Effects on rice plant morphology and physiology of water and associated management practices of the system of rice intensification and their implications for crop performance

Field experiments were conducted in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, during the dry season (January–May) in 2008 and 2009 to investigate whether practices of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), including alternate wetting and drying (AWD) during the vegetative stage of plant growth, could improve rice plants’ morphology and physiology and what would be their impact on resulting crop performance, compared with currently recommended scientific management practices (SMP), including continuous flooding (CF) of paddies. With SRI practices, grain yield was increased by 48% in these trials at the same time, there was an average water saving of 22% compared with inundated SMP rice. Water productivity with AWD-SRI management practices was almost doubled (0.68 g l⁻¹) compared to CF-SMP (0.36 g l⁻¹). Significant improvements were observed in the morphology of SRI plants in terms of root growth, plant/culm height, tiller number per hill, tiller perimeter, leaf size and number, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf weight (SLW), and open canopy structure. These phenotypic improvements of the AWD-SRI crop were accompanied by physiological changes: greater xylem exudation rate, crop growth rate, mean leaf elongation rate (LER), and higher light interception by the canopy compared to rice plants grown under CF-SMP. SRI plants showed delayed leaf senescence and greater light utilization, and they maintained higher photosynthetic rates during reproductive and grain-filling stages. This was responsible for improvement in yield-contributing characteristics and higher grain yield than from flooded rice with SMP. We conclude that SRI practices with AWD improve rice plants’ morphology, and this benefits physiological processes that result in higher grain yield and water productivity.     

我国超级稻根系特性及根际生态研究现状与趋势

以超级稻为代表的一批超高产水稻研发成功使水稻单产获得大幅度提高。较大的根系生物量、根重密度、根长、根长密度和根直径,根系偏向纵深分布且土壤深层根系生物量增大是超级稻根系生物学主要特征;高的单株根系氧化力、总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积、根系细胞分裂素(玉米素与玉米素核苷)含量是超级稻扩库增产的重要根系生理基础。生产中的施肥管理、水分管理、种植方式和根际土壤生态环境pH、氧、微生物、氮素形态等均可显著影响水稻根系的生长发育。通过适当的技术措施调控水稻根际生态环境向有利于水稻生长生理需求方向发展,以促进水稻根系健壮生长,实现水稻增产。水稻高产群体根系构型的形成与根际土壤生态因子匹配原理与调控,高产水稻地下根系、根际生态因子与地上群体的互作机制与调控路径,水稻根系定量化等方面是今后水稻根系深入研究的主要方向。     

底墒对冬小麦植株生长及产量的影响

设计5种不同底墒处理,结合冬小麦苗期控水、抽穗复水的人工干预,通过钻取0~200cm根系样本和生育期内连续观测最大根深,对应分析地上部生物量及产量因素,以了解底墒通过调控根系在土壤中的垂直分布和土壤水分的利用对冬小麦地上植株生长发育和产量形成的影响。底墒充足时诱导根系相对较多地向土壤纵深下扎,形成了上层相对较少、深层相对较多的根系构型,其0~30cm浅层根系生物量占0~200cm整层比例较底墒较差的处理少10.95个百分点,而100~200cm深层偏多5.70个百分点,延深了根系汲取土壤水分的深度,而且底墒在冬小麦全生育期中持续发挥着水分调节作用。底墒充足时收获指数、水分利用效率(WUE)都最高,其收获指数为0.4920,WUE为1.5479g/(m2·mm),分别比底墒较差的处理偏高0.0823和0.3030g/(m2·mm)。     

双季超级稻强源活库优米栽培技术研究Ⅲ. 超级杂交稻不同密度配置条件下的源库特性与产量

以培杂泰丰和华优86为材料,研究了超级杂交稻源库及产量随移栽密度的变化规律.结果表明:两个超级杂交稻组合的产量均有随移栽密度提高而增加的趋势,有效穗数增加是增产的主要原因;提高移栽密度对超级杂交稻抽穗至成熟期的叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片衰老速度均无不良影响,但显著提高了茎鞘干物质输出率和转换率;超级杂交稻单位面积的颖花数和库容量均有随移栽密度提高而增加的趋势,提高移栽密度虽然增加了粒叶比,但同时增加了鞘粒比,因此库容有效充实度在各种密度处理之间无显著差异;超级杂交稻产量与茎鞘重、鞘粒比呈显著正相关,而与齐穗期的叶面积和粒叶比相关不显著.     

Rice yield and its relation to root growth and nutrient-use efficiency under SRI and conventional cultivation: an evaluation in Madagascar

While plant growth and productivity are known to derive from the interaction between genetic potential (G) and environmental factors (E), efforts to improve rice production have usually proceeded assuming a standard E that is created by conventional rice-growing practices. Genotypes have been assessed for their performance in continuously flooded paddy soils, with optimally dense plant populations, with reliance on inorganic fertilization to raise yields. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) developed in Madagascar and now becoming accepted in much of Asia proposes that GxE interactions can be made more productive with different management practices: optimally sparse populations, established with very young seedlings carefully transplanted, intermittent flooding of paddies, with active soil aeration and with soil organic matter enhanced as much as possible. This article evaluates the effects of alternative SRI cultural practices on grain yield with particular attention to their impact on the growth and functioning of rice plant roots and on associated nutrient-use efficiencies that could be contributing to the observed higher grain yields. On-station experiments and on-farm surveys were conducted in Madagascar to evaluate SRI practices in comparison with standard cultural methods, considering how rice plants’ expression of their genetic potential was affected by different crop management practices. Controlling for both soil and farmer effects, rice plants cultivated with SRI methods produced average yields more than double those from standard practice (6.26 vs. 2.63 t ha⁻¹). The most evident phenotypic difference was in plant root growth, assessed by root-pulling resistance (RPR), a summary measure of root system development. On average, uprooting single SRI plants required 55.2 kg of force plant⁻¹, while pulling up clumps of three conventionally grown plants required 20.7 kg hill⁻¹, or 6.9 kg plant⁻¹. SRI plants thus offered 8 times more resistance per plant to uprooting. Direct measurements confirmed that SRI methods induced both greater and deeper root growth, which could be contributing to increased nutrient uptake throughout the crop cycle, compared with the shallower rooting and shorter duration of root functioning under continuous flooding. Rice plants grown with SRI methods took up more macronutrients than did the roots of conventionally managed plants, which was reflected in the higher SRI yields. When grain yield was regressed on nutrient uptake to assess nutrient-use efficiency, SRI plants achieved higher grain yield per unit of N taken up, compared to plants grown with conventional methods. The internal efficiency (IE) of SRI plants in utilizing macronutrients was 69.2 for N, 347.2 for P, and 69.7 for K, while the IE in plants conventionally grown was 74.9, 291.1, and 70.4 for these three macronutrients, respectively. Although no significant differences in IE were observed for N and K, the uptake of P was significantly greater, indicating more efficient use of P by SRI plants for grain production. More research needs to be done on such relationships, but this study indicates that productive changes in the structure and functioning of rice plants, particularly their roots, can be induced by alternative management methods.     

春玉米品种与栽培模式对黄土旱塬土壤水分的影响

以平展型传统品种酒单4号和紧凑型高产品种先玉335为试验材料,设半膜平覆(HM)、全膜双垄沟(DFM)两种覆膜方式和4.5万、9.0万株/hm~2两种种植密度,研究黄土旱塬区不同栽培模式下不同类型春玉米对土壤水分变化及对春玉米产量的影响。结果表明,品种和不同栽培模式互作效应对春玉米产量有显著影响。春玉米生育关键期降水对各处理收获土壤水分影响明显,降水不能满足春玉米生长发育需要时,春玉米会对60 cm土层以下水分产生透支性消耗,遇到连续干旱年份,则会导致春玉米60~160 cm主要根区土壤含水量降低。在相同覆膜及品种条件下,随种植密度增加,玉米产量显著增加;相同密度及品种条件下,DFM覆膜产量优于HM覆膜;相同密度及覆膜方式下,紧凑型高产品种产量较平展型传统品种显著增加。DFM覆膜和紧凑型高产品种在9.0万株/hm~2种植密度下有较高产量。     

微生物菌剂及硅肥对盐碱地水稻生长发育及土壤环境的影响

针对黑龙江省西部地区盐碱地水稻种植过程中存在的有效分蘖少、有效穗数少、产量低、化肥对土壤二次污染等问题,于2019年在黑龙江省泰来县盐碱地水稻生产中进行添加微生物菌剂、纳米硅肥和传统施肥的对比试验,通过调查水稻产量性状、土壤理化性质及微生物含量,明确其增产效果及土壤改良效果。结果表明,添加微生物菌剂和纳米硅肥显著提高盐碱地水稻分蘖数、叶绿素值、叶面积、根长、千粒重、有效穗数、穗粒数及产量,同时改善了土壤的理化性质及微生物含量。试验结果为盐碱地水稻肥料的施用提供了一个新的思路,为盐碱地水稻高产奠定了一定的研究基础。     

A review of studies on SRI effects on beneficial organisms in rice soil rhizospheres

This communication reports on separate research efforts in India and Indonesia to evaluate the effects that modifying methods of plant, soil, water and nutrient management could have on populations of soil organisms, particularly on those that can have beneficial consequences for crop growth and yield. Comparison of these parallel studies (Table 7) draws attention to the impacts that management can have on the soil biota, given that certain organisms are known to have positive implications for plants’ nutrition, health, and productivity. Data from the three studies show SRI management associated with some significant differences in soil microbial populations; higher levels of enzyme activity in SRI plant rhizospheres, indicative of increased N and P availability; and more soil microbial C and N, which would enlarge the nutrient pool for both plants and microbes. The studies reported, although more exploratory than conclusive, show enough similarity to suggest that SRI practices, which make paddy soils more aerobic and enhance soil organic matter, are supportive of enhanced populations of beneficial soil organisms. If this relationship is confirmed by further assessments, it could help researchers and practitioners to improve paddy production in resource-conserving, cost-effective ways. This review was written to encourage more studies to assess these kinds of soil biotic relationships and dynamics.     

播种期补灌对土壤含水量和小麦籽粒产量的影响

为明确播种期0~200 cm土体贮水量及其纵向分布对小麦出苗、群体发育和籽粒产量的调节作用,于2013-2014年度小麦生长季,在土壤容重、田间持水量和肥力条件一致,而小麦播前土壤贮水量不同的A、B两个地块,在播种期设置不同的计划湿润层深度和目标土壤含水量进行补灌。结果表明,在地块A和地块B 0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为201.5和266.3 mm、0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为554.2和586.4 mm的条件下,播种期补灌,土壤水分平衡后,灌溉水在地块B下渗的深度较大,但主要集中在60 cm以上土层,其中0~10和0~20 cm土层土壤含水量提高的幅度最大;小麦出苗率主要受播种期0~10 cm土层土壤含水量的影响,而群体发育、干物质积累和产量形成则受播前土壤贮水量和播种期补灌水平的共同影响。播种期上部土层土壤含水量过低不利于幼苗发育,显著减少越冬至拔节期间的单位面积茎数。播种前0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量过低,即使播种期在一定范围内增加补灌水量,并于拔节期和开花期再补灌,仍会制约小麦生育中后期的生长,导致成穗数和干物质积累量减少,产量降低。在同一底墒条件下,小麦总耗水量和籽粒产量均随播种期补灌目标土壤相对含水量的提高呈增加趋势,但补灌水量过多,籽粒产量不再增加,水分利用效率降低。     

株行距和施肥量对木薯产量及生长的影响

采用裂区试验设计方法,研究株行距和施肥量对华南5号木薯产量和生长的影响.结果表明:在本试验株行距和施肥量条件下,施肥量对木薯产量和生长的影响比株行距大.密植(0.6～0.8 m)有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量和鲜薯淀粉含量,以0.8m株行距最佳,而疏植(1.2～1.4m)有利于提高单株薯数、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、收获指数和茎径.施肥有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、茎径、株高和单株薯数,但降低鲜薯淀粉含量和收获指数.丰产栽培技术要兼顾单位面积株数、单株鲜薯重和鲜薯淀粉含量.建议在土壤肥力差和少施肥时,用0.6 m株行距;土壤肥力中等且较高施肥时.采用0.8 m株行距;土壤肥力中上且优越水肥管理,采用1.0 m株行距.     

水稻不同插秧密度对产量及精米率的影响

以不同插秧密度对水稻产量及精米率的影响进行了研究,结果表明:水稻不同插秧密度对生育期没有影响,但对产量及精米率却有一定影响,其中以30 cm×13.2 cm的插秧密度产量最高,比对照增产4.85%,其次是30 cm×10 cm,比对照增产3.94%。随着穴距的加大,产量逐渐下降,穴距超过20 cm以上,减产幅度大。从精米率看,以30 cm×13.2 cm的插秧密度精米率最高,其精米产量也最高,比对照增产8.77%;30 cm×10 cm插秧密度的稻谷虽然比对照增产极显著,但精米率低,远远低于30 cm×13.2 cm的精米产量,且中感叶瘟病和轻微穗颈瘟及二化螟,其它处理只有轻微叶瘟的发生,却无穗颈瘟和二化螟的危害。     

Effects of straw mulch on mungbean yield in rice fields with strongly compacted soils

In rice-based lowland areas in the Mekong region, the lack of full irrigation water availability for post-rice legume crops and the poor soil physical and chemical conditions are major constraints for development of sound rice/legume double cropping system. In order to improve legume productivity, use of rice straw mulch and various crop establishment methods were examined in two series of mungbean experiments in Cambodia where soils were coarse and strongly compacted. In one set of experiments conducted at four locations in the first year the effect of straw mulch, planting method (manual vs seed drill) and tillage method (conventional vs no-till) was examined. Another set of experiments were conducted in the second year at three locations with four levels of mulch under two planting densities. On average in year 1, mulching of rice straw at 1.5 t/ha increased mungbean crop establishment from 72 to 83%, reduced weed biomass from 164 to 123 kg/ha and increased yield from 228 to 332 kg/ha. Mulch was effective in conserving soil moisture, and even at maturity the mulched area had on average 1% higher soil moisture content. The amount of mulch between 1 and 2 t/ha did not show consistent effects in year 2, partly because some mulch treatments resulted in excessive soil moisture content and were not effective. Rice straw mulch had a significant effect on mungbean yield in 6 out of the 7 experiments conducted in two years, and mean yield increase was 35%. This yield advantage was attributed to better crop establishment, improved growth and reduced weed pressure, but in some cases only one or two of these factors were effective. On the other hand, planting method, tillage method and planting density had only small effects on mungbean yield in most experiments. Only in one location out of four tested, the no-till treatment produced significantly higher yield than the conventional method. Seed drill produced similar mungbean establishment and grain yield to the manual planting suggesting that the planter can be used to save the labour cost which is increasing rapidly in the Mekong region. Maximum root depth varied little with mulch or planting density, and was shallow (<20 cm) in all three locations where this character was determined. It is concluded that while rice straw mulch increased yield of mungbean following rice, the inability of mungbean roots to penetrate the hard pan is a major constraint for development of a sound rice/mungbean cropping system in the lowlands with compacted soils.     

A model driven by crop water use and nitrogen supply for simulating changes in the regional yield of rain-fed lowland rice in Northeast Thailand

Climate change will have significant impacts on the rain-fed rice production ecosystem, and particularly on the ecosystem’s hydrology and water resources. Under rain-fed lowland conditions, substantial variations among fields in grain yield are commonly observed, but a method that can account for field-scale yield variability to produce regional-scale yield estimates is lacking, thereby limiting our ability to predict future rice production under changing climate and variable water resources. In this study, we developed a model for estimating regional yields of rain-fed lowland rice in Northeast Thailand, by combining a simple crop model with a crop calendar model. The crop model incorporates the effects of two important resources (water and nitrogen) on crop growth. The biomass accumulation is driven by water use, whereas the nitrogen supply determines canopy development and thereby constrains crop water use. Accounting for the wide range of planting dates and the strong photoperiod-sensitive characteristics of rice varieties through the calendar model is an essential component in determining regional yield estimates. The present model does not account for the effects of mid-season drought or flooding, but was nonetheless able to explain the spatial and temporal yield variations at the province level for the past 25 years. Thus, it can be used as a prototype for simulating regional yields of rain-fed lowland rice.     

Effect of rice straw management and organic fertilizer application on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice

The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of rice straw management and application of different types of organic fertilizer on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice grown under rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field at Muang Yai village, Khon Kaen province in 2005. A split-plot design was used, with the main plot under rice straw management (incorporating into the soil and burning), and sub-plots by type of organic fertilizer (green manure, cattle manure and powder organic fertilizer) and one plot under no-fertilizer application. It was found that rice straw incorporated into the soil had no significant effect on grain yield when compared with the effect of burning. Organic fertilizer of cattle manure and powder organic fertilizer significantly increased grain yield over that of green manure and no-fertilizer application. This paper is listed as a series of articles of the special issue “Water and Food” 6(1), March 2008.     

高海拔(西藏)半干旱地区玉米全膜双垄沟播栽培技术探析

采用田间试验,设全膜双垄沟播、全膜平作和裸地平作3种种植方式,测定玉米各生育时期的土壤含水量、干物质量、光和速率、产量和产量构成因子,分析不同处理的土壤耗水量、贮水量、含水量垂直变化以及水分利用效率,探讨全膜双垄沟播下玉米土壤水分的动态变化和利用效率。结果表明,覆膜可使玉米出苗提前2 d,促进玉米前期营养生长并提前灌浆5 d,覆膜处理的整个生育期缩短8 d。全膜双垄沟播处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为27 309 kg/hm~2、69.2 kg/(hm~2·mm),同时生育期耗水量最小(394.5 mm),能够提前灌浆,减少灌浆时期耗水量。收获后,全膜平作和裸地平作处理的土壤水分出现亏缺,各土层贮水量均减少,全膜双垄沟播处理的各土层土壤含水量均高于播前。全膜双垄沟播处理的玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著高于其他处理,收获时各处理的子粒和秸秆干物质累积量均表现为全膜双垄沟播全膜平作裸地平作。     

Modeling the dependence of the crop calendar for rain-fed rice on precipitation in Northeast Thailand

Rain-fed lowlands are major agricultural ecosystems used for rice production in Northeast Thailand. Developing a tool to assess the effects of variable water conditions on the regional scale yield is also important to predict the effects of climate change on food supply. To estimate regional yields, we need a simple but accurate measure of the crop calendar (i.e., the distribution of planting dates), which has a strong influence on grain yield. In this article, we modeled the dependence of the crop calendar on rainfall patterns based on a survey of the region’s farmers as a part of an effort to provide a stronger basis for regional yield estimates. Our survey, conducted in 11 provinces for 2 years, confirmed the existence of large windows for sowing and transplanting versus narrow windows for heading and harvesting for rain-fed lowland rice culture in all the provinces. Variable water, soil, and toposequential conditions in the paddy fields were responsible for the large sowing and transplanting windows, whereas the use of photoperiod-sensitive varieties explained the narrow windows for heading and harvesting. The crop calendar was well expressed as a function of cumulative precipitation from June onward. When the crop calendar model was combined with a simple phenology-based model that uses growing degree-days adjusted by a day-length factor, we could estimate the rice crop calendar under rain-fed lowland conditions with acceptable accuracy. The model described in this article will be combined with a crop growth model to improve regional yield estimates for rain-fed lowland rice.     

不同施氮量和栽插密度下三角形强化栽培杂交稻抗倒伏性与群体质量的关系

 以杂交水稻组合Ⅱ优498为材料,在三角形强化栽培(TSRI)条件下,研究了施氮量和栽插密度对水稻群体质量及抗倒伏能力的影响,并探讨了主要群体质量指标与茎秆抗倒伏性及产量间的关系。结果表明,TSRI下,施氮量及栽插密度对水稻产量、群体质量以及茎秆基部各节间抗倒伏能力均存在显著的调控作用。施氮量为150 kg/hm2与栽插规格40 cm×40 cm配合可提高结实期叶面积指数(LAI)、群体透光率,协调茎秆基部各节间弯曲力矩与抗折弯矩,缓和高产栽培的穗粒矛盾,显著提高籽粒产量;而施氮量增加至225 kg/hm2,应适当降低栽插密度,来缓解群体质量指标的恶化,降低倒伏指数,栽插规格50 cm×50 cm为宜。相关性分析表明,不同施氮量和栽插密度下水稻群体质量指标与茎秆基部各节间抗倒伏能力显著或极显著相关;结合产量表现,尤以齐穗期、齐穗后30 d中部的群体透光率以及齐穗后30 d的根系伤流量对水稻产量及抗倒伏性影响显著。     

施氮量对东北粳稻根系形态生理特征的影响

 以东北粳稻牡丹江27和牡丹江31为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥水平对东北粳稻根系形态和生理特性的影响。结果表明,在同一生育时期,随着氮肥用量的增加,水稻根数、根长、根粗、根体积和根干质量等指标也有所提高,根系的总吸收面积均也有所增加。三种氮肥水平下地上部干质量均随生育进程急剧增加,两品种的根干质量在孕穗期和抽穗期达最大值,抽穗期后根冠比降低,而地上部干物质量增大,单株根系伤流强度都随着抽穗后时间的推移先升高后降低,两品种根系α 萘胺氧化力分别在抽穗期和乳熟期达最大值,且根系氧化力在各时期的变幅随施氮量的提高逐渐变小。水稻在孕穗期的根数、根长、根粗、根干质量和根冠比与产量之间的相关性达到显著水平,各生育期根系的总吸收面积和比表面积均与产量呈正相关,且在乳熟期时相关系数最大。     

不同渗漏条件下尿素用量对水稻生长和氮肥利用率的影响（英文）

 利用¹⁵N示踪技术在温室中研究了无渗漏(长期淹水)和渗漏条件下氮肥施用量对水稻生长和氮肥利用率的影响。氮肥对水稻地上部和根的生长起重要作用。水稻不同生育阶段各器官干物质积累随施肥量增加而提高。土壤的渗漏状况也强烈影响水稻各部分生长及氮肥利用率。长期淹水条件下，水稻的根系生长受到抑制，地上部积累量下降，氮肥利用率为18.66%～35.67%；在渗漏条件下，水稻的生长状况相对较好，氮肥利用率达42.0%～65.8%。水稻对氮肥的利用率随氮肥用量的增加而减少，作为基肥施用¹⁵N回收率比追施低。长期淹水条件下氮肥的激发效应为18%，高于渗漏条件下的5.1%。0～80 cm土壤剖面中残留的肥料氮低于总施用量的10%。     

不同栽培方式对南粳9108生育特性和产量的影响

以人工栽插、人工抛秧和机械插秧三种不同栽培方式观察南粳9108的生育特性和产量表现。不同栽培方式下南粳9108的全生育期天数依次为人工栽插人工抛秧机械插秧,主要是由于营养生长阶段明显缩短。产量表现上,人工栽插比机械插秧高10.53%,人工抛秧比机械插秧高8.79%,产量结构上主要是人工栽插和人工抛秧的穗粒数较高。相比较而言,机械插秧比人工栽插和人工抛秧的分蘖群体增加晚、高峰苗出现时间迟、单位面积穗数高、穗粒数少。从南粳9108生育期表现上,三种种植方式都可以在睢宁地区应用,其中人工栽插和人工抛秧方式较为适宜,机械插秧方式下成熟期较晚,不利于后茬小麦适期播种。