番茄枯萎病菌转录因子FolMsn2的生物学功能

为探究转录因子FolMsn2在番茄枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici生长发育及致病过程中的作用,以番茄枯萎病菌野生型菌株4287为材料,利用基因敲除方法获得FolMSN2基因缺失突变体△Folmsn2及回补体菌株△Folmsn2-C,通过测定菌株的生长速率、孢子产量及致病力等表型初步分析番茄枯萎病菌中FolMSN2的生物学功能。结果显示,与野生型菌株4287相比,FolMSN2基因敲除突变体△Folmsn2生长速率显著减慢,菌株产孢量显著下降,仅为野生型菌株4287产孢量的6.7%;外界环境压力胁迫试验结果显示,FolMSN2基因缺失突变体△Folmsn2对渗透压、盐胁迫的敏感性显著提高,而对细胞壁、氧化压力胁迫变得更加耐受。此外,FolMSN2基因缺失突变体△Folmsn2对番茄苗及果实的致病力显著下降,进一步分析发现FolMSN2基因缺失影响其对玻璃纸的穿透能力;亚细胞定位结果表明,FolMsn2蛋白定位于细胞核内。表明FolMsn2参与调控番茄枯萎病菌的营养生长、无性繁殖以及对不同环境胁迫的应答过程,其可能通过影响菌丝对寄主的穿透能...     

Differences in pathogenesis observed among susceptible interactions of carnation with four races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi

Susceptible interactions of Early Sam carnations with races 1,2,4, and 8 ofFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi differed in pathogenesis, both after stem and after root inoculation. Race 1 induced pallescence and withering of leaves. Affected vascular tissue had a uniform pallid to pale brown colour; though heavily colonized, it was not or virtually not degraded. Defence reactions developed only slowly. Race 2 induced yellowing, of the midribs in particular, and withering of leaves. Affected vascular tissue was white with dark brown margins. Colonized tissue was degraded to leave vascular cavities. At lower heights of colonization, many defence reactions developed, which sometimes resulted in localization of the pathogen. Race 4 induced a similar pathogenesis as race 2, except for less intensive defence reactions. Race 8 induced midrib lesions on, and pallescence, withering and necrosis of leaves. Affected vascular tissue had a uniform light brown colour. Degradation of colonized vascular tissues was rare; instead, many defence reactions were observed, even at high heights in the plants.Races 1, 2 and 4 ofF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi did not induce disease symptoms in Novada carnations, known to be highly resistant to race 2. Stem-inoculated plants localized the infection close to the inoculation site; stems of root-inoculated plants remained unaffected. The localization response also occurred in Early Sam and Novada carnations stem-inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici.Samenvatting Tussen interacties van Early Sam-anjers met fysio's 1, 2, 4 en 8 vanF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi werden verschillen in ziekteontwikkeling gevonden na wortel-zowel als stengelinoculatie. Fysio 1 gaf verbleking en verdroging van de bladeren. Aangetast vaatweefsel was gelijkmatig vaal of lichtbruin van kleur, en werd hevig gekoloniseerd, maar vrijwel niet afgebroken. Afweerreacties kwamen slechts traag op gang. Fysio 2 gaf vergeling, in het bijzonder van de hoofdnerven, en verdroging van de bladeren. Aangetast vaatweefsel was wit met donkerbruine randen. Gekoloniseerd weefsel werd afgebroken, hetgeen leidde tot de vorming van holten in het vaatweefsel. In de lagere gekoloniseerde delen traden veel afweerreacties op, hetgeen soms lokalisatie van het pathogeen tot gevolg had. Fysio 4 gaf eenzelfde ziekteontwikkeling als fysio 2, maar minder afweerreacties. Fysio 8 gaf lesies bij de hoofdnerven, en verbleking, verdroging en necrose van bladeren. Aangetast vaatweefsel was gelijkmatig lichtbruin van kleur. Afbraak van gekoloniseerd vaatweefsel werd zelden waargenomen; veel afweerreacties vergezelden de kolonisatie tot hoog in de stengel.Inoculatie van Novada anjers met fysio's 1,2 en 4 vanF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi had geen ziektesymptomen tot gevolg. Via de stengel geïnoculeerde planten lokaliseerden de infectie ter hoogte van het inoculatiepunt; de stengels van via de wortels geïnoculeerde planten waren onaangetast. De lokalisatiereactie trad ook op in Early Sam en Novada anjers na inoculatie via de stengel metf. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici.     

Bacillus subtilis as an alternative biologically based strategy for controlling Fusarium wilt disease in tomato: A histological study

The employment of formulateBacillus subtilis as a biocontrol agent successfully controlledFusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici within tomato seedlings (in vivo). B. subtilis was able to proted cortex and vascular tissues of tomato against progression of the wilt pathogen. No changes were observed in tomato tissues due to application ofB. subtilis except for hypertrophy and elongation of cortex tissues, which indicates the production of plant growth hormones byB. subtilis.     

苦瓜枯萎病菌的鉴定及其遗传多样性分析

 对分离获得的32株苦瓜枯萎病菌菌株进行形态学特征和寄主专化型测定, 结果表明, 测试的苦瓜枯萎病菌株均为尖孢镰刀菌苦瓜专化型 (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. momordicae), 这些菌株可以侵染苦瓜和瓠瓜幼苗, 但不侵染其他葫芦科瓜类作物。对苦瓜枯萎病菌菌株的rDNA-ITS区 (ITS1、5.8S和ITS2)序列进行扩增测序, 结果显示其序列长度均为456 bp;聚类分析表明测序菌株与镰刀菌属中尖孢镰刀菌不同专化型的菌株聚为一群。利用RAPD标记技术分析苦瓜枯萎病菌的遗传多样性, 结果显示苦瓜枯萎病菌株与其他葫芦科瓜类作物枯萎病菌株间的遗传相似系数范围为0.59~0.99, 当遗传相似系数为0.85时, 供试的48个菌株分成10个类群 (G_1~10)。在RAPD聚类树中所有苦瓜枯萎病菌株聚在一个分支上 (G₁群), 菌株间的遗传相似系数范围为0.92~1.00, 具有较高的遗传相似性, 且菌株的聚群与地理来源存在一定的相关性。     

Latent infection in tulip bulbs by Fusarium oxysporum

Latent infections byFusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp.tulipae can easily be induced in tulip bulbs in the laboratory. They may also occur in commercial stocks and their presence in planting stocks of susceptible cultivars may affect the health of the daughter bulbs harvested in the following year, even when the planted bulbs have been disinfected. Latent infections do probably not reduce the flowering ability of bulbs during forcing in winter. By histopathological techniques the infective hyphae were shown to penetrate the host tissue superficially in latent infections. The pathogen remains viable during dry storage of the bulbs for several months and can become reactivated after planting.Samenvatting Het is mogelijk latent blijvende infecties veroorzaakt doorFusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp.tulipae kunstmatig op te wekken (Fig. 2), waarbij geen of voor de ziekte aspecifieke, onopvallende symptomen ontstaan (Fig. 1). Ook in partijen, waarin de ziekte uitval heeft veroorzaakt, kunnen in bollen die op het oog gezond lijken, latente infecties voorkomen. Indien dergelijke bollen worden geplant, is de kans aanwezig dat de ziekte in een onverwacht grote mate voorkomt in de oogst van het volgende jaar (Tabel 2). Dit geldt eveneens indien het plantgoed is ontsmet en geplant in onbesmette grond. Waarschijnlijk heeft de aanwezigheid van latente infecties in bollen bestemd voor de bloemproduktie in de winter geen invloed op de slaging van de bloei, omdat de periode waarin de temperatuur een voor de parasiet gunstige waarde heeft, te kort is. De schimmel blijft inactief tijdens de droge bewaring van de bollen en wordt weinig beïnvloed door de bewaar-omstandigheden. In een aantal gevallen groeit hij na het planten uit in de rokken van de moederbol (Tabel 3), van waaruit hij in het late voorjaar de jonge bollen kan infecteren. Uit histologisch onderzoek bleek, dat het pathogeen meestal of uitsluitend via de huidmondjes in de onbeschadigde bolrok binnendringt, van waaruit hij inter- en later intracellulair groeiend in korte tijd het omringende weefsel vernietigt. Indien de infectie door nog onbekende oorzaak in de latente fase overgaat, kan het mycelium slechts spaarzaam in de ademholte of intercellulair tussen de deze omringende cellen worden gevonden.     

黄瓜枯萎病拮抗菌的拮抗促生因子检测及生物效应研究

以黄瓜枯萎病病原菌,尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型(FOC,Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)为靶标筛选拮抗菌。通过初筛和复筛,获得2株对尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型拮抗效果稳定、拮抗能力较强的细菌QHZ-Yb1和QHZ-Yb2(以下简称,Yb1和Yb2),采用平板对峙法测定其拮抗作用,抑菌带宽度达3.37 mm和3.42 mm,抑菌圈直径2.7 cm,抑菌率分别达到61.9%和62.3%;通过形态学结合生理生化及菌株的16S rDNA序列分析,初步确定这两株菌均为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus);潜在拮抗促生因子的测定结果表明:菌株Yb1和Yb2具有多种拮抗促生因子,其脂肽类粗提取物的抑菌率分别达到57.4%和58.0%,生长素IAA的分泌量可达1.56 mg·L~(-1)和3.69 mg·L~(-1),溶P量为0.77 mg·L~(-1)和1.19 mg·L~(-1),两个菌株均可产嗜铁素、分泌酪蛋白酶;种子萌发试验结果表明:Yb1和Yb2菌液均可促进黄瓜种子的萌发;菌株生物效应的盆栽试验结果表明:Yb1、Yb2以及Yb1+Yb2菌悬液的处理不仅对黄瓜枯萎病有明显的生防效果,而且可显著增加黄瓜植株的生物量,增加黄瓜植株根际土中细菌和放线菌的数量,减少真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量,尤其以Yb1+Yb2菌悬液的处理效果最显著,对黄瓜枯萎病的发病率降低11.11个百分点,植株生物量增加56.7%。结论:菌株Yb1和Yb2具有生防潜力,两菌株配合运用效果更好。     

Efficacy of bacterial antagonists and different commercial products against Fusarium wilt on rocket

Seven experimental trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the bacterial strains Achromobacter xylosoxydans AM1 and Serratia sp. DM1 obtained from suppressive soils and from soilless used rockwool substrates (Pseudomonas putida FC6B, Pseudomonas sp. FC7B, Pseudomonas putida FC8B, Pseudomonas sp. FC9B and Pseudomonas sp. FC24B) against Fusarium wilt on rocket caused by Fusarium oxysporum ff. spp. raphani and conglutinans. Along with these strains, two commercial bioproducts (RootShield—Trichoderma harzianum T22; Cedomon—Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA342) were also tested. Different application strategies such as soil treatment (trials I to VI; 10⁷ and 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹) and root dipping (trial VII; 10⁸ and 10⁹ CFU ml⁻¹) were performed in a glasshouse in order to test the efficacy of the bacterial strains against Fusarium oxysporum ff. spp. raphani and conglutinans. The lowest disease incidence (16.7%) was observed with the application of Achromobacter sp. AM1, Serratia sp. DM1 at 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ and Pseudomonas sp. FC9B at 10⁷ CFU ml⁻¹ against F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (experiment I). Maximum plant biomass (5.0 g/plant) was registered in Serratia sp. DM1 at 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ treated plants in trial IV. The trials against F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani (experiment II) showed that the application of Pseudomonas sp. FC7B, P. putida FC8B at 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ and P. chlororaphis MA342 at 7.5 × 10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹ significantly reduced disease incidence to values ranging between 87% and 92%. The highest plant biomass was recorded with the application of Achromobacter sp. AM1 and P. putida FC6B at 10⁷ CFU ml⁻¹ (3.9 to 4.2 g) carried out 7 days before the artificial inoculation of the pathogens (trial IV). The present study showed the potential biocontrol activity of the bacterial strains Achromobacter sp. AM1, Serratia sp. DM1 and Pseudomonas sp. FC9B against F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans and of Pseudomonas sp. FC7B, P. putida FC8B, P. chlororaphis MA342, Achromobacter sp. AM1 and P. putida FC6B against F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani. Growth-promoting activity of biocontrol bacteria used during the trials was observed.     

Allelism of theFcu-1 andFoc genes conferring resistance to fusarium wilt in cucumber

The inheritance of resistance toFusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum race 1 was determined in the cucumber cv. WIS-248 by analyzing segregation of F₁, F₂, and BC populations of crosses with the susceptible cv. Straight-8. Resistance was conferred by a single dominant gene. In an allelism test, it was proven that theFcu-1 gene, which confers resistance toF. oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum races 1 and 2 in cucumber cv. SMR-18 and theFoc gene, which confers resistance toF. oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum race 2 in cucumber cv. WIS-248, are indistinguishable.     

Specific inhibition of spore germination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria brassicicola</Emphasis> by fistupyrone from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces</Emphasis> sp. TP-A0569

Fistupyrone (FP), a metabolite from Streptomyces sp. TP-A0569, inhibited the in vivo infection of Chinese cabbage seedlings by Alternaria brassicicola. To detect the possible action sites of FP, the effect of FP on the infection behavior of A. brassicicola and A. alternata was investigated. When spores of A. brassicicola were suspended in FP solution and inoculated on host leaves, FP at 0.1ppm significantly inhibited spore germination, appressorial formation, and infection hypha formation of A. brassicicola. Host-specific AB-toxin production and lesion formation by A. brassicicola spores were also reduced significantly by treatment with FP 1ppm. The effect of FP seemed to be irreversible because significant washing of FP-treated spores with distilled water (DW) did not change the inhibitory effects. In contrast, A. alternata isolates such as Japanese pear pathotype, apple pathotype, and saprophyte behaved almost equally in both FP- and DW-treated spores. Mycelial dry weight in potato dextrose broth and mycelial diameters on potato dextrose agar, gelatin glucose agar, and Czapek solution agar of both A. brassicicola and A. alternata were not different with or without addition of FP. These results indicate that FP at low concentrations has a fungicidal effect on spores of A. brassicicola but not on spores of A. alternata; FP also does not affect the vegetative phase of these fungi.     

四季豆枯萎病病原鉴定及防治

从南宁市郊11个病区采集的四季豆枯萎病株标样,经分离培养鉴定和致病性测定,证明其病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌菜豆专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli Kend & Syd)。此病在南宁于4月上中旬四季豆初花期开始发生,5月中下旬盛花至结荚期为发病高峰期。用滤纸碟法进行药效试验的结果,40%灭病威300-500倍液的抑菌圈最大,田间灌根防治也有一定效果。可用种子重量的0.5%多菌灵可湿性粉拌种。品种间抗病性有显著差异,秋抗19号和秋抗6号较抗病。     

Role of organic acids in the mechanisms of biological soil disinfestation (BSD)

Biological soil disinfestation (BSD), or reductive soil disinfestation, achieved by amendment with organic materials such as wheat bran followed by flooding and covering the soil surface, has been used to control some soilborne diseases including Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt of tomato. During a BSD treatment, accumulation of acetic acid and/or butyric acid was detected with high-performance liquid chromatography. Survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici or Ralstonia solanacearum was suppressed by these organic acids. Amendment of these organic acids into soil suppressed the survival of R. solanacearum at lower concentrations than the maximum detected in BSD treatment, indicating that production of these organic acids is one of the mechanisms of control. However, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in soil survived with the maximum concentrations of these organic acids achieved by BSD; thus, involvement of factors other than organic acids may be involved.     

Characterization of biotin-autotrophic isolates derived from naturally occurring auxotrophic race 2 isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">lactucae</Emphasis>

Race 2 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae have been recognized as biotin auxotrophs and consequently have restricted growth on Puhalla's minimal medium (MM), which contains no biotin. Biotin-autotrophic isolates were raised from race 2 isolates through cultural mutation that grew as well on MM as they did on MM supplemented with biotin. These autotrophs were identical to the parental isolates in pathogenicity on race differential cultivars of lettuce (Patriot, Banchu Red Fire, and Costa Rica No. 4), and thus were designated as race 2. A vegetative compatibility test indicated that the autotrophic isolates fell into the same vegetative compatibility group as the parents. Culture filtrates of the autotrophs allowed abundant growth of the parental auxotroph on MM, and, through a competitive enzyme-binding assay, biotin was detected in the culture filtrates. These results suggest that biotin auxotrophy in the natural race 2 isolates has no direct relation to pathogenicity, qualitatively defined as physiological race, or to vegetative compatibility.     

Induction of an antioxidant enzyme system and other oxidative stress markers associated with compatible and incompatible interactions between chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceris

To ascertain if active oxygen species play a role in fusarium wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the degree of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde formation) and the activity levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), an apoplastic H₂O₂-forming oxidase, and several antioxidant enzymes, namely ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol-dependent peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined spectrophotometrically in roots and stems of ‘WR315’ (resistant) and ‘JG62’ (susceptible) chickpea cultivars inoculated with the highly virulent race 5 of the pathogen. Moreover, APX, CAT, GPX and SOD were also analysed in roots and stems by gel electrophoresis and activity staining; and the protein levels of APX and SOD in roots were determined by Western blotting. In roots, infection by the pathogen increased lipid peroxidation and CAT and SOD activities, although such responses occurred earlier in the incompatible compared with the compatible interactions. APX, GPX and GR activities were also increased in infected roots, but only in the compatible interaction. In stems, infection by the pathogen increased lipid peroxidation and APX, CAT, SOD and GPX activities only in the compatible interaction, and DAO activity only in the incompatible one. In general, electrophoregrams agreed with the activity levels determined spectrophotometrically and did not reveal any differences in isoenzyme patterns between cultivars or between infected and non-infected plants. Further, Western blots revealed an increase in the root protein levels of APX in the compatible interaction and in those of SOD in both compatible and incompatible interactions. In conclusion, whereas enhanced DAO activity in stems, and earlier increases in lipid peroxidation and CAT and SOD activities in roots, can be associated with resistance to fusarium wilt in chickpea, the induction of the latter three parameters in roots and stems along with that of APX, GR (only in roots) and GPX (only in stems) activities are rather more associated with the establishment of the compatible interaction.     

Physiologic races ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis in the southeastern anatolia region of turkey and varietal reactions to races of the pathogen

Thirty-four isolates ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis (F.o.m.) obtained from 205 fields in melon-producing areas in the southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey were identified on the basis of colony morphology and pathogenicity by the root dip method. In this region the mean prevalence of wilt disease was 88.1% and the mean incidence of disease was 47.5%. Physiologic races 0, 1, 2, and 1,2 of the pathogen were determined by their reactions on differential melon cultivars ‘Charentais T,’ ‘Isoblon’, ‘Isovac’ and ‘Margot’ in the greenhouse. Race 1,2, representating 58.8% (20/34) of all isolates, was widely distributed. Of the other pathogenic isolates, eight were identified as race 0, five as race 1, and one as race 2. This is the first report of physiologic races ofF.o.m. in Turkey. Of 44 melon cultivars tested in the greenhouse for resistance toF.o.m. races, 36 were found to be moderately resistant to race 0, 17 were susceptible to race 1,2, 34.1% were highly resistant to race 1, and 52.2% had moderate resistance to race 2. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 16, 2002.     

草莓枯萎病菌抗戊唑醇突变体ZY-W的生理生化特性

为明确抗戊唑醇草莓枯萎病菌 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae 突变体ZY-W的生理生化特性,分析其抗性风险及可能的抗性机制,比较了对戊唑醇抗性达34.2倍的ZY-W和敏感菌株ZY在苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)及过氧化物酶(POD)活力、对渗透压的敏感性、相对渗率、可溶性蛋白含量及酯酶同工酶图谱等方面的差异。结果表明:ZY-W突变菌株体内的POD和PAL活力均高于ZY;经不同浓度药剂处理0～24 h,2菌株PAL活力均呈先上升后下降的趋势,并在处理后1.5 h达到最高值;2菌株的POD活力则一直处于上升状态,24 h时达到最高值,且此时2菌株间POD活力差异最大;仅用清水处理0～24 h,2菌株的PAL和POD活力均一直处于上升状态。在不同处理时间及药剂浓度下,ZY的相对渗率为ZY-W的1.0～2.4倍,表明ZY-W菌株的细胞膜透性低于ZY;ZY-W对渗透压的敏感性及体内可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于ZY,其中ZY-W的可溶性蛋白含量是ZY的1.3倍;在突变菌株ZY-W的酯酶同工酶图谱中发现了 Rf值为0.24的特征性谱带。表明草莓枯萎病菌对戊唑醇产生抗性的同时,伴随着其生理生化特性的改变。     

Fusarium wilt on sweet basil: Cause and sources in southeastern Spain

This study concerned a new disease detected in 1997 in southeastern Spain — Fusarium wilt in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), caused byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.basilici. Its importance was evaluated at two locations in the Almería area, where 14% of the plants presented symptoms of the disease after 4 months of cropping. The search for sources of the disease inoculum was centered on the health of the seeds and the polypropylene trays that were reused for plant production. Analysis of four lots of seeds from Germany and Italy showed that two of them harboredF. oxysporum f.sp.basilici. This finding was confirmed by the analysis of seeds collected from diseased plants. Furthermore, analysis of three reused trays revealed the presence of the pathogen on them and it was concluded that the trays acted as the source of dispersion of the mycosis. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.     

Regeneration of vascular tissues in relation to Fusarium wilt resistance of carnation

Fusarium wilt-resistant Novada carnations responded both to stem inoculation with a conidial suspension ofFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi orF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici and to root inoculation by planting in soil infected withF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi by means of a localization mechanism comprising gel formation in the xylem vessels and hyperplasia of adjacent parenchyma cells. Dye translocation experiments showed that xylem transport was limited by the presence of vascular gels, although wilting did not occur. Overcapacity of the vascular system apparently allowed for sufficient water transport to compensate for local vascular dysfunction. Also, vascular regeneration in the hyperplastic tissue next to occluded xylem vessels created new pathways for water transport to compensate for those lost by occlusion. Regeneration of xylem vessels was eventually followed by regeneration of xylem fibers, xylem parenchyma, cambium, and phloem cells.Early Sam carnations, susceptible to Fusarium wilt, responded to stem inoculation withF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici by similar localization of infection and vascular regeneration. Stem inoculation withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi, however, resulted in colonization of the xylem vessels followed by lysis of the vascular tissues. Vascular gelation, hyperplasia of parenchyma cells, and vascular regeneration did generally not occur. However, if some hyperplasia occurred in attempted defence, some differentiation of hyperplastic cells into single xylem vessel elements was observed which only rarely resulted in complete vascular regeneration next to colonized xylem. In the absence of hyperplasia, differentiation of medulla parenchyma cells bordering destroyed vascular tissue into xylem vessel elements was even more exceptional. Apparently, vascular regeneration in carnation is a normal defence reaction to fungal invasion.Samenvatting Novada anjers, resistent tegen Fusarium-verwelkingsziekte, reageerden op stengelinoculatie met een conidiënsuspensie vanFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi of vanF. oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici en op wortelinoculatie door te planten in metF. oxysporumf.sp.dianthi besmette grond met een lokalisatiemechanisme dat onder meer bestond uit vorming van gommen in de houtvaten en hyperplasie van naburige parenchymcellen. Uit proeven over kleurstoftransport bleek dat de sapstroom door de gomvorming beperkt werd, hoewel dit geen verwelkingssymptomen veroorzaakte. Overcapaciteit van het vaatstelsel zorgde kennelijk voor voldoende compensatie aan watertransport om plaatselijke verstoring van de sapstroom op te vangen. Daarnaast werd het verlies aan functionele houtvaten ook opgevangen door vaatweefselregeneratie in het hyperplastische weefsel grenzend aan door gommen verstopte houtvaten. Na verloop van tijd werden behalve houtvaten ook houtvezels, houtparenchymcellen, cambium- en floeemcellen geregenereerd.Early Sam anjers, vatbaar voor Fusarium-verwelkingsziekte, reageerden op stengelinoculatie metF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici met eenzelfde lokalisatiemechanisme en ook met vaatweefselregeneratie. Stengelinoculatie metF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi echter had kolonisatie en vervolgens lysis van het vaatweefsel tot gevolg. Meestal trad er geen gomvorming, hyperplasie van parenchymcellen of vaatweefselregeneratie op. Als echter bij pogingen tot afweer toch enige hyperplasie optrad, bleken sommige hyperplastische cellen wel tot houtvatelementen te differentieren. Dit leidde echter maar zelden tot totale vaatweefselregeneratie parallel aan het gekoloniseerde vaatweefsel. In afwezigheid van hyperplasie differentieerden mergparenchymcellen vlak naast lyserend vaatweefsel slechts bij hoge uitzondering tot houtvatelementen. Vaatweefselregeneratie bij anjer is kennelijk een gewone afweerreactie op besmetting met pathogene schimmels.     

Effect of solarization and fumigant applications on soilborne pathogens and root-knot nematodes in greenhouse-grown tomato in Turkey

A study was conducted in two greenhouses with a history of Fusarium crown and root rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis-lycopersici, Forl) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica andM. incognita). During the 2005–06 growing season, the effectiveness of soil disinfestation by solarization in combination with low doses of metham-sodium (500, 750, 1000 and 1250l ha⁻¹) or dazomet (400 g ha⁻¹), was tested against soilborne pathogens and nematodes in an attempt to find a suitable alternative to methyl bromide, which is soon to be phased out. Solarization alone was not effective in the greenhouse with a high incidence ofForl. In the greenhouse with a low level ofForl, all the treatments tested reduced disease incidence, and were therefore considered to be applicable for soil disinfestation. In addition, root-knot nematode density decreased with all the treatments tested in both of the greenhouses.     

Phylogenetic relationships between the lettuce root rot pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae races 1, 2, and 3 based on the sequence of the intergenic spacer region of its ribosomal DNA

The genetic relationship between the vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) and between physiological races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL), the causal pathogen of lettuce root rot, was determined by analyzing the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of its ribosomal DNA. A total of 29 isolates containing a type strain were tested: 24 Japanese isolates, 2 Californian isolates, and 3 Italian isolates. Three races (races 1, 2, and 3) were found in Japan, and race 1 was also distributed in California and Italy. Races 1, 2, and 3 each belonged to a distinct VCG: VCG-1, VCG-2, and VCG-3 (VCG-3-1, VCG-3-3), respectively. Phylogenetic (neighbor-joining) analysis of the IGS sequences revealed that races 1, 2, and 3 coincided with three phylogenetic groups (PG): PG-1, PG-2, and PG-3, respectively. These results indicate that the three races are genetically quite different and have a strong correlation with VCGs and phylogenetic groupings. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession no. AB195218     

Screening of cultivated and wild adzuki bean for resistance to race 3 of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cadophora gregata</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">adzukicola</Emphasis>, cause of brown stem rot

Two diseases of adzuki bean, brown stem rot (BSR, caused by Cadophora gregata f. sp. adzukicola) and adzuki bean Fusarium wilt (AFW, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. adzukicola), are serious problems in Hokkaido and have been controlled using cultivars with multiple resistance. However, because a new race of BSR, designated race 3, was identified, sources of parental adzuki bean for resistance to race 3 were needed. Therefore, we examined 67 cultivars and lines of cultivated and wild adzuki bean maintained at the Tokachi Agricultural Experiment Station using a root-dip inoculation method. Consequently, nine adzuki bean cultivars, one wild adzuki bean accession and 30 lines (including two lines resistant to all the three races of BSR and AFW) were confirmed to be resistant or tolerant to race 3 of BSR, and we found a cultivar Akamame as well as a wild adzuki bean Acc2515 to be a new source for a resistance gene to the race 3. This cultivar also holds promise as a source of resistance against other races of BSR and AFW.