Measurements of Influent COD Components for Activated Sludge Models

The Activated Sludge Models were widely applied in Europe and America since they were put forward, however, for an accurate simulation of the activated sludge treatment processes, reliable wastewater characteristic parameters such as COD components were needed. The conventional parameters such as COD can not differentiate the carbonaceous organic matters of wastewater, so they need to be divided again. Therefore, the fractionation of influent COD components in the Activated Sludge Models is introduced, and the physical-chemical and biological characteristics of each COD components are analyzed. The measurements of influent COD components are reviewed and some evaluation is made. The issue in determining the influent COD components is discussed. The idea of establishing a characterization guideline is put forward at last.     

Landfill Leachate Treatment by Cavitating Water Jets

Cavitating water jets were used to degrade complicated organic compounds sampled from landfill leachate from a sanitary landfill in Chongqing, P. R. China. The law of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the impact of factors such as pumping pressure, confining pressure, cavitating time and pH were evaluated in the experiment. We concluded that a cavitating water jet can degrade complicated organic compounds. Cavitating water jets therefore can improve biological oxygen demand (BOD)5/COD. The optimal cavitating condition was also obtained: at a pH 9.0, confining pressure 0.6MPa, cavitating time 90mins and pumping pressure 10MPa,the COD, BOD5 and BOD5/COD increase to 124.8%, 293.3% and 52.44% respectively. Chromaticity decreases while SS increase to 191.5%. These changes create good conditions for subsequent treatment.     

鱼腥草种植对吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘污染物的影响

为研究浮床栽培鱼腥草(0、5%种植面积)对吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘污染物的(水质和底泥)影响,测定了TOC、COD、Chl、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO2--N、NO_3~--N、TP、PO_4~(3-)-P等水质指标和底泥中TOC、TN、TP指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,5月份鱼腥草塘浮床区和敞水区TOC、TN、NH_4~+-N显著下降,敞水区Chl显著下降;6月份浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TP、PO_4~(3-)-P显著下降,浮床区NO_3~--N显著下降;7月份浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TN、TP显著下降,且浮床区TOC显著下降;8月份浮床区和敞水区TN、TP显著下降,浮床区TOC、COD,敞水区Chl显著下降;9月份浮床区和敞水区TOC显著下降,且浮床区Chl,敞水区COD、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N显著下降;10月份浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TP显著下降,浮床区NH_4~+-N和敞水区TN显著下降。鱼腥草种植塘6月份TOC、TN、TP显著降低,7、9月份TN显著降低。鱼腥草能显著降低吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘水体中COD、TN、TP指标和底泥中TOC、TN、TP指标,且能显著提高其总产量、成活率,降低其饵料系数和相应的生物学指标。     

A Modified Clean Production Technique of Recovering Calcium Phosphate for Gelatin Plant

A clean production technique, which can reduce wastewater pollution for gelatin plant in pH, suspended COD and Ca 2+ , has been proposed. Precipitated the lime from lime wastewater produced by lime process, then this alkali water without lime is added to another acidic wastewater produced by pickling process to e CaHPO 4. But in traditional technique, the lime wastewater with lime is added to pickling wastewater directly, little lime wastewater was consumed and large amount of lime wastewater, which contains high pH, high-suspended COD and high Ca, and is difficult to treat by biological treatment, is produced for gelatin plant. It is proved by the experiment that the final wastewater produced by the clean production technique has lower pH for the pickling wastewater consuming large amount of lime wastewater. It has lower COD for all the suspended COD and partial soluble COD being separated from the wastewater absorbed by CaHPO4 sedimentation, and that it has lower Ca for it is no longer the saturated lime solution.     

Pretreatment of Coke Oven Waste Water with Iron Scrap Method

Denitrification of Coke oven waste water is most biological.That COD/NH 3 N is too high is adverse to biological denitrification.Iron scrap method is used to pretreat coke oven wastewater in order to degrade COD.Coke oven wastewater is pretreated by iron scrap with ancillary material. A good result is got that the removal efficiency of COD cr of wastewater is 40% or so without regulating pH of wastewater and the solution is alkaline.The results show that the factors arragned in important order as the follows:the quantity of iron scrap,graphite,ancillary material A, treatment time,aeration time.The removal efficiency of COD does not lower ater the reactor has run about two months. The results are stable.     

沼液COD对黄瓜幼苗生长及土壤环境因子的影响

为探明沼液组分中影响农田安全消纳的限制因素,揭示农田消纳沼液对土壤环境造成的影响及导致作物减产的机制,该文选取多年黄瓜种植的日光温室大棚原位微区为试验平台,以3个不同沼液COD量处理的土壤及黄瓜幼苗为研究对象,监测了COD施用后土壤环境因子及黄瓜幼苗生长随时间的动态变化,分析了COD量、幼苗生长、土壤养分及其它生态因子的关联性。结果表明,低量沼液COD处理1566 kg/hm2能够促进幼苗生长,施用前期加速有效磷峰值的出现,后期保水和保温效果明显。高量沼液COD处理3132 kg/hm2抑制幼苗生长,施用前期推迟有效磷的供应峰值,使得土壤养分的供给与作物生长需求在时效上未能有效匹配,并且施用后期土壤水分、温度、电导率等变化不利于幼苗生长。相关性分析表明沼液COD与幼苗干物质及植株氮磷钾积累均呈抛物线相关,低量COD处理有促进作用,高量COD处理有抑制作用。根据曲线拟合计算COD最佳施用安全阈值1102-1442 kg/hm2和最大施用安全阈值2208-2884 kg/hm2。等量氮磷钾设置的条件下,COD含量是影响沼液农田利用的关键限制因子,将农田作为安全高效消纳沼液的处理方式时,不能完全采用沼液中氮磷钾替代化学肥料氮磷钾,需考虑沼液中COD含量,结合化学肥料施用效果好。     

超声波联合混凝法处理制药废水的研究

为了探讨单独超声波降解法、混凝法及2种方法联合处理制药废水的可行性,研究了超声波辐射时间、功率以及混凝剂的种类、浓度对制药废水中COD和NH3-N去除的影响。结果表明：（1）超声波单独处理制药废水时,COD和NH3-N去除率先随着超声波辐射时间(200~1000 s)的增大而增大,最佳时间为1000 s,COD和NH3-N的最大去除率分别为27.80%、45.34%;超声波辐射时间为1000 s,COD和NH3-N去除率随着超声波辐射功率的增大而先增大后减小。（2）单独用混凝剂处理制药废水时,COD的去除率随着混凝剂的浓度(0.1~0.6 g/L)的增大而先增大后减小,PAC在0.3 g/L时为最佳,COD的去除率为40.10%,NH3-N的平均去除率保持在5%左右。（3）在各自的最佳状态下,先用超声波处理后加混凝剂比先加混凝剂后用超声波处理的COD和NH3-N的去除率高,分别为61.24%、58.63%。试验表明,先用超声波处理后加混凝剂比先加混凝剂后用超声波处理对COD和NH3-N的去除率高。     

Influence of Shock Loading on the Operating Performance of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

Wastewater from a slaughtering house was treated by an anaerobic baffle reactor (ABR). The effects of variable loads on the operating performance of the ABR were studied. The results show that the ABR was very stable with respect to shock loading due to its special structure. The change in COD removal efficiency was less than 5% when the influent COD concentration was kept between 2 500~3 000 mg/L and the HRT decreased from 27.5h to15h. When HRT was kept for 20h and the influent COD concentration increased from 2 500 mg/L to 4 800 mg/L, COD removal efficiency only decreased by 69% the second day after the load change.     

生物活性炭流化床对生物柴油废水的降解效应与化学势变

为了解决生物柴油废水生化处理难度大、效率低等问题。采用生物活性炭流化床工艺处理生物柴油废水,研究试验系统COD的降解效应与化学势变。结果表明：试验系统具有良好的处理效果,采用四级串联系统可使末端出水COD浓度达到GB 18918—2002中一级B标准。试验系统COD去除的基本过程可用吸附-好氧生物降解两级反应来描述,好氧生物降解反应中COD的去除率随串联级数增大而增大,说明好氧降解的总贡献率与系统串联级数呈正相关。试验系统COD去除反应的化学势变为负值,其绝对值随单元级数增大而增大,说明系统COD的去除是自发反应,系统去除COD能力随串联级数增大而增强,好氧生物降解反应在维持系统处理效果稳定中发挥着重要作用。     

The chloride mask in COD determination of pickled mustard wastewater with high salt

Chlorides in the wastewater with high salt seriously interrupts the determination of chemical oxygen demand(COD). Therefore, chloride mask in wastewater has been an important and difficult issue in recent years. In the present work, experiment design is used for more accurate and precise COD determination method of pickled mustard wastewater. Two methods for masking chloride are adopted: HgSO4 masking method and AgNO3 masking method. After masking chloride, use the traditional reflux digestion method to test COD in the experimental sample. The results show that when the ratio of HgSO4 to Cl - is 40, the chloride mask results in a minimum error of 1.43%, and the minimum error is 0.21% when AgNO3 is used. Obviously, AgNO3 masking method is superior to HgSO4 masking method. However, when these two methods are used in pickled mustard wastewater, there is a COD value difference of 20 mg/L and HgSO4 masking method is more accurate. By considering the characteristics of the two methods above, a combined method is proposed, which AgNO3 is added equivalently according to the concentration of Cl - first, and then a few amounts of HgSO4 are added to prevent the free Cl - in wastewater. The facts show that combined method is more reliable.     

Reaction Kinetics of Three Types of Constructed Wetland for Advanced Domestic Wastewater Treatment

The removal efficiencies of different pollutants in subsurface flow constructed wetland (SSFW), surface flow constructed wetland (SFW) and combination flow constructed wetland(CFW) treating sewage plant effluent were comparatively analysed. The results were analyzed by using a reaction kinetics model. It is shown that COD, TN, TP are more effectively removed in SSFW than in other two types of wetland, and the kinetic constants are 0.29, 0.20, 0.28 m/d respectively. The SFW has higher removal rate on ammonia and the kinetic constant is 0.12 m/d. Temperature change greatly affects the kinetic constants of ammonia and total nitrogen removal reaction, whilst the influence on COD and TP are not significant. The pollutants removal efficiencies decrease greatly with the increase of hydraulic loading and areal loading. The increment of areal removal mass is reduced with the increase of areal loading in three types of wetland. It is strongly recommended that the constructed wetland be operated on low pollutants loading condition.     

四川省农村生活非点源污染负荷估算及评价研究

研究旨在明确现阶段四川省农村生活非点源污染状况,及对农村生活非点源污染控制提供依据。笔者依托输出系数模型,考虑农村生活垃圾、生活废水和人体粪尿污染物三方面,从污染物产生、输出到入河三阶段建立了农村生活非点源污染负荷估算模型。在模型支撑下,估算了2012年四川省各地级市（州）农村生活非点源污染物中TN（总氮）、TP（总磷）和COD（化学需氧量）的负荷量,并对TN、TP和COD的负荷总量、来源比例进行分析,同时结合地表水三级水质标准(GB 3838—2002),计算了农村生活非点源污染中TN、TP和COD的入河贡献率。结果显示四川省农村生活非点源产生负荷 TN 421070 t,TP 91122 t,COD 2023186 t;输出负荷TN 120675 t,TP 26298 t,COD 419969 t;入河负荷TN 44499 t,TP 5780 t,COD 142049 t。各地市州中,南充、达州和成都产生、输出负荷最大;宜宾、南充和达州入河量最大。全省农村生活非点源污染TN、TP和COD的入河贡献率总体不大,仅遂宁、内江入河TN负荷对水体污染的贡献率超过地表水三级水质标准100%。随经济发展,四川省农村生活非点源污染部分区域较为严重,对其控制不容忽视。研究采用的方法可为其它区域的农村生活非点源污染负荷估算提供参考和借鉴。     

微生物菌剂处理猪场沼液效果研究

利用人工模拟活性污泥的方法,比较研究不同微生物菌剂对猪场沼液的净化效果,旨在研制适合处理猪场沼液的复合菌剂,为养殖废水无害化处理和资源化利用提供科学依据。试验结果表明：3种微生物菌剂对猪场沼液均具有一定的净化效果,能够较好地去除沼液生物需氧量、总磷、粪大肠菌群,最高去除率分别达到61.5%、83.0%、99.0%,发芽试验也证实植物毒性的良好去除效果,最高发芽率提高38.3个百分点,发芽指数提高45.2个百分点;对化学需氧量、氨氮、全盐量等指标均具有一定的去除效果,最高去除率发分别达到54.9%、48.4%、31.8%。综合评估,光合菌剂（PMP）处理效果优于复合菌剂（CMP）和发酵菌剂（FMP）。     

Pretreatment of Coke Oven Waste Water with Blast Furnace Sludge Method and Blast Furnace Sludge Plus Scrap Iron Method

Coke oven waste water is respectively pretreated by blast furnace sludge method and blast furnace sludge plus iron scrap method, the effects of pH and the quantity of materials and treatment time on the removal efficiency of COD are analyzed. The results indicate that blast furnace sludge plus iron scrap method is superior to blast furnace sludge method .The treatment time and pH can greatly affect on the removal efficiency of COD using blast furnace sludge plus iron scrap method. The treatment time after 30 minutes and pH have no remarkable effects the removal efficiency of COD using blast furnace sludge method. The removal efficiency of COD increases with the increase of blast furnace sludge and iron scrap, but the increase rate decreases gradually.     

Performance Study of Constructed Rapid Infiltration in Three-Gorges Reservoir Region

The hydraulic loading and wet/dry(W/D) ratio,which are two important indexes in the constructed rapid infiltration,can affect the removal effect.Presently,the domestic experimental reports about the hydraulic loading and(W/D) ratio aiming at the Three-Gorges Reservoir Region is rather scarce.This article studies some pertinent hydraulic loadings and W/D ratios suitable for the Region.The authors emphatically research the effect of CRI treating COD,TN and TP in the sewage under four hydraulic loadings and three different W/D ratios.It is suggested that when the temperature is ascending,the W/D ratio can be risen to some extent.The variations of loading and ratio can affect the COD,TP removal effect a little,but affect the TN removal effect much.The experimental conclusions can provide evidence to the application of constructed rapid infiltration in the Three-Gorges Reservoir Region.     

THE EFFECTS OF RESTRAINT STRESS ON PHASE TRANSFORMATION AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN WELD HAZ OF 15MnMoVNRE STEEL

The effects of restraint stress on phase transformation and fracture toughness COD in weld HAZ of 15MnMoVNRE steel were studied by means of weld thermal simulation and COD testing. The results show that restraint stress accelerates phase transformation and makes the fracture toughness COD higher.     

Pb2+胁迫下小麦幼苗呼吸生理特性的研究

采用水培方法,研究了不同浓度的Pb2 胁迫对小麦幼苗呼吸作用生理指标的影响。结果表明:(1)随Pb2 浓度的升高,小麦幼苗叶片和根的呼吸速率及琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势。(2)对细胞色素氧化酶(COD)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)同工酶的电泳分析表明,Pb2 对小麦幼苗叶片和根中COD、MDH、IDH同工酶的表达在整体上均呈现出低浓度诱导,高浓度抑制的效应;同时,Pb2 胁迫诱导了根中新的MDH、IDH同工酶带的表达。     

Study of the Correlation between the Transformation of PHB and Denitrifying Phosphorus Absorption in A/ASBR

By the study of the influence of COD concentration on denitrifying phosphor removal of A/ASBR (anaerobic/ aerobic sequence bioreactor), it was shown that the favorable treatment effect had been gained with the COD concentration between 220 and 300mg/l; the higher or lower concentration of COD was unfavorable to the work of the system. In our test, it has been confirmed that the rudimental carbon resource organism and cell depositor PHB deposited in anaerobic stage has a significant influence on the process of denitrifying phosphorous removal. The better correlation has been observed also between the consumption of PHB and denitrifying phosphorous removal when the use of cell depositors PHB as carbon resource is concerned. It indicates that the deoxidization of 2 mg nitrate may accelerate the absorption of 1 mg phosphorous.     

Simulation on Removal COD,Nitrogen and Phosphorus From Wastewater Using Spiral Up-Flow Reactor System

Currently,the activated sludge models in which the ASM of IWA(International Water Association) have been widely used in the design rebuild and operation of the waste water treatment plant and the development of new technic. By analyzed the composition of water and modified the paramters of ASM2, we use ASM2 to simulate the removing of COD nitrogen and phospherus in the sprial up-flow reacto(SUFR) system. The result indicates that the simulation value tally the fact on the whole. It shows that the ASM2 can primely reflect the change of COD nitrogen and phospherus in SUFR system. When the operational paramters have been changed, the model will be an effective forecast platform.     

超声波对垃圾渗滤液COD和氨氮去除的研究

摘要：试验采用超声波作用去除垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮。通过正交设计,探讨了活性炭用量、pH值、超声波功率、辐照时间、曝气时间5个因素对COD和氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明在活性炭用量1.0g,pH为9,超声波强度为360W,辐照时间为6min,曝气时间为6min时处理COD和氨氮综合去除效果最好,COD去除率为63.7%,氨氮去除率为80.24%。