中国梨乡——大兴

为加快实施我国经济林产品名牌战略的步伐,进一步调动经济林主产省区广大群众发展经济林名特优产品的积极性,扩大各经济林名特优产品的社会影响和知名度,促进我国经济林种植结构的调整,国家林业局造林司、中国经济林协会已于2000—2001年在全国评审命名200多个“中国名特优经济林之乡”。近年来,荣获“中国名特优经济林之乡”的单位,以市场为导向,以科技为保障,在统筹规划、合理布局、实现规模化、基地化、集约化经营方面,有了一些新的探索,取得了一些成功的经验。中国经济林协会与本刊特推出以下单位的经验做法,以推动各地经济林建设的健康发展。———编者     

甘肃省经济林产业发展现状调查 Ⅰ.产业发展现状与前景

对甘肃省经济林产业发展现状进行全面调查。结果表明:天水、平凉、庆阳、陇南等4市为经济林生产水平和产业化程度相对较高区域;苹果、花椒等9个树种为主要规模化发展经济林树种;武都区等21县为经济林产值亿元县。同时对储藏加工、品牌化与标准化、市场销售等产业化经营与集约化管理现状以及发展前景进行了统计分析。     

迭部县苹果树整形修剪中存在的问题及改进措施

迭部县是甘南州苹果生产的主产区之一。经济林产业已成为农民脱贫致富的支柱产业。苹果收入占经济林总量的80％以上。因此,苹果产量高低、质量好坏直接影响着农民的收入。而苹果树整形修剪是苹果经营管理的重要措施之一,     

二十一世纪经济林生产和科研的发展趋势

分析预测了2001～2030年经济林生产和科研的发展趋势.经济林生产的可持续化、种苗良种化、无性化、栽培密植矮化、集约化、经营规模化、基地化、产品多元化、加工利用深度化是经济林生产的发展方向;经济树种质资源保存和利用、分子遗传学、优质高产品种定向选育、林地地力维持经营技术、绿色食品开发、优质高效栽培技术、设施栽培技术、经济林产品工业化生产技术、野生经济林产品开发和经济林产品深度加工利用技术研究是未来几十年经济林科学研究的重要课题.     

千岛湖林业产业现状分析与发展策略

详细阐述千岛湖林业产业建设的现状,分析存在的主要问题基础设施落后,产业投入不足;人才匮乏;经济林经营集约化程度不高.基于此提出了加快千岛湖林业产业发展的思路及优化布局,突出重点;招商引资、增加投入;发挥优势,多种经营等对策.     

我国经济林学科进展

经济林是指以生产果品,食用油料、饮料、调料,工业原料和药材为主要目的的林木,经济林产业已成为我国林业产业的主体。我国是经济林学科形成的发源地,已经形成了包括经济林产业—经济林科学研究—经济林专业教育三个层次的完整学科体系。综述了我国经济林科学研究在经济林木种质资源的收集、保存、评价和利用,经济树种的良种选育、优质高效栽培等宏观技术方面和经济林产品贮藏保鲜与加工利用及绿色食品与有机食品开发等方面取得的重要进展。分析了我国经济林科学研究与学科发展中存在的问题,即研究队伍数量的不足、科研经费和学科建设投入的不足、研究基础相对薄弱;提出了经济林学科的发展战略,即要做好科研平台建设、人才平台建设、政策平台建设、产业平台建设、市场平台建设;并指出经济林产业的重点领域和发展方向是经济林生产的可持续化,经济林种苗的良种化、无性系化,经济林栽培的集约化、标准化,经济林生产经营的规模化、产业化,经济林产品的多元化、加工利用的深度化、产品质量的安全化。     

千岛湖林业产业现状分析与发展策略

详细阐述千岛湖林业产业建设的现状,分析存在的主要问题:基础设施落后,产业投入不足;人才匮乏;经济林经营集约化程度不高。基于此提出了加快千岛湖林业产业发展的思路及优化布局,突出重点;招商引资、增加投入;发挥优势,多种经营等对策。     

21世纪新疆发展精准高效经济林产业的分析与探讨

21世纪是一个全球化发展和竞争相伴随的世纪 ,世界经济将进入以信息技术和生物技术革命为先导的新经济时代 ,世界农业的发展也将在新经济的推动下发生革命性变革 ,而经济林也必将面向以新经济为基础的生物技术和信息技术 ,向优质、高效、低耗方向发展。新疆具有悠久的瓜果栽培历史 ,素有“瓜果之乡”美称。近半个世纪以来 ,在党和政府的关怀下 ,新疆的经济林产业日益发展壮大 ,特别是 1997年新疆的经济林产业发生了根本的变化 ,整个经济林产业正由过去以家庭庭院栽培为主的小规模种植、分散经营转向基地建设、规模发展、集约化经营的新阶段…     

生态经济林经营模式

在我国丘陵山区开展以经济林为骨干项目的多种经营,是繁荣农村经济的一项战略措施。生态经济林业就是遵循自然规律和经济规律,按照生态学和生态经济学的原理,运用系统理论与系统工程的方法,组织经济林生产建设事业。它的任务是为制定经济林生产发展战略规划:为经济林栽培经营提供指导理论和方法。生态经济林的实施主要是通过区划和规划。生态经济林经营模式,有网络结构模式和立体经营模式之分。前者是一个地域生态系统的整体结构中,经济林作为一个子系统的位置,后者是具体林分结构的立体经营模式,两者是相关联的。     

低产实生板栗树嫁接改造管理技术

作为我国主要的经济林树种之一的板栗,具有耐旱、适应性强等特点,果实营养价值高,市场前景广阔.辽宁省是我国板栗主产区之一,板栗种植主要分布在丹东、鞍山等地,为当地的支柱性产业之一.文章从良种接穗准备、嫁接改造、接后管理等方面总结了实生板栗的嫁接改造技术.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.