为了确定生防菌新月弯孢菌Culvularia lunata菌株J15(2)的安全性及防除稗草的潜力,研究了该菌株的寄主范围,接种孢子时稗草叶龄、接种后保湿时间、接种浓度对该菌株致病力的影响,土壤带菌对稗草出苗的影响,以及与化学除草剂的相互作用.结果显示,菌株J15(2)只能在稗草上侵染并扩展;接种孢子后保湿24 h,对2叶期稗草抑制率可达55.6%,对1.5叶期稗草抑制率可达100%;保&48h,对2叶期稗草防效提高至91.6%;接种孢子量需达1012孢子/hm2才能较好地抑制稗草生长;土壤带菌亦可抑制稗草生长.该菌与化学除草剂精噁唑禾草灵或二氯喹啉酸混用能显著提高除稗效果,菌株J15(2) 3.3 × 1012孢子//hm2分别与精噁唑禾草灵有效剂量3.83g/hm2二氯喹啉酸有效剂量250.00g/hm2混用,对稗草防效分别为99.5%和88.6%,远高于这两个除草剂单用时的药效.该试验结果表明,菌株J15(2)具有作为微生物除草剂的开发潜力.     

银胶菊叶对苘麻和稗的化感作用

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊叶片水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化机制的影响.结果表明,在62.5 g·L-1水浸提液处理下,苘麻和稗发芽率比对照分别降低86.7%和66.6%,对苘麻和稗幼苗根长的抑制率分别为96.4%和87.5%,大于对芽长、鲜重的抑制率,乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发的作用较强,剩余水相抑制苘麻幼苗生长的作用最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗幼苗生长的作用最强;在2 g·L-1浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、90.2%、78.2%和78.8%、86.8%、69.1%;乙酸乙酯相降低了受体的根系活力,提高了其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量.     

银胶菊的花对稗草的化感作用及其化感物质分离与鉴定

为明确银胶菊的花组织对稗草的化感作用及其活性物质成分,采用培养皿法和室内盆栽法,研究了其水浸提液的乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和剩余水相对稗草生长的影响。结果表明,乙酸乙酯相的化感抑制活性最高,其中,温室盆栽试验中对稗草萌发、株高、鲜重的抑制率分别为11.1%、10.2%和14.6%。采用GC-MS技术,从乙酸乙酯相较高活性组分中分离鉴定了15种主要化合物,分别为烃类及其衍生物、萘类、醇类、苯类、酸类、酮类和酯类。     

生防菌Alternaria amaranthi-3对反枝苋的防治效果

反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus是一种世界性恶性杂草。为了确定微生物除草剂候选菌Alternaria amaranthi-3防除反枝苋的潜力,通过盆栽试验研究了接种浓度、露期和水乳剂型对A.ama-ranthi-3菌株致病力的影响。结果显示,接种浓度显著影响菌株的致病力,在48h露期条件下,接种孢子浓度为105个/mL时,菌株水剂对反枝苋幼苗生长抑制率为35.55%;浓度为107个/mL时,生长抑制率达到75.25%。露期对该菌株的致病力也有较大影响,在不保湿条件下,菌株水剂对反枝苋的生长抑制率为26.43%,而保湿48h处理的生长抑制率达到77.96%。Span80∶Tween80=1∶3的复配乳化剂和大豆油制备的水乳剂可显著降低露期对菌株防效的影响和提高菌株的致病力,无露期时,菌株水乳剂对反枝苋的生长抑制率达到88.35%,显著高于水剂;48h露期条件下,菌株水乳剂处理的生长抑制率为90.59%,而菌株水剂处理为77.96%。表明通过剂型的改进菌株Alternaria amaranthi-3能有效防除反枝苋。     

Biotransformation of clomazone in rice (Oryza sativa) and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides)

Rice (Oryza sativa), a relatively tolerant species, and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides; EWG), a relatively susceptible species, were exposed to ¹⁴C-labeled clomazone to determine accumulation, biotransformation, and mass balance. On a total mass basis, rice absorbed more clomazone than EWG (p < 0.05), but on a nmol/g basis, there was no significant difference between the two species (p > 0.05). Rice contained more extractable ¹⁴C residues (7.7 ± 0.5 vs. 4.8 ± 0.5 nmol in rice vs. EWG, respectively; p < 0.5), but the concentration in EWG was significantly higher (4.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 nmol/g in EWG vs. rice, respectively; p < 0.01). More metabolized residue was measured in EWG compared to rice (84.1% vs. 67.9%; p < 0.01). Both species produced hydroxylated forms, β-d-glucoside conjugates, and several other unidentified polar metabolites, but EWG generally produced higher metabolite concentrations. The concentration of the suspected active metabolite, 5-ketoclomazone, was significantly higher in EWG vs. rice (21 ± 2 vs. 5.7 ± 0.5 pmol/g, respectively; p < 0.01). Differences in sensitivity to clomazone between rice and EWG appear to be due to differential metabolism, but in this case the more susceptible EWG qualitatively and quantitatively metabolized more clomazone than the more tolerant rice. This is consistent with the action of a metabolically activated herbicide. This metabolic difference could be exploited to develop herbicide safeners for use with clomazone.     

The effects of Saw palmetto on flumethrin-induced lipid peroxidation in rats

In the present study, 40 male Wistar albino rats were used and divided into 4 groups. The first group served as the control group; the second group was administered Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw; the third group was administered flumethrin at the dose of 15 mg/kg/bw; and the fourth group was administered a combination of 20 mg/kg/bw Saw palmetto extract and 15 mg/kg/bw flumethrin, for 21 days, orally. After the trial period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney and brain) samples were taken from the rats. Saw palmetto extract did not cause significant alterations in plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, serum and tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels, erythrocyte and tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities when compared to the controls (p > 0.05). Flumethrin led to increased plasma and tissue MDA levels, serum and tissue NO levels, tissue GSH-Px activities and decreased erythrocyte and tissue SOD and CAT activities, and erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The flumethrin and Saw palmetto extract combination increased erythrocyte SOD activity and decreased brain GSH-Px activity as compared to flumethrin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that Saw palmetto extract did not cause any negative effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance. While flumethrin stimulated lipid peroxidation; Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw did not exhibit enough antioxidant effect in rats.     

嘧菌酯对番茄早疫病菌的抑制作用

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法分别测定了嘧菌酯对番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani菌丝生长的抑制作用及其对分生孢子萌发的影响,同时测定了其对菌丝呼吸速率的影响。结果表明,嘧菌酯抑制番茄早疫病菌分生孢子萌发的作用强于对菌丝生长的抑制作用。抑制菌丝生长的剂量-反应曲线与抑制菌丝呼吸的剂量-反应曲线趋势相似,但菌丝在经嘧菌酯处理5~7 h后呼吸速率恢复到对照水平,相比之下,嘧菌酯却能一直抑制菌丝的生长。因此,采用孢子萌发法测定番茄早疫病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性比用菌丝生长速率法测定更为适宜。水杨肟酸与嘧菌酯在抑制番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发方面有协同作用,对菌丝生长的平均协同系数为7.24。随处理时间延长,药剂对菌丝耗氧的抑制作用下降,但仍抑制菌丝生长。研究表明:呼吸作用对药剂的敏感性随着处理的延长而下降的机理不是因为旁路氧化途径增强, 也不是因为基质中药剂效力的下降,而是存在其它机制。     

Spontaneous ultraweak photon emission from rice (Oryza sativa L.) and paddy weeds treated with a sulfonylurea herbicide

All living organisms spontaneously generate ultraweak photon emissions, which originate from biochemical reactions in cells. Current research uses the ultraweak photon emissions from organisms as a novel tool to investigate the physiological states of plants. In this study, we found ultraweak photon emissions from leaf segments of rice and several paddy weed species treated with a sulfonylurea herbicide. There is a definite difference in photon emissions among plant species, and rice (Oryza sativa), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Cyperus serotinus showed extremely strong enhancement of photon emissions. Photon emissions from these three species treated with sulfonylurea herbicide were suppressed when the leaf segments were treated with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) inhibitors, piperonyl butoxide and malathion. These results suggest that P450 inhibitors affect the ultraweak photon emissions from plants.     

长枝木霉对禾谷胞囊线虫卵的寄生和毒杀作用及其机制

为了明确长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫Heterodera avenae卵的防治潜力和作用机制,在室内测定了长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫卵的寄生和毒杀作用,并通过温室盆栽试验测定了长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫卵的防治效果.室内试验中1.5×107 CFU/mL的长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液处理12 d对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫卵的寄生率和卵孵化的相对抑制率分别为91.33％和88.35％.温室盆栽试验中1.5×107 CFU/mL处理对土壤中胞囊、线虫和根系中线虫的相对防治效果分别为89.84％、92.67％和88.30％;接种卵悬浮液和长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液后,小麦幼苗株高、根系长度、地上部鲜重和根系鲜重的增长率分别为66.72％、159.31％、169.09％和170.19％;叶绿素总量和根系活力显著高于对照,分别为17.52 mg/g和356.25 μg·g-1·h-1.研究表明长枝木霉可作为小麦禾谷胞囊线虫的生防制剂.     

Effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase in insects

The effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase was studied in Spodoptera frugiperda. Larvae were fed an artificial diet containing fruit extract and their midgut was used for enzyme determination. As compared to the control, consumption of the extract containing diet resulted in a 31% inhibition of the cholinesterase activity and a 34% activation of the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. In the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, the effect on reductase activity was even more pronounced (43%).