Zur Zucht und Sterilisation von Schadinsekten,insbesondere der MittelmeerfruchtfliegeCeratitis capitata Wied.

Zusammenfassung Die Zucht der MittelmeerfruchtfliegeCeratitis capitata Wied. auf künstlichem Nährmedium ist erfolgreich verlaufen. Durch Verbesserungen in der Ernährung und in der Haltung der Tiere kann im Jahr mit 12 Generationen gerechnet werden. Die erarbeiteten Zuchtmethoden sind soweit gediehen, daß außer der Stammzucht und der für Versuche benötigten Tiere für eine praktische Anwendung im Freiland wöchentlich etwa 450–500000 Puppen bzw. Imagines zur Verfügung stehen.Die chemische Sterilisierung der MittelmeerfruchtfliegeCeratitis capitata ist ebenfalls gelöst. Das chemische Sterilisierungsmittel METAPA wurde in abgestufter Dosierung dem flüssigen Nahrungsbrei für Imagines beigegeben, wobei sich zeigte, daß sich bei niedrigen Wirkstoffkonzentrationen die Eiproduktion der Weibchen steigerte, um erst nach einem Schwellenwert ab 1,0% zurückzugehen. Durch Verfütterung des METEPA an Images beiderlei Geschlechts konnte ab einer Dosis von 1,5% eine 100%ige Sterilisierung erreicht werden.Auch durch Strahlenbehandlung männlicher Parentalpuppen kann Sterilität erzielt werden, die für die Anwendung der Autozid-Methode ausreichend erscheint. Bei 9,8 kR beträgt die Restfertilität im Durchschnitt noch 1%. Ferner wurden verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Insektenmarkierung mit Radionucliden geprüft. Unter den gegebenen Verhältnissen erscheint die Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse mit Mangan am erfolgversprechendsten zu sein.

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Summary The mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata Wied., was successfully reared on an artificial culture-medium. By improvement of nutrition and breeding up to twelve generations per year are now obtainable. The rearing methods have succeeded to such an extent that — besides the stock colony and the animals needed for other experiments — 450000 to 500000 pupae are available weekly for field application.Chemosterilization of the mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata, was achieved too. The chemosterilant METEPA was added to the liquid feeding medium of the flies at different concentrations. Egg production by the females increased at low concentrations of the sterilant, but it decreased at concentrations higher than 1,0%. 100% sterility were induced in imagines of both sexes at concentrations above 1,5%.Irradiation of male parental pupae results in sufficient sterility for the autocide-method. At 9,8 kR the remaining fertility amounts to about 1%. Additional experiments investigated methods for the labeling of insects with radionuclides. tA the present time the neutron activation analysis with manganese seems to be promising.

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Résumé L'élevage de la mouche méditerranéenne des fruitsCeratitis capitata Wied. s'est passé avec succès sur une matière alimentaire artificielle. On peut recevoir 12 générations par de perfectionnement de la nourriture et des soins des animeaux dans une année. Les méthodes d'élevage sont développées si bien, que environ 450 000–500 000 de pupes ou de mouches par semaine sont à la disposition pour un emploi pratique en campagne, excepté des animaux, qu'on a besoin des expé riences et d'élevage.Le problème de la sterilisation chimique de la mouche méditerranéenne des fruitsCeratitis capitata est resous de même. Le moyen de stérilisation chimique METEPA etait ajouté à la substance alimentaire liquide pour les mouches en doses graduées. Les concentrations d'actives substances basses augmentaient la production des oeux des femelles et elle ne se réduit qu'après une valeur limite de 1,0%. En ajoutant de METEPA à la nourriture des mouches des deux sexes, on pouvait recevoir une sterilisation de 100% à partir d'une dose de 1,5%.Aussi par la irridation des pupes parentals mâles, on pouvait obtenir la stérilité qui suffit pour l'emploi de la méthode-autozide. Avec 9,8 kR la fertilité qui reste, fait encore une pour-cent en moyenne. De plus on mit à l'épreuve des possibilités différents des marquages des insects avec des radionuclides. En l'occurence, l'analyse d'activation des neutrones avec du manganèse paraît promettre le plus grand succès.

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Die Untersuchungen und Versuche zum Zuchtverfahren und zur Sterilisation, mit Chemikalien wurden von F. Scherney (Abt. Zoologie), die zur Radiosterilisation und Markierung von A. Haisch (Abt. Strahlennutzung) durchgeführt.     

Biologie des Prozessiosspinners (Thaumetopoea Wilkinsoni Tams) in Jordanien

Zusammenfassung Th. wilkinsoni Tams wurde nur in den Gebieten von Jerusalem und Ramallah gefunden. Wenn er auch als Sch?dling an allen Kiefernarten auftritt, wurde dochP. halepensis Mill. am st?rksten befallen. Es tritt j?hrlich nur eine Generation auf. Die Imagines schlüpfen von Mitte August bis Mitte November. Die Eiablage findet von Anfang September bis Mitte Dezember statt. Es gibt 5 Raupenstadien. Die Raupen erscheinen Mitte Oktober und werden bis Mitte April gefunden. In allen Stadien findet Verpuppung im Gespinst statt. Die Verpuppung beginnt um Mitte M?rz und dauert bis Mitte November.Pinus brutia Ten., die weniger stark von dem Insekt befallen wird, wird für die Aufforstung im Befallsgebiet vorgeschlagen. Der Autor h?lt mechanische Bek?mpfung bei einem beschr? nkten Grad des Befalls durch Zerst?rung der Gespinste durch organisiertes Vorgehen für m?glich.

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Summary Thoumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams was found to be restricted only to Jerusalem and Ramallah areas in Jordan. Although it was found to attack all species of pine, butPinus halepensis Mill. was the most important pine affected there were only one generation of the insect per year. The adult was seen emerged from the middle of August to the middle of November. Oviposition was found to take place from the beginning of September to the middle of December. There were 5 larval insects. The hatchlings appeared on the middle of October, the larvae were found until the middle of April, Ecdysis took place within the nest in all instars. Pupation commenced about the middle of March and pupae were found until the middle of November.Pinus brutia. Ten. being less affected by the insect, is highly recommended for re-afforestation in infested areas. The anthor considers mechanical control possible, at this limited stage of infestation, by destroying the insect nests through an organized campaign.

     

Reproductive biology of Cornus capitata Wall. ex Roxb.: a native species in East Asia

The reproductive biology of Cornus capitata was studied in detail from June 2014 to October 2015 in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, western Himalaya, India and elucidated floral morphology, confirming autogamy, geitonogamy, and xenogamy. A new inflorescence ball formed each year with developing fruits that were initiated the previous year; thus reproduction is a continuous cycle. The total pollen production within a tree ranged between 4.0 × 10~7 and 9.3 × 10~7. Anthesis peaked between 08:00 and 10:00. There was significant effect of micro-environmental condition on anthesis(F = 243.8, p = 3.01). A significant positive relationship between the number of lateral shoots and total inflorescence showed that the inflorescence production in C. capitate depends largely on the number of lateral shoots. Time and concentration of various solutions significantly affected pollen germination(time: F = 5.39, p = 0.002; concentration: F = 1.40,p = 0.234). Anthophora bees and thrips were observed as the main pollinators. There was a significant difference in seed set between natural and obligate self-pollination(t = 11.84, p = 1.99). Significant effect was also observed on fruit size(t = 8.88, p = 2.09) between open and shaded conditions. SEM micrographs of pollen grains showed that the shape of dehydrated pollen grains differed greatly due to variations in the rate of dehydration among pollen grains within the anther. Seed germination was observed only in quality seed derived from open pollination, supporting xenogamy in C. capitata. Findings of the present study will be of immense value in formulating effective conservation measures for the species in wild habitats.     

Jahreszeitliche Entwicklung und Flugperioden vonAdoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) (Lep., Tortricidae) im Gebiet von Naoussa,Nordgriechenland

Data from a 3-yr study (1985–1987) suggest that seasonal emergence ofAdoxophyes orana as determined by sex pheromone traps and collected samples, is about the same during these years. Moth catches were noticed from early May to early June, late June to early August and early September to mid October. Some moths were also noticed in mid November in 1985 and 1987. Oviposition and hatching of larvae closely followed adult emergence. Overlapping was observed only between the late instar larvae of some generations and the earlier instar larvae of the following one.     

An agent-based simulation of extirpation of Ceratitis capitata applied to invasions in California

We present an agent-based simulation (ABS) of Ceratitis capitata (“Medfly”) developed for estimating the time to extirpation of this pest in areas where quarantines and eradication treatments were immediately imposed. We use the ABS, implemented in the program MED-FOES, to study seven different outbreaks that occurred in Southern California from 2008 to 2010. Results are compared with the length of intervention and quarantine imposed by the State, based on a linear developmental model (thermal unit accumulation, or “degree-day”). MED-FOES is a useful tool for invasive species managers as it incorporates more information from the known biology of the Medfly, and includes the important feature of being demographically explicit, providing significant improvements over simple degree-day calculations. While there was general agreement between the length of quarantine by degree-day and the time to extirpation indicated by MED-FOES, the ABS suggests that the margin of safety varies among cases and that in two cases the quarantine may have been excessively long. We also examined changes in the number of individuals over time in MED-FOES and conducted a sensitivity analysis for one of the outbreaks to explore the role of various input parameters on simulation outcomes. While our implementation of the ABS in this work is motivated by C. capitata and takes extirpation as a postulate, the simulation is very flexible and can be used to study a variety of questions on the invasion biology of pest insects and methods proposed to manage or eradicate such species.     

Beobachtungen an der Mittelmeerfruchtfliege (Ceratitis capitata WIED.) im Laboratorium

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

布迪椰子种子成熟胚诱导愈伤组织的研究

在含有0.5 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L 6BA+60.0 g/L蔗糖+6.0 g/L琼脂的MS培养基上分别添加6种不同浓度的2,4 D,对3种不同树龄布迪椰子种子的成熟胚进行愈伤组织诱导。结果表明：以6~7 a生布迪椰子种子成熟胚的诱导愈伤组织效果最好,添加2,4 D则以浓度为0.5 mg/L的效果最好。     

Conspecific transmission of insecticidal adhesive powder through mating in the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (medfly) is a polyphagous pest of global economic importance. This study tested the suitability of two different adhesive powders, Entostat^TM and an adhesive metal powder, as insecticide carriers for use in a lure and kill pest control system, that would allow the auto-dissemination of insecticide from males to female conspecifics through sexual interactions. Lethal time to 50 % (LT₅₀) irreversible knockdown was calculated for male and female medfly artificially contaminated by five different doses of spinosad insecticide, formulated with each adhesive carrier powder. The formulations with adhesive metal powder resulted in a rapid knockdown of medfly which was too fast for use in an auto-dissemination system. Entostat powder with 2 % spinosad gave the best performance, allowing sufficient time for transfer between conspecifics before knockdown and, therefore, allowing the most auto-dissemination (LT₅₀ 4 h). Knockdown through transfer of powder from males to females during mating was confirmed, with knockdown at 70–78 % for mated females, with a LT₅₀ of <40 h. These results indicate that Entostat powder is a suitable carrier powder for the development of an insecticidal auto-dissemination control system.     

Pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic fungi on pupae and adults of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The pathogenicity of local isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Isaria fumosorosea (Wize) (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wise) Brown & Smith) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) were evaluated under laboratory conditions against pupae and adults of Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) via different routes of exposure. Average mortality of pupae after immersing them into spore suspensions was in general low and ranged from 18.7 to 23.9 % depending on fungal species and dose applied. However, adults obtained from treated pupae appeared to have higher mortality rates compared to control with all fungi and doses tested. Adults’ average mortalities ranged from 41.9 to 88.0 % after exposing them to EPF either by feeding on a mixture of conidial suspension and artificial food or by bodily contact with conidia, depending on fungal species, dose and method of exposure. The proportion of cadavers, pupae or adults, that produced visible signs of mycosis ranged from 40.4 to 73.3 % with the exception of those that were exposed to M. anisopliae. In that case, none of the insects that died after exposure to conidia of M. anisopliae developed visible mycelium on their surface. Moreover, confining treated with untreated adults indicated horizontal conidial transmission in some cases. Our results indicate that EPF might be a promising biological control agent for the Mediterranean fruit fly and could be utilised with different modes of application: soil application against pupae and cover or bait sprays against adults.     

Host species, age and sex as factors affecting the susceptibility of the African Tephritid fruit fly species,Ceratitis capitata, C. cosyra and C. fasciventris to infection by Metarhizium anisopliae

The effect of host age and sex on the susceptibility of 3 tephritid fruit fly species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), C. cosyra (Walker) and C. fasciventris (Bezzi) to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin was studied in the laboratory. Three adult host ages, 0 (<1 day-old), 7-day-old and 14-day-old, were used. All 3 species were susceptible to fungal infection, although there were differences in the levels of susceptibility among the hosts. Age accounted for the largest variability in mortality followed by species, while sex had the lowest variability. Of the 3 host ages tested, the 0- and 7-day-old flies were more susceptible to fungal infection than the 14-day-old flies. Male and female C. fasciventris flies generally succumbed earlier to fungal infection than the other two species. Female flies of C. cosyra and C. fasciventris were also generally more susceptible to fungal infection than the males, although differences were apparent at 3 and 4 days after treatment but not 5 days after treatment. Age accounted for the largest variability in lethal time mortality values (LTs). Mean LT-values generally indicated that the speed of kill was faster among younger flies than the older flies. LT₉₅ ranged between 3.9–4.9 days in the 0-day-old flies, 4.3–6.1 days in the 7-day-old flies and 4.6–6.1 days in 14-day-old flies in the different species and sexes. The implication of this study for the management of fruit flies is discussed.     

Bestimmung von Schwellwerten für die Schädigung von tierischen und pflanzlichen Organismen durch Phosphorwasserstoff und Methylbromid II. Untersuchungen an Brunnenkresse (Nasturtium officinale) und Kopfsalat (Lactuca sativa capitata)

In stored-product fumigations mainly methyl bromide and phosphine are used. These toxic gases can contaminate the environment. A harmful effect on vegetable and animal organisms cannot fundamentally be excluded. The threshold concentrations of methyl bromide and phosphine in air were determined for water cress and lettuce. These species were chosen because of their high sensitivity representing other species of plants. Whereas lettuce was harmed already at about 400 mg CH₃Br/m³, on water cress plants at 1400 mg CH₃Br/m³ external harmful changes couldn't be found. The threshold concentration for lettuce treated with phosphine is between 3 and 8 mg PH₃/m³. There is no difference between the development of water cress seeds in soil, which had been treated for 3 days with 4 mg–36g CH₃Br/m³ or 20–1400 mg PH₃/m³ and not treated soil. At high PH₃-concentrations a higher growth of water cress plants occurred.     

美国林业近况

美国森林资源丰富,不仅是当今世界林产品生产和消费大国,而且还是林产品的主要出口国,其在国际林产品市场中发挥着重要作用。美国森林特别是私有林在经营上,国家采取政策扶持、技术支持等一系列优惠政策,鼓励林业主和林业企业发展私有林。目前,从中央到地方,全国已建立了一个完善的林业管理体系,保障林业的健康发展。     

Prof. Dr. Abdulgafur Acatay in memoriam

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

异花玉兰的冬态特征观测

对异花玉兰的冬芽种类、拟花蕾、分枝习性及成枝规律等因子进行了观测,并对冬芽和拟花蕾进行解剖,结果表明:1当年生枝上有休眠芽、叶芽和拟花蕾3种;2叶芽与拟花蕾外均包被着3~4层芽鳞状托叶,最外层薄革质,外面密被短柔毛,内层纸质-膜质,外面疏被长柔毛;3分枝习性基本为预生分枝呈单阶无歧生长规律。