β-巯基乙醇对不同时期芒果剪口芽总RNA质量的影响

芒果剪口芽中富含多酚,由于多酚易被氧化,且难以与核酸分离,导致总RNA提取困难。为提取适于芒果实时荧光定量PCR分析的高质量RNA,通过在华越洋超快新型植物RNA提取试剂盒的细胞裂解液中加入适量的β-巯基乙醇,研究β-巯基乙醇对芒果剪口芽总RNA提取质量的影响。试验结果表明,在细胞裂解液中加入300μLβ-巯基乙醇,可以排除多酚、色素等杂质的干扰,获得条带完整、质量较好的总RNA样品。RT-PCR实验结果进一步表明,此方法提取的RNA完全适于后续分子生物学试验研究。     

小菜蛾高毒力Bt.DBW902粉剂开发研究

研究旨在为微生物菌剂研发及生产提供参考。利用小菜蛾高毒力苏云金芽孢杆菌株Bt.DBW902,构建最佳发酵条件,探索Bt粉剂制备工艺。以活菌数、活芽孢数和晶体蛋白含量为指标,采用单因子试验方法,对菌株最佳发酵条件进行优化。通过添加各种不同浓度梯度矿物填料制备Bt粉剂初型,测定粉剂特性。研究结果表明:Bt.DBW902最佳发酵条件为:接种量2%,种子液菌龄10 h,摇床转速200 r/min,初始p H 7.0~7.5,温度30℃,发酵时间48 h。该条件下活菌数达到2.99×109CFU/m L,活芽孢数达到8.88×108CFU/m L,晶体蛋白含量可达到20.0 mg/m L。Bt粉剂初型中,人造沸石对Bt粉剂保护作用最佳,添加比例为1.0%~3.0%时,Bt.DBW902对小菜蛾毒杀活性最强。本研究优化了Bt.DBW902发酵条件并获得了高毒力Bt粉剂初型,为Bt粉剂研发及生产奠定了基础。     

高质量的小麦种子总RNA的快速提取方法

提取高质量的RNA是从基因表达水平上研究小麦种子发育的必要条件。现有提取方法难以快速得到高纯度的小麦种子总RNA。本试验将冷酚法和Trizol一步法相结合,在5h左右就可得到高质量的总RNA。通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度计检测,提取的总RNA具有清晰的28S rRNA、18S rRNA条带,OD260/DO280比值在1．90-2．00之间。将提取的总RNA用于反转录,可获得高质量的cDNA,在cDNA—AFLP分析上可得到清晰的条带。说明这种方法获得的总RNA纯度和完整度非常高,完全满足分子生物学研究的要求。     

不同方法提取绿豆总RNA的比较和改进

利用CTAB法、SDS法、Trizol法,从绿豆叶片中提取了总RNA：利用改进的GT法从绿豆叶、茎和子叶中提取了总RNA,提取结果通过凝胶电泳和紫外吸光光度值检测。结果显示：用改良的GT法提取的总RNA,凝胶电泳图上28S条带是18S条带亮度的两倍以上：而用其它3种方法提取的总RNA电泳条带不如GT法提取的总RNA清晰。用GT法从绿豆叶片中提取的总RNA的A260/A280值为1．94,可以用于RT-PCR、DDRT-PCR和Northern杂交等实验。通过RT-PCR,得到绿豆钙调蛋白基因约450bp,从而进一步检验了提取的总RNA的质量。改良的GT法可以认为是一种简便、快速的提取绿豆RNA的方法。     

棉花组织总RNA的快速提取方法

棉花组织富含多糖、棉酚等次生代谢物质，较难提取高质量的RNA。本研究在前人方法的基础上对快速提取棉花组织总RNA的方法进行了探讨。利用改进的CTAB异硫氰酸胍裂解缓冲液，获得的RNA完整性好，无DNA污染，含量高，每克鲜组织能提取0．5mg总RNA，OD260／OD280比值均在1．7～2．0之间。该方法不但适用于叶片提取总RNA，而且在根、花冠、种子、发育的纤维中均能提取出高质量的RNA，同时节约成本，相对于试剂盒提取RNA，成本大为降低。     

花生总RNA提取方法比较研究

通过对2种RNA提取方法（改良CTAB法和Trizol法）和2种RNA提取试剂盒（AXYGEN总RNA提取试剂盒和TIANDZ总RNA提取试剂盒）进行比较研究,以期获得质量较好的花生不同器官的总RNA,为后续分子生物学实验奠定基础。实验结果表明,与TRIZOL法及2种RNA提取试剂盒相比,改良CTAB法提取的花生总RNA完整性好,得率高,稳定性好,并且无DNA污染,可以进一步满足半定量RT-PCR等实验需要。     

适用于转录组测序的棉花幼根总RNA提取方法筛选

棉花幼根中含有大量酚类物质、多糖和单宁等多种次生代谢物,且根部取样时会带有少量的泥土和有机质等污染物,因此棉花幼根RNA提取难度较大.本文采用两种试剂盒法和改良的异硫氰酸胍法,筛选适合转录组测序的提取棉花幼根RNA的方法.与试剂盒法相比,改良的异硫氰酸胍法具有浓度高、质量好等特点,能够满足转录组测序的要求.     

水稻种子总RNA提取质量问题的探究

水稻种子总RNA提取在水稻分子遗传基础实验中起着非常重要的作用,然而,高质量水稻种子RNA的获取难度高,极大阻碍了cDNA文库构建、RNA-Seq和基因表达分析等相关研究工作的开展和深入。为了探讨水稻种子总RNA提取的相关影响因素,寻找合适的水稻种子总RNA提取方式,本研究通过比较Trizol法、GeneMark试剂盒法和艾德莱试剂盒法3种不同的提取方式、不同的耗材处理方法、研磨方式等不同因素改进水稻种子总RNA的提取效果。不同的检测结果显示,艾德莱多糖多酚提取试剂盒能够提取到28S、18S条带完整、降解少和纯度高的水稻种子总RNA;不同耗材处理方法中,蛋白酶K处理过的耗材提取的总RNA比另外两种方法处理过的耗材提取的总RNA降解更少,28S和18S条带更清晰和完整、总RNA质量最高、效果最好;而研磨方式上,液氮冷冻研磨法能够有效抑制RNA酶对RNA的降解。本研究对水稻种子RNA提取过程相关因素的分析和改进,为促进以水稻种子为研究对象的分子实验奠定了一定的技术基础。     

新型Bt杀虫蛋白:VIP杀虫的机理与植物转基因应用

苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt）是目前应用最多的生物杀虫剂。它能够产生多种杀虫因子,其中最主要是杀虫晶体蛋（insecticidal crystal proteins,ICP）和营养期杀虫蛋白（vegetative insecticidal protein,VIP）。VIP在励营养期生长阶段开始分泌,它们不形成蛋白晶体,和ICP在进化上没有同源性。VIP的杀虫活性很高,达到了纳克级水平,为一类新型杀虫蛋白,被认为是第二代生物杀虫剂。VIP根据蛋白质序列同源性主要分为三类：VIP1、VIP2和VIP3。VIP1和VIP2共同构成二元毒素对鞘翅目萤叶甲科昆虫具有特异性毒杀作用,VIP3对鳞翅目害虫具有很高的杀虫活性。由于VIP对一些可能对ICP产生抗性的害虫具有高效的毒杀作用,而且害虫对ICP和VIP产生交互抗性的几率也很小,因此转VIP植物研究受到了科学家的青睐,并已有不少成功的报道和专利。目前为止,已经利用VIP3构建了转基因水稻、转基因玉米、转基因棉花等多种转基因作物。     

血红鸡爪槭叶片总RNA提取方法的比较研究

血红鸡爪槭叶片中富含多糖、多酚物质,严重影响了RNA提取纯度和质量。为了获得适宜血红鸡爪槭叶片总RNA提取的方法,采用柱式植物RNAout法、TRIZOL法和改良CTAB法3种提取方法对其叶片总RNA提取效果进行比较分析。结果显示,采用柱子法提取获得的总RNA产率最高,但是有DNA污染;TRIZOL法提取的总RNA OD260∕OD280为1.65,可能有多糖和酚类物质的污染,并且产率最低;改良CTAB法提取的总RNA纯度很高,OD260/OD280平均值在2.0左右,产率在上述两种方法之间,电泳图清晰,而且改良CTAB法提取的总RNA,经RT-PCR获得了清晰的特异性条带。表明改良CTAB法提取的总RNA纯度和产率高,完全可以满足进一步分子生物学研究的需要,是血红鸡爪槭叶片总RNA提取的适宜方法。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.