应用傅利叶近红外光谱定性、定量检测鱼粉中掺杂三聚氰胺的研究

本试验旨在研究利用傅利叶近红外光谱对鱼粉中掺杂的三聚氰胺进行定性鉴定及定量预测的可行性及方法.本研究收集饲用鱼粉106个,通过添加三聚氰胺标准品到饲用鱼粉中,以制备三聚氰胺含量不同的掺假鱼粉236个,三聚氰胺含量为0.1%～15.0%;然后用傅利叶近红外光谱仪采集饲用鱼粉、掺杂三聚氰胺鱼粉和三聚氰胺标准品的近红外光谱曲线,采用因子算法建立定性模型,利用偏最小二乘分析(PLS)建立定量分析模型.结果显示,根据三聚氰胺标准品和鱼粉的近红外光谱,可选取6 873.4～6 514.7 cm-1作为定性分析的特征光谱,而据此所建定性分析模型对检验集样品识别率为96.5%;用于定量分析的近红外特征光谱为7 560.0～7 058.5、6 915.8～6 098.1及4 601.6～4 246.7 cm -1,用此特征光谱所建0.1%～15.0%定量分析模型和0.1%～5.5%定量分析模型的交叉验证标准差平方根(RMSECV)分别为0.634%和0.210%,决定系数R2为94.77%和98.59%.用此二定量模型对检验集样品预测,其预测标准差平方根(RMSEP)分别为0.779%和0.188%,能较准确地预测鱼粉中掺杂三聚氰胺的含量.因此,傅利叶近红外光谱能够较准确、快速地鉴定鱼粉中是否掺杂三聚氰胺及定量预测其含量.     

红外光谱测定UV胶(D)固化率的探究

UV胶因其优良的性能,高效的固化速率被广泛应用于被广泛应用在工艺玻璃,电子电器,光学仪器,医疗用品,数字光盘等领域。固化率作为UV胶的一个重要参数,对改进工艺设备有着极其重要的意义。本文探究了使用红外光谱测定其UV胶固化率的方法。     

近红外光谱法测定虉草体外干物质消化率的研究

为了对虉草体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)进行快速、简便、准确的分析和测定,本研究利用近红外光谱技术,结合化学计量学方法建立近红外校正模型,并通过外部验证对模型的实际预测能力进行评价并筛选最佳模型。结果表明,采用5 000～7144cm~(-1)和7 404～10 000cm~(-1)的建模光谱波段、mf光谱预处理方法、10/1～9的初/次级主成分数和偏最小二乘法(PLS)所建的模型为最佳模型,其校正决定系数(R2 cal)和验证决定系数(R2 val)分别为0. 9552和0. 9572,校正标准差(SEC)和验证标准差(SEP)分别为1. 9907和2. 0512,残差BIAS为0. 0829,预测相关系数(r)为0. 9784。由此可见,NIRS技术可用于虉草IVDMD的实际测定,模型预测效果良好。     

Efficacy of a commercial turkey coryza vaccine (Art-Vax) in turkey poults

Four laboratory experiments were designed to study the efficacy of the only available commercial vaccine for turkey coryza, Art-Vax. Poults were vaccinated either once or twice at different ages and challenged with pathogenic Alcaligenes faecalis. In another study, commercial turkeys vaccinated at 1 and 12 days of age on a commercial farm were brought to the laboratory for challenge with pathogenic A. faecalis. Both the laboratory- and field-vaccinated poults were given the manufacturer's recommended dosage of the vaccine strain. Regardless of the vaccine schedule or source of poults, the vaccine was not effective in protecting challenged turkeys from infection. Furthermore, the vaccine was not effective in protecting poults less than 3 weeks of age from disease, but it was effective in protecting poults more than 3 weeks of age from disease. These results indicate that although vaccinated turkeys older than 3 weeks of age were not susceptible to disease, they were susceptible to infection and could act as carriers of field strains of A. faecalis, thus perpetuating the risk of infection to flocks subsequently raised in the same buildings.     

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)及其在牧草品质检测中的应用

近红外光谱技术是一种间接的测量技术,是近年来发展最快、最引人注目的光谱学技术.本文主要就近红外光谱技术的基本原理,光谱预处理及化学计量学方法,光谱影响因素做一概述.重点就近红外光谱技术在牧草品质分析中的应用现状及前景进行论述,以期开辟更广阔的应用领域.     

Venereal colibacillosis (acute vaginitis) in turkey breeder hens

Two flocks of turkey breeders experienced an increased mortality and high culling rate in the first weeks of egg production. The majority of dead and culled hens had cheesy core in the cloaca and vagina. Postmortem examination revealed fibrinous pseudomembranes in the vagina and cloaca. The thickness of these membranes posed an obstruction to egg passage leading to internal laying and egg peritonitis. Swabs from cloaca and vagina produced numerous colonies of only E. coli. Investigations of this unusual vaginitis showed that these two flocks had a higher number of immature hens with present hymens, and insemination crews mistakenly inseminated all hens in which they were able to evert the cloaca. Breaking the hymen with an insemination pipette created a wound and developed extensive infection with E. coli bacteria.     

Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus by domestic houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeaus)

Domestic houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeaus) were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit turkey coronavirus (TCV). Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to TCV by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum comprised of turkey embryo-propagated virus (NC95 strain). TCV was detected in dissected crops from exposed flies for up to 9 hr postexposure; no virus was detected in crops of sham-exposed flies. TCV was not detected in dissected intestinal tissues collected from exposed or sham-exposed flies at any time postexposure. The potential of the housefly to directly transmit TCV to live turkey poults was examined by placing 7-day-old turkey poults in contact with TCV-exposed houseflies 3 hr after flies consumed TCV inoculum. TCV infection was detected in turkeys placed in contact with TCV-exposed flies at densities as low as one fly/bird (TCV antigens detected at 3 days post fly contact in tissues of 3/12 turkeys); however, increased rates of infection were observed with higher fly densities (TCV antigens detected in 9/12 turkeys after contact with 10 flies/bird). This study demonstrates the potential of the housefly to serve as a mechanical vector of TCV.     

红外光谱分析技术测定饲料营养品质及其分子结构的研究进展

红外光谱(IRS)分析技术是将光谱测量、计算机和化学计量学等技术有机结合发展起来的一项技术。在饲料营养价值评估方面,IRS 分析技术具有检测速度快、样品用量少和多组分同时检测等优点,已逐步成为饲料生产领域日常检测手段。本文综述了利用 IRS 技术在饲料及饲料原料营养价值评定、营养元素分子结构解析及其与营养特性相关性分析方面的研究进展,并对影响 IRS 分析技术测定准确性的因素及在饲料工业领域应用前景进行了阐述,为丰富饲料营养价值评定理论与技术提供参考。     

Selection for early (precocious) development of Eimeria meleagridis in the turkey

A precocious line of Eimeria meleagridis was developed by repeated propagation of the parasite in young turkeys and collection of the very first oocysts produced following infection. After 20 generations of selection, the prepatent period was reduced by 4-8 hr. Weight gain of poults given this line, from days 0-3 after infection, was significantly greater than that of poults given the parental strain, indicating that selection resulted in a loss of pathogenicity. Poults immunized with the precocious line produced no oocysts following challenge with the parental strain, indicating that immunogenicity was retained following selection. This is the first published report of the selection of a precocious line of Eimeria in the turkey.     

Immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) response in uninfected and Alcaligenes faecalis-infected turkey poults

The immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) response in uninfected and Alcaligenes faecalis-infected turkey poults was studied. The optimum challenge dose of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to elicit an anaphylactic response was 40 mg/kg body weight, and the optimum poult age was 4 to 5 weeks. The response latency time was 7 days. The anaphylactic response was specific for the sensitizing antigen used. No differences were observed between A. faecalis-infected and uninfected poults in the immediate hypersensitivity response to BSA.     

Otitis interna (labyrinthitis) associated with Salmonella enterica arizonae in turkey poults

Otitis interna was diagnosed in five 9-to-21-day-old turkey poults with clinical signs of paralysis, opisthotonus, torticollis, blindness, and increased mortality. Gross and microscopic lesions in the poults included omphalitis, typhlitis, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, ophthalmitis, neuritis and ganglionitis of the vestibulocochlear nerve, and otitis interna. Salmonella enterica arizonae was isolated from the brains, eyes, intestines, yolk sacs, and livers of poults. Birds with otitis interna also had meningoencephalitis. It is most likely that the S. enterica arizonae infection spread from the brain to the internal ears through the vestibulocochlear nerve. This is the first documentation of otitis interna caused by bacteria in an avian species.     

An outbreak of influenza (H1N1) in turkey breeder hens

Outbreaks of influenza were diagnosed in two turkey breeder flocks on the same premises in eastern North Carolina during the "dark-out" period of recycling for a second lay. Clinical history included increased mortality from acute death with no apparent predisposing illness. Mortality attributed to the disease was 4.5% in one flock and 3.3% in the other. Necropsy findings included severe diffuse congestion and edema of both lungs, with little or no pleural exudate. Spleens were moderately to markedly enlarged and mottled, and kidneys were swollen and congested. Microscopic lesions included moderate to severe serofibrinous pneumonia with severe pulmonary congestion. Splenic changes included fibrin deposition and severe congestion, and severe congestion was noted in kidneys. Influenza virus (H1N1) was isolated from pools of tissues including lung, spleen, liver, and kidney, and both flocks seroconverted to influenza (H1N1) virus.     

Efficacy of thiabendazole (Mertect 340-F) in controlling mold in turkey confinement housing

Mertect 340-F (thiabendazole) was evaluated as a mold inhibitor for litter in turkey confinement housing using green oak wood shavings heavily contaminated with mold spores. One day before the addition of shavings, two environmentally controlled rooms were sprayed with Mertect 340-F at a rate of 51.0 ml in 11.37 liters of water (16 fl. oz./6000 sq. ft.). After the litter was added, it was treated with Mertect 340-F at a rate of 33.0 ml in 75.8 liters of water (32 fl. oz./6000 sq. ft.). The litter was treated again at 6 and 12 weeks. Mertect 340-F-treated litter had significantly lower mold spore counts than water-treated litter. Turkeys reared on Mertect 340-F-treated litter displayed no adverse effects. No obvious differences between groups were noted post mortem. Microscopically, however, lungs from turkeys on water-treated litter had a higher incidence of granulomas and mycelia than lungs from birds on Mertect 340-F-treated litter.     

近红外反射光谱(NIRS)技术分析奶粉品质的研究

奶粉中蛋白质和脂肪是影响奶粉营养品质的主要因素,利用近红外反射光谱分析技术对来自国内不同地区的奶粉共900份样品进行蛋白质和脂肪成分测定分析。研究了不同的样品数日、光谱预处理和散射校正技术对发展奶粉近红外测定定标模型的影响。结果表明．在样品数目为200—400范围内建立的定标分析模型较理想;数学预处理中以一阶导数较好,且以“1,4,4,1”的处理组合最为理想;光谱散射校正中采用“标准正态变量转换(SNV) 趋势变换法(De—trending)”的组合建立回归方程效果较好。利用改进最小二乘法回归技术(Modified PLS)建立多种定标模型,并进行交叉验证(cross—Validation)来分析各种因素对定标模型的影响。同时筛选出较理想的蛋白质和脂肪定标分析回归方程,其中蛋白质和脂肪含量的相关系数高速0．973和0．850。探讨了NIRS技术在建模应用中的一些影响因素,以及由NIRS技术建立奶粉分析模型用于快速分析和在线检测的可行性。     

Matrix metalloproteinase expression and localization in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) during the endochondral ossification process

Vertebrate long bones are formed by endochondral ossification, a process accompanied by changes in extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling, performed mainly by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). The temporal/spatial expression patterns of 5 members of the MMP family known to be important for endochondral ossification were studied, for the first time, in the turkey growth plate during embryonic and juvenile stages. The expression of MMP-2 was detected in the proliferative zone, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 in cells lining the blood vessels; MMP-13 was also detected in hypertrophic chondrocytes. The MMP-16 expression was detected in the reserve zone of the growth plate. These results present a detailed survey of turkey MMP, serving as a data source (atlas) for further studies in this subject.     

Prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in Australian (NSW) dairy cattle estimated by a newly validated ELISA for milk

AIM: To determine the performance characteristics of an Institut Pourquier (IP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in bovine milk and subsequent determination of the prevalence of N. caninum infection in New South Wales (NSW) dairy cattle. METHODS: Matching serum and milk samples from 93 cattle were assayed in two commercially available ELISAs for the detection of anti-N. caninum antibodies. Serum test results of one ELISA (IDEXX) were used to determine the N. caninum infection status of the cattle. Optimised cut-off values for the IP ELISA using milk samples were determined by two-graph receiver operating characteristic (TG-ROC) analysis and then applied to a representative sample of 398 milk samples from dairy herds around NSW. RESULTS: When this ELISA was applied to a representative collection of 398 milk samples from dairy cattle across NSW it demonstrated a 21.1% prevalence of N. caninum infection in those cattle. From the TG-ROC analysis an IP ELISA protocol was derived which suggested a cut-off threshold that would allow milk testing with 97% sensitivity and specificity, respectively, relative to serum testing. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of N. caninum in NSW dairy cattle was higher than previously believed. When used on individual milk samples this ELISA demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity and so could be used to accurately identify N. caninum infection. TG-ROC analysis of the IP ELISA optimised the protocol and prescribed cut-off values enabling the ELISA to be used for the screening of N. caninum antibodies in the milk of dairy cattle.     

Genetic analysis of production and feed efficiency traits in an Orlopp turkey line (Meleagris gallopavo)

1. Genetic parameters for production and feed efficiency traits in the Orlopp line of turkeys were estimated to determine breeding goals and future potential of the line in a long-term genetic improvement programme.

2. Body weight, egg production and fertility traits were recorded and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was assessed from 16–20 weeks of age.

3. Moderate heritabilities were found for feed intake and body weight gain (0.25 to 0.31). Average FCR was 3.14, with heritability of 0.10. Body weight, breast conformation score and egg production traits showed moderate heritabilities (0.22 to 0.52), while both fertility and hatch of fertile eggs were low (0.04 and 0.09, respectively).

4. Genetic correlations between breast confirmation score, 10- and 18-week body weights were moderate, 0.50 and 0.45, respectively. Average egg weight also showed moderate genetic correlations with 10- and 18-week body weights (0.59 and 0.42).