4种润楠属植物的抗寒性与观赏特性评价

为研究润楠属植物的抗寒性，检测了4种润楠属植物在自然低温胁迫下的生理指标：叶绿素、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性蛋白(SP),分析其抗寒性。采用隶属函数法综合评价4种润楠属植物的抗寒性，结果为：宜昌润楠>刨花润楠>红梗润楠>小果润楠。采用层次分析法(AHP)对4种润楠属植物的观赏性进行综合评价，结果为：宜昌润楠>刨花润楠>小果润楠>红梗润楠。     

我国楠属种质资源分布现状及主要种特征差异

对福建、江西、浙江、湖南、湖北、贵州、重庆、四川、海南、云南及广西11省(自治区、直辖市)70个县(区、市)的楠属(Phoebe)树种种质资源进行详细调查,记录楠属种质资源分布、群落现状、木材利用及人工造林情况,对种质资源进行收集保存,并详细介绍主要树种的特征差异。调查发现,中国楠属树种资源主要分布在长江流域及以南地区,其中紫楠(P.sheareri)、闽楠(P.bournei)及白楠(P.neurantha)分布范围最广;综合比较生长速度和适应性,广西适宜推广种植的楠属树种有闽楠、桢楠(P.zhennan)及崖楠(P.yaiensis)。     

樟科楠属4种观赏植物的繁殖养护与园林应用

樟科楠属植物作为华南地区乡土植物,树形优美,适应性强,具有重要的开发利用潜力。通过对闽楠Phoebe bournei、红毛山楠Phoebe hungmaoensis、桢楠Phoebe zhennan、紫楠Phoebe shesreri等4种楠属植物的形态特性、繁殖、养护管理技术以及在园林中的应用方式进行系统总结,为楠属植物的开发应用提供参考和借鉴。     

润楠属7个种木质部导管特征研究

指出了润楠属为樟科常绿植物,具有较高的经济价值,但其自然资源保护措施不到位,生理生态理论研究比较缺乏。对润楠属7个种的木质部导管特征,包括导管密度(CD)、导管面积(CA)和导管壁加固系数(CWR)进行了研究,试图寻找其相互关系,为润楠属的生理生态研究提供理论基础。结果表明:润楠属的导管密度与导管壁加固系数呈极显著正相关;导管面积与导管壁加固系数呈显著正相关;导管密度和导管面积不具有相关性。     

4种润楠属植物精油成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取润楠属(Machilus)的短序润楠(M.breviflora)、浙江润楠(M.chekiangensis)、红楠(M.thunbergii)、凤凰润楠(M.phoenicis)4种植物的鲜叶精油;采用色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对精油样品进行分离和鉴定,共鉴定出108种挥发性化合物;用气相色谱面积归一法测定各组分的相对质量分数。结果表明,4种植物精油中均出现的成分是香橙烯、δ-杜松烯、蓝桉醇、α-古芸烯、a-葎草烯、芳樟醇、匙叶桉油烯醇、反式石竹烯,其中芳樟醇、匙叶桉油烯醇具有较高的药用价值。     

刨花润楠干燥特性研究

本文利用百度试验法研究了刨花润楠的木材干燥特性,结果表明:刨花润楠属难干木材,干燥速度4级,较慢;截面变形严重,达4级;扭曲明显,为3级;初期开裂和内裂等级分别为1级和2级。参照百度试验缺陷等级以及干燥缺陷对应的干燥条件制定了25～30 mm厚刨花润楠木材干燥基准。     

不同浓度CaCl_2对宜昌润楠幼苗的抗寒性研究

本文以多年生宜昌润楠(Machilus ichangensis)为材料,采取室内控温系统模拟低温胁迫条件,研究不同浓度CaCl_2处理对低温胁迫下宜昌润楠幼苗叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性以及激素ABA含量的影响,初步探究CaCl_2对润楠幼苗抗寒性的调节机理。结果表明:(1)宜昌润楠幼苗在-5℃条件下喷施5 mmol/LCaCl_2后叶绿素含量最高。(2)宜昌润楠幼苗在5℃条件下喷施25 mmol/LCaCl_2后丙二醛(MDA)含量最低。(3)宜昌润楠幼苗在低温胁迫条件下,通过喷施CaCl_2能影响可溶性蛋白的含量。(4)宜昌润楠幼苗在-5℃条件下喷施25mmol/LCaCl_2后可溶性糖含量最高。(5)宜昌润楠幼苗在低温胁迫条件下,通过喷施CaCl_2能提高SOD和POD的活性,其中在0℃条件下,宜昌润楠幼苗经5 mmol/LCaCl_2喷施后的SOD活性达到最高,在-5℃条件下宜昌润楠幼苗经5 mmol/LCaCl_2喷施后的POD活性达到最高。(6)宜昌润楠幼苗在低温胁迫条件下,通过喷施CaCl_2能提高激素ABA含量,在-5℃条件下喷施5 mmol/LCaCl_2后ABA含量最高。     

东莞市银瓶山森林公园润楠属植物群落特征研究

以银瓶山润楠属植物群落为研究对象,通过典型样地调查,对研究区域内群落的物种组成、径级分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)样地内共有70种植物,隶属41科58属,占优势的科主要有茜草科、樟科、禾本科、紫金牛科、百合科等.(2)样地内重要值>1的物种有11种,占物种数的84.62％,华润楠、浙江润楠的重要值分别为47.08...     

广东省润楠属植物资源现状与保育对策

楠木是我国传统的珍贵树种,通常指樟科楠属（Phoebe）和润楠属（Machilus）植物。广东省具有丰富的润楠属树木资源,但已利用的种类极少。根据野外调查和文献资料记录,在广东省共发现润楠属植物23种,广泛分布于全省各地。文章介绍了润楠属植物在广东省作为商品和科研种质资源的人工栽培情况,并对其保育提出了建议。     

浙江润楠属植物花粉形态的比较研究

用扫描电镜观察了浙江润楠属(Machilus)植物11个分类群的花粉形态。结果表明:润楠属花粉呈圆球形或近球形,大小为22.5~29.7μm,无极面、无萌发孔;花粉粒表面具三角形或乳突状小刺,通常刺小而密集;小刺基部有圆形垫状隆起或无,隆起边缘光滑或具一圈颗粒状或脑纹状小突起。花粉特征,特别是花粉外壁小刺基部垫状隆起的有无和边缘有无颗粒状突起及突起的形态差别可以作为种间鉴定的依据。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.