不同密度马尾松林下植被和土壤性质

通过对11年生不同密度马尾松林下植物和土壤理化性质的研究,结果表明：林分密度增加,马尾松林下植物的平均高、覆盖度和生物量递减;0—20cm和20—40cm土层的通气度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度递增;0～20cm土层的自然含水量和土壤贮水量递减,20—40cm的土层规律性不明显;0～20cm和20～40cm土层的有机质、全N、全P、水解N和速效P的含量递减。说明林下植物有利于土壤含水量和肥力的改善,为了促进马尾松林地力改善。必须保护和恢复林下植被。     

杉木人工林林下植物生物量的动态特征和预测模型

对不同地位指数和不同林龄杉木林下植物生物量进行了研究.结果表明除中龄林林下植物生长发育较差外,林下植物总生物量和灌木层生物量基本上随林龄的增加而增加,而草本层生物量的变化较为复杂;不同地位指数和不同林龄杉木及其林下植物的凋落物积累量也存在明显差异,杉木凋落物积累量随林龄的增大而增加.14地位指数的林下植物凋落物量随林龄的增大而增加,而16和18地位指数的林下植物凋落物量除中龄林很少外,其他年龄段也随林龄的增大而增加.应用数量化模型Ⅰ进行分析,结果表明林分密度、林龄、地形和土壤条件是影响林下植物生物量、杉木凋落物量和林下植物凋落物量的重要因子,尤其是林分密度和林龄.     

炼山对华西雨屏区杉木林采伐迹地土壤理化特征的影响

炼山在华西雨屏区造林时广泛应用,杉木林采伐迹地炼山后的土壤理化性质研究鲜有报道.本文以华西雨屏区28 a生杉木林（对照）及其采伐迹地为研究对象,通过传统的炼山方式后采样测定土壤pH值、全N、P、K及其有效性以及Ca和Mg含量等,旨在阐明炼山对华西雨屏区杉木采伐迹地土壤的理化性质短期效应.结果表明：炼山能显著提高土壤pH值,能显著增加土壤0～40 cm层的全N含量.不同土层的P含量对炼山的响应不同,炼山后表层土（0 ～20 cm）的全K含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,中层土（20 cm～40 cm）是先下降、后增加,底层土（40 cm～60 cm）持续下降.炼山后土壤中速效N、有效P的含量均先增加、后降低,而速效K的含量先下降,后增加.炼山后的土壤表层Ca含量显著增加,但对土壤中层和底层土的Ca含量影响趋势无规律.土壤各层中的Mg含量在炼山后明显下降.     

不同发育阶段杉木林土壤有机碳变化特征及影响因素

对江西大岗山地区不同发育阶段杉木林林地土壤有机碳变化特征进行了研究,并利用相关分析和逐步回归分析方法探讨了土壤因子对其的影响.结果表明,不同发育阶段土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,各层次有机碳含量表现出明显的变异特征,变异程度为:40～60 cm土层>20～40 cm土层>0～20 cm土层,其中中龄林土壤变异最为显著;随杉木的生长发育,土壤有机碳含量从幼龄林到中龄林呈下降趋势,中龄林到过熟林则呈上升趋势;土壤有机碳含量与全N量、碱解N量、有效P含量等土壤因子密切相关;建立的从幼龄林到过熟林各阶段的土壤有机碳回归方程具有较高的回归精度,比较标准化回归系数法处理显示,土壤N状况是影响土壤有机碳变异的主导因子.     

第2代杉木林土壤有机碳、全氮对细根分布及形态特征的影响

以20年生杉木人工林为研究对象,分析了杉木细根的生长分布情况及形态学特征.结果表明:第2代杉木人工林的土壤有机碳与全氮主要分布在0～30 cm土壤中,随着土壤深度的增加而明显减少;杉木细根生物量在不同土壤层次问差异显著,随土壤深度的增加而显著减少,主要分布在0～15 cm的表层土壤中,占总量的50.35%,15～30 cm层占30.04%,30～45 cm层占19.61%;细根表面积在不同层次土壤间差异不显著,主要分布在0～30 cm层中,为2.86m2·m-3,占总量的79.88%;随着土壤深度的增加,杉木细根比根长增加不明显;土壤有机碳含量与杉木细根生物量、比根长和根表面积密度之间相关性均不显著;土壤全氮含量与杉木细根生物量和根表面积密度之间存在明显的正相关,与细根比根长存在不太明显的负相关.     

不同林龄杉木人工林细根生物量及分布特征

为了研究杉木人工林地下细根的碳分配及其随年龄变化规律,于2014年4月用土壤钻法对湖南省会同县杉木人工林三个不同林龄(7年生、17年生和25年生)细根生物量变化、垂直分布进行了研究。结果表明:杉木人工林0~60 cm土层内杉木细根生物量随着年龄的增加表现出先增加后减少的趋势,7、17、25年生杉木林细根生物量分别为239.79 g·m-2、271.90 g·m-2和191.60 g·m-2,占杉木细根总生物量的68.45%、56.39%和68.64%。而林下植被层地下细根生物量随杉木林年龄的增大而减少,7年、17年和25年生杉木人工林林下植被层细根生物量为别为207.20 g·m-2,54.87 g·m-2和39.54 g·m-2。不同林龄杉木林细根生物量随土层深度的增加而减少,其中7年生杉木人工林细根分布主要在表层;利用渐进累积方程分析表明,25年生杉木人工林向土层深处生长比较明显。不同林龄活细根比根长和比表面积呈现随年龄增长而降低的趋势,组织密度则呈增大趋势。     

不同林地土壤微生物生物量垂直分布及相关性分析

对福建三明格氏栲自然保护区内的格氏栲天然林和格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的土壤微生物生物量C、N及诸因素的垂直变化进行了研究.结果表明:3种森林土壤微生物生物量C、N均随土层深度的增加明显下降,其中不同林地0~10 cm土层土壤微生物生物量的差异最大,格氏栲天然林和格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的土壤微生物生物量C分别为1.502±0.16、1.035±0.103、0.82±0.076 g/kg,生物量N为别为0.27±0.031、0.172±0.018、0.147±0.016 g/kg;该层格氏栲天然林微生物生物量C分别是格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的1.46和1.83倍,生物量N分别是格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的1.57和1.84倍.相关分析表明:微生物生物量与土壤pH和土壤密度呈负相关,而与全N、全P、水解N和速效P含量呈正相关;与土壤有机C、轻组有机C、颗粒有机C含量及细根生物量之间呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的相关性,与土壤可溶性有机C含量的相关性未达显著水平(P>0.05).     

南亚热带不同人工林对土壤理化性质的影响及土壤质量评价

[目的]探讨相同立地条件下的不同人工林对土壤理化性质的影响,为实现人工林养分的精确调控和可持续经营提供科学依据。[方法]选取在柳州沙塘林场马尾松采伐迹地上同为1987年营造的木荷、米老排、蓝果树和杉木人工纯林为研究对象,以未造林灌草地为对照,分层（0～15、15～30、30～50、50～70、70～100 cm）测定14个土壤理化性质指标,结合KMO和Bartlett球形度检验,采用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行综合评价。[结果]同种林分内,随土层加深,土壤密度递增,孔隙度、土壤有机碳、全N、碱解N、有效P含量递减。不同林分间各土壤理化性质差异明显,5种林地的土壤pH值变幅为3.94～5.12;土壤有机碳、全N、碱解N、有效P含量以及化学计量特征C:N、C:P、N:P比值均表现为：阔叶林>针叶林>灌草地;杉木林土壤的全P含量在所有林分中最低,杉木林生长可能消耗更多的磷元素;与对照灌草地相比,营造这4种人工林后使土壤全K含量明显减少,速效K（除米老排林外）也有相似规律,这种变化规律暗示了人工林对K元素的消耗量大;木荷林和杉木林土壤的p H值、全K、速效K及阳离子交换量的含量明显低...     

不同林龄两代杉木人工林生物量积累特征研究

通过定位观测取得的数据,对不同林龄两代杉木人工林生物量积累特征进行研究,并对第1代、第2代杉木林进行了比较.结果表明:7、14、20年生两代杉木单株生物量和林分生物量均随林龄增大而增加.树叶、树枝生物量随着林龄增长所占比例逐渐减小,但树干生物量比例逐年增大,树根生物量变化不明显.7、14、20年生第2代杉木林的单株生物...     

福建省杉木人工林生物量及其分配研究

通过收集福建省杉木林生物量数据,对福建省杉木林生物量及其分配规律进行分析,结果表明,杉木林生物量随年龄增长呈逐渐增加趋势,并以幂方程拟合的效果最好。杉木林叶和枝生物量占总生物量的比例均随年龄增加而呈明显下降趋势,根占总生物量比例的下降趋势则较小,而干占总生物量比例则随年龄增长而明显增加。叶、枝、干生物量占总生物量比例与年龄拟合的效果较好,且最佳方程均为三次方程。根生物量占总生物量比例与年龄拟合的效果则较差。除年龄对根生物量分配比例有极显著负相关外,降水量对根系生物量分配比例亦有显著的负相关。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.