大型墨汁鬼伞修复重金属污染的前景分析

在对我国集约规模化养殖业的重金属污染形势、现有主要重金属修复方法进行分析、评价的基础上,重点论述了通过大型墨汁鬼伞修复环境重金属污染的应用价值与前景,由此提出墨汁鬼伞修复环境重金属污染的创新研究领域。     

薄片牡蛎的核型及18S-28S核糖体rRNA基因的染色体定位

以薄片牡蛎（Dendostrea folium）成体鳃组织为材料制备有丝分裂中期染色体标本,对其染色体核型进行了分析,并运用荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）将18S-28S核糖体RNA基因定位于中期染色体上。FISH探针是通过PCR扩增介于18S-28S rRNA基因之间的ITS和5.8S rRNA基因序列,并在PCR扩增过程中掺入了Biotin-11-dUTP进行生物素标记。结果显示,薄片牡蛎的单倍染色体数目为n=10,全部为中部着丝粒染色体。与大多数已知巨蛎属牡蛎的染色体核型相似。ITS探针在薄片牡蛎中期分裂体相上产生两簇FISH信号,分别杂交于2号染色体短臂的近端粒区域。本研究首次报道了薄片牡蛎的中期染色体核型以及18S-28S核糖体RNA基因在染色体上的定位。     

西藏牦牛mtDNA 16S rRNA基因的克隆及其遗传多样性分析

本研究首次通过克隆、测序获得了11个西藏牦牛类群共111头个体的mtDNA 16S rRNA基因全序列,并分析了西藏牦牛的遗传多样性、分类关系、起源和分化,为进一步保护和合理利用西藏牦牛遗传资源以及探讨牦牛类群的划分提供分子依据。结果表明：西藏牦牛16S rRNA基因全序列长度为1571 bp或1570 bp（LWQ4）;G＋C平均含量37.8%,具有明显的碱基偏倚性;平均核苷酸多样性（Pi）为0.00291,平均单倍型多样性（Hd）为0.8501±0.0009,111个样本共发现48种单倍型并聚为2簇,表明西藏牦牛具有较高的遗传多样性并存在2个母系起源;Kimura双参数遗传距离范围为0.00098-0.00694,11个西藏牦牛类群划分为2大类：嘉黎牦牛、巴青牦牛、丁青牦牛、工布江达牦牛、帕里牦牛、斯布牦牛、康布牦牛、桑桑牦牛、江达牦牛、桑日牦牛为一类,类乌齐牦牛单独为一类。本研究发现类乌齐牦牛具有较丰富的遗传多样性,并且发现了一个序列特异个体LWQ4,需要对其进行更深入的研究。牛种间的聚类结果显示,西藏牦牛与美洲野牛的亲缘关系最近,与普通牛、水牛的亲缘关系相对较远,本研究支持将牦牛从牛属（Bos taurus）中分离出来,作为一个独立的牦牛属（Poephagus）的观点。     

丝瓜18S rRNA基因克隆及其作为内参基因的应用

选择合适的内参基因是提高实时荧光定量PCR分析(q RT-PCR)准确性的重要条件。18S r RNA基因表达范围广、表达量恒定,常作为内参基因应用于实时荧光定量PCR中。为了获得丝瓜18S r RNA基因,并设计合适的荧光定量PCR内参引物,解决丝瓜实时荧光定量PCR检测中无内参基因的现状,通过PCR和序列测定,首次克隆到了丝瓜的18S r RNA基因序列,其长度为1 862 bp,Gen Bank登录号为KM656452。在此基础上设计1对荧光定量PCR引物,该引物特异性强,扩增效率高,在丝瓜各生长发育阶段及各种非生物胁迫条件下均能稳定表达,适合在丝瓜基因表达研究中作为内参基因。该研究结果可为开展丝瓜重要功能基因的表达模式和调控机制的研究奠定基础。     

16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析牛粪发酵细菌多样性

将养殖粪便进行资源化处理,尤其是将粪便堆肥发酵后变为生物肥料还田,具有重要的经济、社会和生态效益。之前关于细菌在堆肥过程中的研究,大部分采用实验室培养、分离、鉴定的方法,由于受培养方式的限制,仅能分析粪肥中有限的细菌类别。16S r RNA基因作为生物物种的特征核酸序列,被认为是最适于细菌系统发育和分类鉴定研究的指标。本研究使用16S r RNA基因高通量测序技术,分析了牛粪自然发酵与添加益生菌剂发酵过程中细菌种群的多样性变化。结果表明,1)新鲜牛粪、自然发酵1个月、自然发酵6个月的牛粪中细菌种群并没有明显的变化规律,说明自然发酵过程主要依赖于新鲜牛粪中携带的细菌种群;2)添加益生菌发酵后,细菌种群明显不同于不自然发酵过程中的细菌种群,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)细菌显著增加,而厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)细菌显著减少,说明益生菌剂能够显著改变堆肥过程中的细菌种群。本研究对于理解牛粪堆肥过程、提高堆肥效果,以及新型堆肥益生菌剂的开发都具有重要意义。     

基于拟杆菌特异性16S rRNA基因的塘坝型饮用水污染溯源研究

微生物溯源是通过比较污染样品与可能的污染源中粪便污染指示微生物的差异或其生物标记的有无来判断污染样品和可能污染源之间存在的联系,从而确定污染来源。鉴于传统的溯源方法操作复杂、耗时长,建立了一种基于拟杆菌群体特异性16S rRNA基因进行溯源的方法,利用该方法证明了水源周围的池塘对饮用水的污染贡献较大。与已报道的另一种新的快速溯源方法——利用大肠杆菌特异性基因phoE（膜外周磷通道蛋白编码基因）的PCR—DGGE技术进行比较研究的结果表明,利用拟杆菌特异性16S rRNA基因的PCR—DGGE溯源方法结果可靠、操作简便,较之大肠杆菌phoE基因的PCR—DGGE溯源方法,拟杆菌的溯源方法更适合塘坝型饮用水的溯源研究。     

水稻南方黑条矮缩病毒湖南鼎城株系S10片段的基因组序列分析

运用RT-PCR技术克隆了水稻南方黑条矮缩病毒（southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus,SRBSDV）湖南鼎城株系的基因组S10片段（SRBSDV-HuNDCS10）,并对其全序列进行了测定和生物信息学分析。结果显示,SRBSDV-HuNDC S10片段全长为1797bp（登录号：JQ337964）,含有1个ORF,编码557个氨基酸残基的衣壳蛋白,推测分子量约62.6kD,推测等电点为7.62,与已报道的广东、海南和云南分离物病毒的S10作比较,它们的核苷酸相似性分别为99.7%、99.0%和98.4%,氨基酸相似性分别为100.0%、99.5%和99.3%。对SRBSDV-HuNDCS10及部分Fijiviruses病毒对应片段在5＇URT与3＇URT存在的保守序列和互补序列进行了归纳,对其ORF编码的氨基酸序列进行了motif查找,得到该属（Fijiviruses）氨基酸序列的10个保守区段。此外,进行了糖基化位点、磷酸化位点及B细胞抗原表位预测,发现了3个可能的N端豆蔻酰基化位点,可能与病毒的侵染机制有关。     

小麦核糖体蛋白S15a基因(TaRPS15a)的克隆及其在多子房株系中的时空表达分析

为研究40S核糖体蛋白S15a(ribosomal protein S15a,RPS15a)在小麦多子房性状形成过程中的功能作用,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)多子房近等基因系构建的多子房性状SSH-cDNA文库中与RPS15a基因同源的EST序列为信息探针,采用RT-PCR技术从小麦多子房株系幼穗中克隆获得了RPS15a基因的cDNA与DNA序列,分析了该基因在近等基因系间的表达差异及其在多子房株系中不同时期幼穗和同一发育时期不同组织中的表达模式.结果表明,小麦RPS15a基因的cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:HM055513)长为413 bp,编码131个氨基酸;DNA序列(GenBank登录号:HM063421)长为642 bp,含有3个外显子和2个内含子.半定量RT-PCR分析显示,该基因在多子房株系2～4mm幼穗中的表达量高于单子房株系幼穗;在多子房株系不同时期幼穗中的表达量随着幼穗的发育呈现上升趋势,8～9 mm时表达量达到最高;该基因广泛存在于幼根、茎顶端、幼叶和幼穗组织中,在茎顶端表达量高于其他组织.研究推测RPS15a基因的表达上调,可能与小麦多子房性状的发生有关.     

籽粒苋（Amaranthus cruentus L.）核糖体蛋白S25基因（cDNA）的克隆及其表达分析

Ribosomes, the agents of protein synthesis, consist of roughly equal amounts of RNA (rRNA) and protein (r-protein). Knowledge of the ribosome and its function mainly comes from the extensive work on 70S bacterial ribosomes. There are 21 proteins in the small (30S) subunit and 30 in the large (50S) subunit in E. coil ri bosomes. The 80S eukaryotic ribosomes are more com plex than the bacterial ones and contain at least 30 pro teins in the small (40S) subunit and 40 in the large (60 S) subunit. These r-proteins are named S1 to S30 and L1 to L40 according to whether they arise from the small or large subunit, and to their mobility in gels. In plants, several ribosomal protein genes and/or cDNAs have been isolated, such as the small subunit proteins S 11, S13, S14, S16, and S19 and the large subunit proteins L2, L7, L17, and L27. Here we report the r-protein S25 cDNA, Arps25, from Amaranthus cruentus L.     

Analysis of 18S rRNA gene of Octostigma sinensis (Projapygoidea: Octostigmatidae) supports the monophyly of Diplura

The phylogenetic position of Diplura within Hexapoda has been controversial. There are three major lineages in Diplura: Campodeoidea, Projapygoidea, and Japygoidea. However, most of the previous studies were restricted to Campodeoidea and Japygoidea. Until now, only preliminary morphological study on Projapygoidea was reported, and no sequence data from Projapygoidea was available. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the phylogenetic position of Octostigmatidae, one of the three families of Projapygoidea, in Diplura and to test if Diplura are monophyletic. The complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of Octostigma sinensis (Projapygoidea: Octostigmatidae) from subtropical China, together with representative species of Campodeoidea and Japygoidea, and several species of Protura and Collembola were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees were obtained by different methods (neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood) with a chelicerate species as outgroup. Our results suggested that Octostigma was closer to the genus Parajapyx (Japygoidea: Parajapygidae) than to the representative genus of Campodeidae (Campodeoidea). All phylogenetic trees supported the monophyly of Diplura.     

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Analysis of Diploid Coffee Species and Cultivated Coffea arabica L. from Tanzania

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate levels of genetic similarity among Coffea arabica L. accessions from Tanzania and to estimate levels of genetic similarities in C. arabica and diploid coffee species. The six ISSR primers used generated a total of 82 fragments and the dissimilarity values ranged from 0.21 to 1. Mean dissimilarity values between provenances (0.56–0.85) were higher than within provenances (0.37–0.68). Cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distances showed C. arabica provenances grouping based on geographical origin. Two major clusters were formed that constituted of provenances from Kilimanjaro and Arusha in one sub-cluster; Tanga and Morogoro in the other; the second cluster had Mbeya provenances and diploid species, respectively. The implication is that Mbeya provenances are different from the rest of Tanzanian C. arabica. A principal coordinate analysis (PCA), whose first three coordinates explained 43% of the variation, showed similar groupings as in the cluster analysis. A separate cluster analysis of diploid species showed a distinct separation of the three species used. ISSR data gave results similar to previous findings from random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis. The results also confirm the limited diversity present in cultivated C. arabica in Tanzania     

小麦耐热相关转录因子基因TabZIP28的分离及功能分析

碱性亮氨酸拉链(basic leucine zipper,bZIP)是植物中广泛存在的一类转录因子,参与多种胁迫响应与生长发育过程.本研究从小麦(Triticum aestivum)中克隆到一个热胁迫诱导的bZIP家族转录因子基因TabZIP28 (GenBank登录号:KT753298.1),ORF长度为1 713 bp,编码570个氨基酸.生物信息学分析结果表明,TabZIP28与拟南芥bZIP家族转录因子中B亚组的3个基因Atb ZIP17、AtbZIP28和AtbZIP49归为一类.氨基酸序列比对结果表明,该蛋白具有bZIP和跨膜结构域(transmembrane domain,TMD)两个保守结构域以及规范的位点1蛋白酶(site 1 protease,S1P)剪切位点.对该基因起始密码子ATG上游1 699bp的序列进行顺式作用元件分析,发现该基因的启动子区域包含众多激素和逆境胁迫响应元件.通过qRT-PCR对该基因在逆境胁迫下的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,TabZIP28在热胁迫处理1h即上调表达且达到最大值;用20％PEG 6000模拟干旱环境处理小麦幼苗后,TabZIP28在处理6h达到最大值,并在12h时急剧下降;对5mmol/L H2O2处理响应比较缓慢,在处理12h才上调表达;该基因不受到二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol,DTT)处理的诱导表达.在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中过量表达TabZIP28基因,转基因株系在高温胁迫后的成活率和种子发芽率较野生型明显提高,说明该基因可能对植物的耐热性有贡献,可以作为耐热性育种的候选基因.     

番鸭源小鹅瘟病毒PT株VP基因的克隆与序列分析

为了获得番鸭(Cairina moschata)源小鹅瘟病毒(Goose parvovirus,GPV)结构蛋白VP基因的相关信息,根据国内外已发表鹅源GPV与番鸭细小病毒(Muscovy duck parvovirus,MDPV)全基因序列,应用DNAStar分子生物学软件设计一对引物,应用高保真PCR技术扩增番鸭源小鹅瘟病毒PT株(GPV PT株)VP全基因序列.将扩增得到的VP全基因克隆到pMD 18-T载体上,获得的重组质粒经PCR鉴定后进行序列测定.结果表明,PT株VP全基因大小为2 199 bp,编码732个氨基酸(GenBank登录号:JF926695),与番鸭源小鹅瘟病毒GPV DY株核苷酸及其推导氨基酸同源性分别为98.8％和98.8％,高于鹅源GPV与MDPV参考毒株.在国内外首次发现番鸭源GPV VP基因VP1独特区具有MDPV核苷酸序列特征,而VP2基因具有鹅源GPV核苷酸序列特征.本研究从番鸭源GPV PT株成功克隆到结构蛋白全基因序列,为深入研究番鸭源GPV的起源及水禽细小病毒遗传衍化提供参考.     

总状毛霉(Mucor racemosus)甲壳素脱乙酰酶全长cDNA的克隆及序列分析

用保守的特异引物进行PCR扩增,结合RACE技术,分离和克隆到了总状毛霉(Mucorracemosus)甲壳素脱乙酰酶(CDA)的全长cDNA,并进行了全序列测定,提交GenBank登陆号DQ538514。研究结果表明:(1)总状毛霉CDA基因全长为1506bp,包括67bp5'非翻译区,1344bp阅读框以及95bp3'非翻译区,3'非翻译区包含Poly(A)加尾信号AATAAA。总状毛霉的CDA基因共编码448个氨基酸,在该基因中部还包含一个144氨基酸的多糖脱乙酰酶结构域,约占CDA基因全长的32%。(2)总状毛霉CDA基因与其它相近种米根霉(Rhizopusoryzae)、卷柄根霉(Rhizopuscircinans)的CDA1和CDA2、鲁氏毛霉(Mucorrouxii)、卵形孢球托霉(Gongronellabutleri)、匍枝根霉(Rhizopusstolonifer)、布拉克须霉(Phycomycesblakesleeanus)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomycescerevisiae)的CDA1和CDA2的基因序列同源性分别为:75%、58%、56%、56%、48%、39%、39%、17%和16%;相应的氨基酸序列的同源性分别为:69%、57%、59%、55%、47%、30%、32%、18%和21%。表明CDA基因在不同的真菌中有着不同的亲缘关系。(3)根据总状毛霉CDA基因的氨基酸序列构建的不同真菌的系统树,与采用经典分类法构建的系统树基本一致。(4)通过生物信息学的方法,预测该基因所编码的蛋白质三级结构,验证了该蛋白质具有甲壳素脱乙酰酶完整的功能性结构,并包含一个多糖脱乙酰酶结构域,两者具有相似的空间结构。     

Molecular phylogeny of three subfamilies of the Neanuridae (Insecta, Collembola) and the position of the antarctic species Friesea grisea Schäffer.

The nuclear 28S rRNA and the mitochondrial COII gene were used to establish phylogenetic relationships among species of the family Neanuridae, with special emphasis on species of the subfamily Neanurinae. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using genetic distances, parsimony and likelihood methods. The D3-D5 fragment of the rRNA gene was very conserved, both in sequence and in secondary structure features. This fragment supplied little information on relationships at this level. The phylogenetic reconstruction based on 1st and 2nd codon positions of the COII gene was partly in accordance with morphological data, but it was discordant for the placement of some species. Relationships among the subfamilies Frieseinae, represented by the Antarctic species Friesea grisea, Pseudachorutinae and Neanurinae were uncertain. The subfamily Neanurinae and its tribes Neanurini and Paleonurini were shown as monophyletic taxa. Relationships between three species of the genus Bilobella were in accordance with morphological and biochemical data. Relationships between genera within the Neanurini were more controversial. In accordance with morphological hypotheses, a basal position of Thaumanura was suggested, but the molecular data placed Neanura muscorum in a derived position, in sharp contrast with morphological evidence. A close relationship was suggested between Deutonura conjuncta, Cansilianura malatestai and Lathriopyga longiseta. The disagreement between molecular and morphological data suggests that one or both data sets might be affected by a certain degree of homoplasy and that these data should be interpreted with caution in phylogenetic reconstructions.