玉米、小麦和高粱型日粮对肉仔鸡矿物元素沉积的影响

文章旨在研究不同日粮类型(玉米、小麦和高粱)对1～14 d肉仔鸡常量和微量元素沉积的影响。试验选择健康、体重一致的1日龄AA肉鸡540只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只鸡。试验设计3种日粮,分别以玉米、小麦或高粱原料为主,3组日粮的代谢能、粗蛋白质和必需氨基酸水平维持一致,试验共进行14 d。结果表明:除了钙的含量例外,玉米、小麦或高粱型日粮其他矿物质元素的含量表现一致(P> 0.05)。14 d肉鸡各元素沉积系数的变化由0.24(镁)到0.64(钠),其中钠沉积系数在第3天最高(P <0.05);肉鸡日粮对各常量元素的影响表现为显著差异(P <0.05);3～7 d常量元素沉积系数显著降低(P <0.05);日粮类型显著影响3 d肉鸡钙的沉积系数,显著影响5 d肉鸡镁的沉积系数及磷的沉积系数(除了14 d)和钠的沉积系数(除了3 d)(P <0.05);小麦型日粮较玉米和高粱型日粮显著降低了钠的沉积系数(P <0.05);日粮类型和日粮对常量元素沉积系数的影响无显著交互作用(P> 0.05)。;肉鸡日粮对所有微量元素具有显著影响,其中在第3天表现为最高(P <0.05);日粮类型显著影响第7天铁、锌和锰的沉积系数(P <0.05),显著影响第9天铜的沉积系数(P <0.05);日粮类型和肉鸡日粮对微量元素的影响无显著交互作用(P> 0.05)。结论 :肉仔鸡对日粮无机矿物质的利用率较低,日龄对矿物元素的沉积量具有显著影响,但玉米、小麦或高粱型日粮对肉仔鸡常量和微量元素沉积量无显著影响。     

Effects of microbial phytase on growth and mineral utilisation in broilers fed on maize soyabean-based diets.

1. A 3-week feeding trial with 96 sexed d-old broiler chickens was conducted to examine the effects of microbial phytase supplementation (Natuphos 5000) at 2 dietary energy concentrations on their performance, and the utilisation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) and on tibiae ash, Ca, P and Zn concentrations. Four replicate pens (6 birds per pen) of a completely randomised design were used in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 contents of metabolisable energy (11.72 and 12.55 MJ ME/kg) and 2 additions of phytase (0 and 500 U of microbial phytase/kg). 2. Phytase supplementation significantly improved the utilisation of N, P, Ca and Zn (as a percentage of intake) and increased the concentration of Ca and Zn in the tibiae (P<0.05) because of higher intakes of dry matter, N, P, Ca and Zn. Phytase also significantly reduced the amount of P in the excreta (P<0.05). 3. The AME content of the diet influenced significantly (P<0.05) the excretion of N, P, Ca and Zn and the concentration of P and Ca in tibiae with the birds fed on the high AME diet excreting more minerals and having a smaller percentage of these minerals in their tibiae. However, there were strong interactions between phytase addition and AME in tibia ash and P, with the phytase supplementation producing a higher ash content at the higher AME a and a lower P content at the lower AME.     

Effect of prepubertal ovariohysterectomy on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in puppies

In this study, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed on the calcaneus (CAL) and accessory carpal bone (ACB) of early-age neutered (n = 11) and sham-operated puppies (n = 10) to investigate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) over time. Prepubertal ovariohysterectomy and sham surgery were performed at 10 weeks, while BMD and BMC were measured at 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of age. BMD and BMC of CAL and ACB of ovariohysterectomised puppies were found to be higher. The differences between the groups were statistically unimportant; however, the fourth measurement of the ACB showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference. Sexually intact puppies weighed less than gonadectomised puppies in all measurements. Because of the positive correlations between body weight and bone mineral density, BMD and BMC of early-age neutered puppies were found to be higher. These results suggest that BMD and BMC are not affected by prepubertal ovariohysterectomy until six months of age in mixed-breed puppies.     

低磷饲粮中苯甲酸和植酸酶对生长肥育猪骨特征的影响

在两个同时进行的试验（试验1和试验2）中,测定了低磷饲粮中添加苯甲酸（BA）和植酸酶（Phy）对生长猪和生长肥育猪骨代谢、骨成分和骨稳定性的影响。试验l选择16头体重25-66kg的杂种小母猪,而试验2使用32头体重25-108kg的杂种小母猪。所有猪单栏饲养,整个试验期严格饲喂4种饲粮中的一种。小麦一豆粕型饲粮的总磷含量是0．4％（所有数值都以饲喂状态为基础）。     

大豆寡糖对肉仔鸡营养素利用率的影响

试验选用192只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理设6个笼(重复),每笼8只鸡;在玉米-大豆浓缩蛋白型低寡糖基础日粮中分别添加0、0.50%、1.00%和2.00%的大豆寡糖,旨在研究不同添加水平大豆寡糖对肉仔鸡营养素利用率的影响,结果表明:在低寡糖日粮中添加0.50%大豆寡糖可不同程度地提高肉仔鸡营养素的表观利用率,且21日龄的作用效果比42日龄明显;添加1.00%大豆寡糖可不同程度地提高42日龄肉仔鸡营养素表观利用率,对21日龄肉仔鸡营养素(除钙、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观利用率外)表观利用率影响相对较小;添加2.00%大豆寡糖普遍降低营养素的表观利用率。在这些营养素中,干物质、有机物、总能、粗蛋白及氨基酸的表观利用率受日粮大豆寡糖水平的影响相对较小,而钙、磷、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维受日粮大豆寡糖水平的影响相对较大。     

硒对STZ诱发糖尿病大鼠骨密度影响的研究初报

比较了在低硒饲料的基础上补充不同形态硒对糖尿病大鼠骨密度的影响。健康SD大鼠 1 2 8只 ,体重 50～ 60 g,随机分为 4组 ,每组 32只 ,雌雄各半 ,其中Ⅰ组为低硒对照组 (饲料含硒量 0 0 37mg/kg) ;Ⅱ组为补充亚硒酸钠组 (饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg) ;Ⅲ组为补充富硒麦芽组(饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg) ;Ⅳ组为补充富硒酵母组 (饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的饲料均是在Ⅰ组低硒饲料的基础上分别添加适量的亚硒酸钠、富硒麦芽、富硒酵母后配制而成。喂饲 5周后 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组用链脲佐菌素 (streptozotocin ,STZ)按 60mg/kg腹腔注射诱发糖尿病 ,继续饲喂 6周。用单光子吸收法测定各组大鼠的肱骨、股骨、胫骨、桡骨的骨密度。结果表明 :①STZ致糖尿病大鼠的骨密度随时间的延长有逐渐下降的趋势。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ补硒组大鼠可以在一定时间内延缓STZ致糖尿病大鼠的骨密度下降。在此期间骨密度的下降以肱骨出现最早 ,股骨次之 ,桡骨、胫骨再次之。②饲料补硒组糖尿病大鼠的肱骨、股骨中硒的含量较饲料低硒组糖尿病大鼠的肱骨、股骨中硒的含量显著提高。③补充硒的形态 ,即有机硒 (富硒麦芽、富硒酵母 )或无机硒 (亚硒酸钠 )对糖尿病大鼠肱骨、股骨、胫骨、桡骨的骨密度影响差异不显著。     

酵母培养物对饲喂霉变玉米日粮肉仔鸡肠壁结构和肠道菌群影响的研究

选择1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡225只,随机分配到5个处理组中,每个处理3个重复,每个重复15只。5个处理组分别为:基础日粮组、霉变玉米日粮组、霉变玉米+0.15%酵母培养物组、霉变玉米+0.30%酵母培养物组、霉变玉米+0.45%酵母培养物组,研究结果显示,酵母培养物能够有效改善由于食入霉变玉米日粮引起的小肠结构和盲肠菌群数量的负面影响。     

小麦型日粮添加木聚糖酶和植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能、回肠氨基酸表观消化率及常量元素沉积的影响

本文旨在研究小麦型日粮中添加木聚糖酶和植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能、回肠氨基酸表观消化率及矿物元素沉积的影响。试验选择1日龄科宝白羽肉仔鸡850只,随机分成5组,每组5个重复,每个重复34只鸡。一共有5种日粮,即低磷日粮、高磷日粮、低磷日粮+2000 IU/kg木聚糖酶、低磷日粮+500 FTU/kg植酸酶,低磷日粮+2000 IU/kg木聚糖酶+500 FTU/kg植酸酶,试验进行21 d。低磷组较高磷组显著降低了肉鸡的日增重、日采食量及趾骨灰分含量(P <0.05),与低磷组相比,木聚糖酶组显著降低了肉鸡的料比(P <0.05),而植酸酶组显著提高了肉鸡日增重、日采食量、趾骨灰分及饲料利用率(P <0.05)。复合酶组显著提高了15种氨基酸回肠表观消化率(P <0.05)。与低磷组相比,木聚糖酶组显著提高了表观消化能和可消化代谢能及回肠氮消化率(P <0.05),而植酸酶显著提高了氮沉积及回肠氮消化率(P <0.05),复合酶组显著提高了代谢能、可消化代谢能及氮沉积量(P <0.05)。植酸酶和复合酶组较高磷组显著提高了磷表观消化率和沉积量(P <0.05),但低磷组较高磷组显著提高了钙的表观消化率(P <0.05),植酸酶酶和复合酶组较其他3组显著提高了钾的沉积量(P <0.05)。结论 :小麦型日粮同时添加植酸酶和木聚糖酶对肉鸡生长和消化的影响要优于单独添加这两种酶。     

日粮中添加半胱胺对艾维茵肉用仔鸡生产性能的影响

半胱胺（Cystimine,简称CS）对动物的作用近年来研究较多,它可以作用于体内的生长抑素（SS）,并间接影响与生长相关的激素水平,从而促进动物的生长,改善其生产性能。韩正康（1992）、王艳玲等（1993）届彩梅等（2002）的研究表明,CS能促进鸡、兔等动物的生长,提高饲料转化率,并使血液中SS含量明显降低,生长激素（GH）水平显著升高。但由于半胱胺的化学结构中含有非常     

Effect of a novel microbial phytase on production performance and tibia mineral concentration in broiler chickens given low-calcium diets

1. In a 42-d feeding trial, 264 one-d-old, as hatched, Cobb 400 broiler chickens (6 pens per group, n = 11 per pen in a 2?×?2 factorial arrangement) were fed on two concentrations of dietary calcium (Ca) (9.0 and 7.5 g/kg in starter, 7.5 and 6 g/kg in grower phases) and supplemental phytase (0 and 500 U/kg diet).

2. During d 0–21, the high Ca + phytase diet improved body weight. During d 0–42, feed intake was increased by the low Ca diet and decreased by phytase supplementation. Feed conversion ratio during d 0–21 was improved by the high Ca + phytase diet.

3. At d 42, Ca in duodenal digesta was reduced by low dietary Ca and supplemental phytase. High dietary Ca reduced P in duodenal and jejunal digesta. Phytase reduced digesta P and increased serum P concentration.

4. Relative tibia length decreased with low dietary Ca and increased with phytase. The robusticity index of tibia was improved by the low Ca diet and phytase supplementation. Phytase supplementation increased tibia ash and concentrations of Ca, magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) in tibia. The low Ca diet increased Mg, Mn and Fe and reduced Cu and Zn in tibia.

5. It was concluded that 7.5 g Ca/kg during weeks 0–3 and 6 g Ca/kg during weeks 3–6 sustained broiler performance and bone ash, while phytase supplementation facilitated tibia mineralisation, particularly during the grower phase.     

Effect of commercial diets quality on bio-economic performances of broilers in Benin

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of commercial poultry feeds in Benin. The performances of 396 unsexed broilers chickens Ross 308 fed with a control diet (R1) and five commercial diets (R2 to R6) were evaluated. Broilers fed commercial diets showed significantly low (P < 0.001) body weight gain (BWG) and economic feed efficiency (EFE) and significantly high (P < 0.001) mortality rate, feed conversion ratio and feed cost (FC). At 42 days of age, the body weight of broilers fed control diet was 1662 g versus 838 to 1041 g for broilers fed commercial diets. In R1 diet, overall FC was 388 Fcfa/kg BWG, and EFE was 2.7 Fcfa BWG/Fcfa feed. These values represented respectively 50 to 64% and 1.6 to 2.0 times the FC and the EFE recorded in commercial diets. A deficiency in crude protein and metabolisable energy, combined with high contents of crude fibre and total ash was found in some commercial diets. These results suggest the necessity to organize the market of poultry feed in Benin in the perspective to reduce the production cost by using more efficient and cheap commercial diets.     

Performance of broilers and layers given diets containing dried microbial cells (pruteen)

1. Feeding trials involving six diets (two concentrations of crude protein (CP) each with three rates of inclusion of the test ingredient, to a maximum of 100 g/kg) measured the effects upon performance of broilers (1 to 56 d) and layers (28 to 60 weeks) of the substitution of dried microbial cells (DMG) for soyabean meal. The diets were compounded to be of equal CP, methionine and phosphorus content within each protein concentration.

2. The growth of broilers was not significantly affected although there was a significant linear trend for an increasing rate of inclusion of DMC to decrease food intake.

3. There was a significant linear trend for an increasing rate of inclusion of DMG to reduce egg production.     

Effect of rice polishing and phytase supplementation in diets on productive behavior of broilers

The addition of rice polishing (RP) and phytase enzyme to poultry diets was tested on 200 1-day-old broilers weighing 42 g. Birds were assigned to a completely random design with a 2?×?2 factorial arrangement with four treatments and five repetitions of ten birds each. The factors evaluated were RP level (0 and 15 %) and phytase (0 and 150 g/ton). The trial was divided in two phases of 21 days each (42 days total). In phase 1, no treatment effects were observed (P?>?0.10) on poultry productive behavior. In the second phase (21 to 42 days) and on the total trial (1 to 42 days), there were no effects of the treatments on weight gain or feed intake (P?>?0.10). Feed conversion was affected by RP (P?<?0.01) but not by phytase addition (P?>?0.10). In conclusion, phytase did not affect broiler production with or without RP. Addition of 15 % RP in poultry diets represents an alternative to reduce feed costs.     

Effect of dietary fat on mineral retention in the chick

Chicks were fed seven experimental diets to determine whether the level or type of dietary fat affected the retention of calcium, iron, magnesium or zinc. It was found that the presence of any type of fat at or above the 5 per cent level decreased the retention of all four. Retention decreased with increasing dietary fat concentration and increased with increasing absorbability of the fat. For fats of similar absorbabilities, minerals were more poorly retained when the fat was present as free fatty acid. Lowest mineral retention occurred with poorly absorbed free fatty acid.     

Subsequent bone and metabolic responses of broilers to high-non-phytate phosphorus diets in the starter period

1. An experiment was performed to elucidate the subsequent effects of high-non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) diets on growth performance, blood metabolites, bone characteristics and P retention of broilers fed on low-NPP grower diets. The 42-d study was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 + 1 factorial, which included two starter NPP concentrations (4.5 and 5.5 g/kg; d 0–21), two grower NPP concentrations (1.5 and 2.3 g/kg; d 22–42), with or without phytase (1000 FTU/kg), with a reference diet containing an adequate NPP concentration over the course of the trial.

2. In the starter period, growth performance and P retention were not affected by experimental diets. The high-NPP diet increased plasma P concentration, increased tibia ash and tibia P contents and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at d 21.

3. No significant interaction was observed between NPP concentrations in the starter and grower periods and phytase. The main effect data indicated that the increase in NPP concentration in the starter diets had no effects on growth performance in the grower period and overall. The high-NPP diet in the early stage of growth reduced plasma P concentration, plasma ALP activity and tibia ash content at d 42. The main effect data also showed that exogenous phytase increased body weight gain in the grower period and overall.

4. It can be concluded that feeding increased NPP diets have no effects on growth performance in the starter period. This feeding strategy results in negative effects on plasma P concentration and bone ash content at d 42. Also, exogenous phytase is effective in improving growth performance, bone characteristics and apparent P retention of growing broilers fed diets that are inadequate in phosphorus.     

Effect of titanium endoprostheses on bone mineral density measurements, using quantitative computed tomography.

Quantitative computed tomography has been used extensively to measure bone mineral density; particularly in the vertebral column and in the proximal portion of the femur in human beings with osteoporosis. Other potential applications of this technique include evaluation of bone adjacent to metallic endoprostheses and evaluation of fractures as they heal. Unfortunately, metal causes severe image degradation, principally seen as starburst streaking. One method used to decrease these artifacts is by imaging less-attenuating materials, such as titanium alloy. Titanium decreases image degradation sufficiently to allow accurate determination of the geometric properties of cadaveric bone. In our study, the effect of a titanium segmental endoprosthesis on bone mineral density measurement was determined by use of bone specimens from dogs and calibration standards. Titanium decreased the bone mineral density of calibration solutions from 6.8 (500 mg/cm3) to 17.7% (250 mg/cm3), and increased bone mineral density of cortical bone by 5.3%. Titanium did not affect the repeatability of these scans, indicating that the error caused by titanium was systematic and can be corrected. Our data were suggestive that quantitative computed tomography can be used to measure bone mineral density of cortical bone adjacent to titanium endoprostheses, with a predictable increase in density measurement.