Describing management attitudes to guide forest policy implementation

Forest policy in Denmark aims to increase the environmental values of forests. For policy implementation it is essential to know how to motivate private owners. Based on a survey among private forest owners in Denmark, four types of owners have been identified, clustered according to their forest management attitudes and practices: (1) the production-oriented owner, (2) the classic forest owner, (3) the environmental/recreational owner, and (4) the indifferent forest owner. Owners in Clusters 1 and 2 are mainly motivated by financial and wood production aspects, whereas owners in Cluster 3 are to a greater extent motivated by environmental and recreational aspects. Cluster 4 is the least motivated cluster. For effective policy intervention, the clusters should be addressed by different means. Owners in Clusters 1 and 2 should be met on their agricultural-production logic, Cluster 3 on their interest to improve environmental values, whereas owners in Cluster 4 might mainly be interested in passive nature management solutions.     

对双鸭山林区森林分类经营的认识

本文对双鸭山林区森林的分类经营提出了几点认识,并做了具体分析。     

The usefulness of a long-term perspective in assessing current forest conservation management in the Apuseni Natural Park, Romania

The forest ecosystem of the Apuseni National Park (ANP) in NW Romania is recognized for its high species and genetic diversity and is protected through various conservation measures. As ANP is the most populated natural park in Romania, the focus is on the need for communities to manage, sustain and prosper by using, exploring and sustaining the natural resources. But what activities are the most appropriate for the conservation of a highly diverse natural forest? This paper presents results from a long-term ecological study using fossil pollen, microscopic and macroscopic charcoal and AMS¹⁴C dating on a site in the ANP in order to examine how the interaction between climate change, human activities and other disturbances have shaped the present protected landscapes over the last 5700 years in this part of the reserve. Results from this study show that the landscape in this region has been continuously forested over the last 5700 years BP, but the forest composition and structure have been dynamic throughout much of the time. In particular, distinct changes in forest composition have occurred over the last 700 years of the record. Fagus sylvatica was the major taxon between 5200 and 200 years BP and its dominance is associated with the highest forest stability. The formation of the current Picea abies forests started 400 years ago and spruce became the dominant forest species during the last two centuries as a result of selective forest clearance, intensive grazing, and more recently, plantations. This led to a large reduction in forest diversity, decline of F. sylvatica and local extinction of several species including Abies alba, Ulmus, Tilia, and Acer. Our results show the high conservation values of A. alba and F. sylvatica in the ANP. Current management practices that allow the anthropogenic activities of timber production and fast tree regeneration, usually involving the plantation of P. abies in this part of the ANP are not in keeping with the NATURA 2000 objectives of ensuring the persistence of the most vulnerable species and habitats.     

城市森林经营方案编制提纲

通过对国内外城市森林建设和理论研究实践的分析,论述了城市森林经营方案编制的重要性和必要性,提出城市森林经营方案编制的指导思想、基本原则和重要内容,着重介绍了城市森林经营方案编制的几个关键技术和对策措施。       

Economic analysis in support of broad scale land management strategies

The US has a century of experience with the development of forest policies that have benefited from or been influenced by economic research activities in the forest sector. At the same time, increasing rigor in policy debates stimulated economics research. During the past four decades economic research has evolved to include increased understanding of consumer demands, producer behavior, landowner behavior and timber resource conditions. Bio-economic models have evolved that combine economic and resource models; these have been used in the US to provide the basis for forecasting future resource and market trends and to shape public perceptions. Economics research has also contributed frameworks for policy analysis using approaches like scenario planning to help decision-makers gauge uncertainty.     

Songgye,a traditional knowledge system for sustainable forest management in Choson Dynasty of Korea

Throughout the history of the world, the best-orchestrated and publicly cohesive reforestation event occurred in South Korea. One of the best-known causes for such a success was the leadership of the government at that time, in particular the president Park Chung Hee. However, from forestry point of view, it evolved from Songgye, a traditional method of forest management evolved in late Choson Dynasty of Korea in reaction to rapid privatization of national forests by the elite class and government officials. Songgye was a unique social institution to promote sustainable use of local forests by local citizens. The primary goals of Songgye were to determine the annual amount of harvest and assign certain areas for specific uses and activities. Songgye also organized various activities within the community to prevent wild fires and illegal logging and smuggling, besides setting up rules and regulations to control activities as well as infringements. Songgye, remembered today as a cultural reminiscence, played a significant role in the success of reforestation of denuded landscapes after colonization and war.     

Consequences of the Swedish forest policy

This article demonstrates that the opportunity cost (return forgone) of cutting principles imposed by the Swedish forest policy is economically significant. The Swedish Forestry Act of 1979 recommends a management strategy for sustaining high yields of valuable timber referred to here as the Balance Strategy. However, the Forestry Act allows for a range of different forest management strategies. The Act establishes both a minimum cutting volume for a ten‐year‐period and a maximum final cut area referred to here as the Minimum and Maximum Strategies, respectively. These strategies were compared to a management plan, referred to as the Economic Strategy, for minimizing the opportunity cost for the forest owner. Based on data from a recent forest management plan, a simulation model was used to predict yields and economic returns for a period of one hundred years. The results show that at a 4% interest rate the Economic Strategy produces a gain of approximately 8200 SEK ha^‐1. The Economic Strategy, however, emphasizes volume and its implementation results in a forest far different from that developed under the Balance Strategy, in which quality timber is also produced. The Economic Strategy may also have less favourable effects on biodiversity, conservation of the natural environment and the recreational value of the forest.     

Forest policy and sustainable forest management in Bangladesh: an analysis from national and international perspectives

This paper includes a review of international sustainable forestry development followed by an analysis of forest policies in Bangladesh. There have been four different government forest policies in Bangladesh since 1894. The first two forest policies (1894 and 1955) were exploitative in nature. Most of the regulatory documents were developed during the first two policy periods. The third forest policy instituted in 1979 by the sovereign Bangladesh government had contradictory elements and mutually inconsistent policy statements. It addressed for the first time forestry extension through mass motivation campaign. Current forest policy formulated in 1994 has been considered to be the most elaborate policy in the history of the country. Under this policy, participatory social forestry has been institutionalized in Bangladesh. The analysis shows that, although it is possible to attain the stated policy targets, progress is slow and is blocked on several fronts. A number of identified technical, managerial and logistical problems are hindering policy and program implementation. In addition, corruption contributes to the observed problems. The real strength of Bangladesh forestry is locally based, participatory forestry, co-management of protected areas and highly motivated people who increasingly recognize the need for a healthy forest ecosystem that will provide future economic stability. Because it is the rich homestead forests of Bangladesh that generate the majority of commercial forestry products, it is important that education continues at the grass-roots level. In addition, educated forestry and environment professionals have been identified as the future driving forces towards better, and sustainable, forest management. Results of this study make it clear that Bangladesh and other developing countries are not presently in a position to accept and adopt internationally derived forest policies due to inadequate institutional support, political instability and poor governance. Therefore, along with development of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management and forest certification, international policy scientists must consider institutional development, professional skill development, identification and adoption of indigenous technology and long-term financial support in developing countries. Without these, all international processes, policies and directives will be of little value and produce few substantive results.     

浅谈森林经营方案的编制

森林经营方案既是森林经营主体制定年度计划,组织森林经营活动,安排林业生产的依据,也是林业主管部门管理、检查和监督森林经营活动的重要依据。编制和实施森林经营方案是一项法定性工作。本文对森林经营方案的内容、编制的要求和编制要点进行阐述,进而使经营方案的意义与作用显现出来。     

试论森林工程管理

本文主要阐述森林工程管理的概念、意义、任务、原则、内容、现状及发展趋势。对完善森林工程管理理论具有参考价值。     

东辽县森林资源经营效果的分析

根据东辽县１９８３、１９９８年两次森林资源二类调查资料，对森林面积、森林蓄积量、树种结构、龄组构成以及生态、经济效益等进行了分析，提出了新的建议。     

Privileging the sub-sector: critical sub-sectors and sectoral relationships in forest policy-making

Policy analysis has usually been organized around the concept of the policy sector, which has served as the fundamental unit for analyzing policy change. The emergence of well-defined and institutionalized issue subsectors, however, has called the utility of a purely sectoral analysis of policy dynamics into question. Utilizing evidence from a case study of forest policy development in British Columbia, Canada, in the 1990s, this article suggests that understanding policy change in complex sectors such as forestry requires a more nuanced conceptualization and analysis of sector–subsectoral relationships than exists in the present literature. The article develops the notion of critical subsectors, capable of blocking or enabling overall levels and directions of sectoral policy change, as an essential tool required to understand policy dynamics.     

THE DYNAMIC SIMULATION MODEL OF MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SYSTEM

INTRODUCTIONThemanagementofforestresourceisalargescalesystemwiththecharactCristicsofdpondcs,non-linearityandmulticircuits.ltrelatestoagreatnumberoffactors,includingnotonyplantationsandnatUralresourcesec-tors,butalsosomeotherfactorsaboutmap-ageInentandutilization.Thesefactorsaremu-tUaldePCndenceandinterachononeanotherwithsomesortsofdpodricfeedbackprocc-uurs.fossystCm,whichisconstantlychange-ableastiInepasses,hasaheavilyrelationtootherSystCms.ItisimPossibletoclearIyunder-standsuchaconti…     

Sustainable management regimes for Europe's forests — a projection with EFISCEN until 2050

In Europe, forest policy discussions are moving towards a European Union-wide strategy. This will further intensify the relations between European countries in the field of forests and forest management. European-wide forest planning and decision-making require that policy makers have insight into the long-term development of European forests under alternative regimes. The European Forest Information Scenario Model (EFISCEN) was used to make projections of the development of the European forests under four scenarios: (1) business as usual; (2) EFISCEN European timber trend studies (ETTS); (3) maximum sustainable production; and (4) multifunctional management. The simulations were carried out for 30 countries individually, i.e. harmonized scenarios were run, but the special circumstances and demands that play a role in each country were taken into account. The simulations covered 139.2 million ha increasing to 143 million ha in 2050. The initial year varied per country, but was mostly in the region of 1990. The average age of European forests was 57 years in 1990 with a mean growing stock of 142 m³ ha⁻¹. The results showed that the future European total fellings may vary between a stable amount of 400 million m³ year⁻¹ in the ‘business as usual’ scenario to 647 million m³ year⁻¹ in the ‘maximum sustainable production’ scenario. The other two scenarios incorporated a 9% gradual increase in fellings over the first 30 years of the simulation period (i.e. 0.3% year⁻¹). The average growing stock will rise to approximately 250 m³ ha⁻¹ in 2050, with the exception being the ‘maximum sustainable production’ scenario, in which the growing remains at approximately 137 m³ ha⁻¹. The average net annual increment remains at approximately 5 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ throughout the simulation period, almost irrespective of the scenario. In the multifunctional scenario, special attention was paid to nature values by increasing the area of strict reserves from 4 million ha in 1990 to 12.3 million ha in 2050 (8.6% of the total forest area). The assumed increase in fellings of 0.3% year⁻¹ appeared possible in combination with this area of reserves. The simulations showed that growing stock development and increment development differed very much for each country separately per scenario. Therefore, the results show a strong need for maintaining the national diversity that constitutes European forestry within harmonized European-wide forest management strategies. In this article, we address what the consequences of each scenario are for wood production, biodiversity, and environmental functions of the forest. The results provide policy makers with a challenge on whether to intervene in the ongoing trend of build-up of growing stock and whether to choose for biodiversity, for increased use of domestically produced wood products, or a combination of these, but spatially separated.     

Comparison of treewise and standwise forest simulators by means of quantile regression

Predicting forest development under varying treatment schedules forms the basis of forest management planning. The actual growth predictions are made with a forest simulator which includes growth equations and additional models for predicting a number of varying tree, forest and site properties. Forest growth simulators typically include either tree-level or stand-level growth models, but these two approaches have not been thoroughly compared. We set out here to compare these two approaches with the SIMO simulator framework in a small data set from southern Finland based on 60 sample plots in 30 stands, the development of which was known for 20 years. The stands chosen were very dense, so that the simulators could be tested under extreme conditions. The results show that the stand-level model is more accurate in almost all cases and its computational burden is much lower. It could therefore be advisable to use tree-level models for short-term predictions, which would ensure detailed information on forest structure for planning the near-future operations. Stand-level models would be more advisable in longer term predictions, especially when accurate volume estimates are considered more important than the forest structure. The errors observed in these simulators were analysed further by quantile regression, which allows empirical estimates of confidence intervals to be obtained for the simulator.     

论林业分类经营与森林生态保护

本论述了林业分类经营的含义及必要性。阐述了林业分类经营与森林生态保护的关系及实施林业分类经营应注意的问题。     

论新时期森工林区森林资源管理

从分析林业产业特点,林业在新时期的作用,当前森工林区森林资源管理所面临的问题等方面阐述了当前森工林区森林资源管理的任务。     

以森林资源可持续经营为基础的收获调整

在ForStat2．0的支持下,从现实的生产实际出发,构造出包括现实龄级数、目标龄级数、调整期、不采伐龄级的上界、平稳产量约束、目标面积误差约束和期末总蓄积约束,它们唯一地决定该线性规划模型的结构。从满归林业局试验结果来看,采伐面积和蓄积逐分期下降,保留蓄积呈波浪式上升,最终达到可持续的林龄结构。     

本溪市最佳森林选择的研究

以本溪市的集体林为对象,运用层次分析法研究森林经营方案的选优问题,结果表明:经济兼顾生态型的森林经营方案权重最大,为0.394 9,是最适合本溪市的经营方案。层次分析法能够解决森林经营方案的选优问题。     

The impact of SFM-certification on forest product markets in Western Europe — an analysis using a forest sector simulation model

In the international discussion on labels for sustainably produced wood products based on the certification of sustainable forest management (SFM), little attention has been paid to what is probably the most crucial part of any market-based instrument: the potential impact on forest products markets. This paper analyses the potential impact of SFM-certification on forest products markets using a simulation model of the Western European forest sector. Two scenarios with assumptions regarding certification (chain-of-custody costs, timber supply reduction from certified forests) are projected for the period 1995–2015 and tested against the results of a base scenario (‘business as usual’). In general, the results show that rather modest changes are to be expected from SFM-certification in forest products markets. The market impact of a timber supply reduction from certified forest would be more distinct than the impacts of chain-of-custody costs. Industry gross profits would decrease more than production. Due to the large share of roundwood costs in total costs, the sawmill industry would be affected more by even small changes in raw-material prices than the panel and paper industry.