浑善达克沙地人工植被覆盖下土壤蒸发的模拟研究

应用自制的微型蒸渗仪(Micro-Lysimeter)测定了2005年浑善达克沙地人工牧草区的日棵间土壤蒸发量。对影响土壤蒸发的主要因子进行了回归分析,并比较了以6因子[日平均气温(T)、净辐射(Rn)、相对湿度(RH)、2m处风速(U2)、0~30cm土壤含水率(θ)及叶面积指数(LAI)]和4因子[日平均气温(T)、净辐射(Rn)、0~30cm土壤含水率(θ)及叶面积指数(LAI)]为输入样本,以日棵间土壤蒸发量为输出样本的BP网络模拟预报模型。研究表明,BP网络可以用于日棵间土壤蒸发量的预报,6因子法和4因子法均简便可行,能满足生产的需要。相比之下,6因子法的精度更高。此研究是对传统棵间土壤蒸发量计算的补充。     

河南省参考作物蒸散量变化特征及其气候影响分析

基于河南省111个气象站1971-2010年逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、风速和日照时数等气候要素资料,应用Penman-Monteith模型计算各站点逐日参考作物蒸散量(ET0),结合数理统计方法,分析近40a来河南省年ET0的时空变化特征,并对其主要影响因子进行探讨.结果表明,Penman-Monteith模型对河南省ET0的模拟能力较强,模拟值与同期小型蒸发皿蒸发量的相关系数r=0.84(P ＜0.01).近40a,河南省年ET0平均值为796.1mm(±102.2mm,n=4169),在空间分布上,总体表现出北高南低的特征,并以24.7mm·10a-1(P ＜0.01)的线性倾向率减少,呈明显减少的站点主要分布在34°N以北地区.偏相关分析表明,全省各地(市)年ETo与各气象要素关系密切,除济源外,年ET0均表现出与风速呈负相关且相关系数最大.逐步回归分析显示,年ETo与平均气温、日照时数、风速和相对湿度的关系密切;风速、日照时数和平均气温对年ET0的贡献为正效应,而相对湿度为负效应.近40a,风速减小是导致河南省年ET0呈显著减小的主要原因;但从综合影响看,这是各气象因素综合作用的效果,且各因子的贡献存在区域差异.     

陕西关中地区ET0计算公式的适用性评价

为明确参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)计算公式在陕西关中地区的适用性,该文按照FAO(1994)对Penman-Monteith公式的设定条件,采用称重式蒸渗仪测定ET0。以该实测值为标准,对具有代表性的ET0计算公式:FAO-17Modified-Penman(FAO-MP)、裴步祥修订的Modified Penman(PBX-MP)、Penman-Monteith(PM)、ASCEPenman-Monteith(ASCE-PM)公式进行对比分析,研究不同ET0计算公式在该地区的适用性及计算值产生偏差的原因。试验结果表明,ASCE-PM计算值与实测值最接近,线性回归系数为1.03(R2=0.87),绝对误差为0.31mm;其次为PM、PBX-MP、FAO-MP。气象因子对辐射项和空气动力项的不同影响造成各计算值与实测值的差异,其中,大气温度、日照时数及相对湿度对辐射项影响较大,风速对空气动力项影响较大。ASCE-PM公式可应用于陕西关中半湿润地区ET0计算。     

基于BP神经网络的东港灌区作物需水量预测研究

为了指导东港地区的农业生产,对影响作物参考蒸散量(ET0)的气象因子进行了分析,利用东港市1999年和2000年水稻生育期的常规气象资料,采用Matlab软件的神经网络工具箱,建立ET0三层BP神经网络预测模型,网络的输入因子为日净辐射量、日平均相对湿度和日平均风速,输出因子为利用Penman—Monteith公式计算得到的同期ET0值。结果表明:(1)当模型的隐层节点数为11,传递函数采用tansig函数,训练函数采用trainlm函数时,预测值与目标值的平均相对误差为9%,预测效果较其他情况都好,由此确定模型的最终结构为3—11—1的BP—ET0模型。(2)用BP—ET0模型预测参考作物蒸散量,预测值与目标值的变化趋势基本一致。     

安徽省参考作物蒸散模型参数化

模型参数优化是准确估算参考作物蒸散(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)的关键问题之一。该研究基于安徽省81个地面气象站点1961—2011年逐日气象数据和合肥、武汉、南京、杭州和南昌5个辐射站1993—2011年的逐日辐射数据,评估日尺度的净长波辐射、气压和水汽压模型在安徽地区的适用性;并结合已有研究获得的最优逐日太阳辐射参数化估算模型,建立安徽省本地化逐日ET0模型的最优参数化方案,探讨模型参数优化对ET0估算的影响。结果表明:7种净长波辐射估算参数化方案中,邓根云法的精度最高,在安徽地区的适用性优于其他方案,建议作为安徽本地化方案使用;FAO56 Penman-Monteith公式中推荐的气压估算模型和基于实测平均气温和相对湿度估算水汽压的模型在安徽省基本适用,但该研究认为在资料能够获取的情况下直接使用实测值为最优。与基于实测资料计算的ET0相比,该研究建立的本地化最优模型估算的ET0在日、月和年尺度上的相对误差分别为15.5%、9.05%和6.12%,能较好地适用于安徽地区。FAO56 Penman-Monteith公式推荐的参数化方案由于高估了安徽地区的太阳辐射,低估了净长波辐射,导致其与基于实测资料计算的ET0值相比,在日、月和年尺度上高估ET0达40.0%以上,不推荐安徽地区直接使用。研究可为安徽省准确估算作物需水量、农业旱涝评估和合理调度水资源等提供依据。     

不同ET0计算方法在川中丘陵地区的比较及改进

为了获取川中丘陵地区参考作物蒸散量(ET0)在气象资料短缺条件下不同类型的简化计算方法,选用FAO-56Penman-Monteith(PM)法、Hargreaves法、Hargreaves校正法、Priestley-Taylor法和Irmark-Alleen拟合法计算简阳站1999-2005年逐日的ET0。以PM公式为标准,对其他4种方法进行评价及改进。结果表明,Hargreaves校正法计算误差最小,Irmark-Alleen拟合法和Hargreaves法次之,Priestley-Taylor法计算误差最大。通过灵敏度分析,得出川中丘陵地区影响ET0的主要气象因子是相对湿度,因此该文对在湿润气候条件下应用的Priestley-Taylor法和Irmark-Alleen拟合法的参数进行逐月修正,改进后的计算方法精度得到明显提高。Hargreaves校正法、该文提出的Priestley-Taylor修正法和Irmark-Alleen拟合改进法可以作为川中丘陵地区气象资料短缺条件下ET0的简化计算方法。     

基于机器学习的遮荫设施内参考作物蒸散量估算

为高效准确地估算遮荫设施内参考作物蒸散量（Reference Evapotranspiration, ET0）,该研究通过分析三七栽培遮荫设施（四周及顶部均由黑色遮阳网遮盖,通风性较好）内及设施外气象参数的关系,采用Sobol敏感性分析方法筛选出设施外有效的气象参数,并将其作为模型输入,以Penman-Monteith（FAO-56 PM）模型计算的值为标准值,采用贝叶斯优化（Bayesian Optimization, BO）算法优化机器学习方法（支持向量回归机（Support Vector Regression, SVR）、随机森林（Random Forest, RF）和极限学习机（Extreme Learning Machine, ELM））中的参数,建立3种遮荫设施内ET0估算模型（BO-SVR、BO-RF和BO-ELM）。结果表明：遮荫设施内ET0对设施外平均相对湿度、平均风速、最高气温和平均气温的敏感性较高,一阶敏感系数分别为0.450、0.304、0.064和0.026,故基于4组气象参数建立模型。BO-ELM模型的测试精度整体优于BO-SVR和BO-RF,其中BO-ELM模型基于平均相对湿度、平均风速、最高气温和平均气温的气象参数组合估算精度最高,决定系数、均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.928、0.069 mm/d和0.046 mm/d,BO-ELM模型也能很好地适应少量气象参数（平均相对湿度和平均风速）估算设施内ET0,决定系数、均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.910、0.078 mm/d和0.057 mm/d。综合考虑计算精度和计算代价,可将BO-ELM模型作为气象参数缺失情况下遮荫设施内ET0的估算方法。研究为遮荫设施内ET0的估算提供有效方法。     

若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散时空动态特征及影响因子

潜在蒸散(ET0)对水资源评价和气候变化均具有重要意义。利用若尔盖湿地及其周边19个气象站1960—2015年逐日气象资料,根据辐射修正的Penman-Monteith模型计算了湿地潜在蒸散量,采用累积距平、Mann-Kendall检验、Pettitt检验、Theil-Sen趋势度、Hurst指数等方法分析了蒸散变化规律,并对蒸散影响因子进行了主成分分析。结果表明:(1)若尔盖湿地年ET0均值为625.3mm,并以4.89mm/10a的速率显著上升(p<0.01),四季ET0表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。年、秋、冬ET0分别在1968年(p<0.01),1997年(p<0.01),2003年(p<0.1)突变上升,春、夏两季未出现突变。(2)湿地年均ET0呈南部、东部边缘高、西北—东南一线较低的空间分布特征,且变化速率由东北向西南递减,其中西部班玛以北及南部马尔康、黑水之间地区ET0呈缓慢下降趋势。(3)湿地年ET0的Hurst指数在0.56～0.91间,主要呈四周高、中部低的空间分布规律。未来湿地ET0变化趋势以持续性增加为主,面积比例为96.88%。(4)气温上升是引起湿地ET0增加的最主要原因,其次是日照时数的增加和相对湿度的降低。净辐射、风速和降水量的减少引起的ET0减少被气温等其他因素作用所抵消。     

洮河流域潜在蒸散发的气候敏感性分析

潜在蒸散发(ET0)的气候敏感性分析是变化环境下陆表能-水通量过程研究的重要内容,对气候变化背景下区域水文循环和农业水资源有效利用具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。为探讨气候变化对区域潜在蒸散发的可能影响,以洮河流域为研究区,采用Penman-Monteith模式和Beven敏感性公式计算该区ET0及其对关键气候要素的敏感系数,按Sen斜率和Mann-Kendall方法对敏感系数的变幅和显著性进行检验,基于此,对洮河流域ET0的气候敏感性进行了综合分析,并探讨了1981-2010年间该区ET0发生变化的气候原因。结果表明:洮河流域ET0对关键气候因素的敏感性排序为:净辐射相对湿度最高气温最低气温风速,其中,净辐射、最高气温和风速的敏感系数与ET0的相关性较强,特别是前2个要素在敏感性和相关性方面均具有较高系数;1981-2010年间,洮河流域ET0敏感性以净辐射的降低和最高气温的增强为主,净辐射和气温共同造就了洮河流域ET0的增加,且气温占主导。     

淮河流域参考作物蒸散量变化特征及主要气象因子的贡献分析

利用淮河流域171个站点1971-2010年的气象资料,采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算该区近40a的参考作物蒸散量（ET0）,并对ET0的时空分布特征和影响因子进行定量分析。结果表明：淮河流域年ET0为898mm,近40a总体以17.5mm/10a的速率减小（P〈0.05）;空间分布显示西北部大部站点ET0呈显著下降趋势（P〈0.05）,仅东南部个别站点呈显著上升趋势（P〈0.05）。各气象因子对ET0变化的贡献表现为两方面,即ET0对气象因子的敏感性和气象因子的多年相对变化率,在4个主要因子中（平均温度、相对湿度、日照时数和风速）,ET0对相对湿度的变化最敏感（敏感系数最大）,而风速的多年平均变化率最大。从各因子的贡献率看,对ET0贡献最大的是风速,平均温度的贡献最小,4个因子对ET0变化的总贡献率为-4.96%,总贡献率为负在很大程度上解释了ET0呈下降趋势的原因。     

Absorption and transport of Na and Cl in rice cultivars differing in their tolerance to salinity: An examination of the effects of ammonium and potassium salts

The absorption and transport of Na and Cl from 0.1 mM and 10 mM ²²Na labelled NaCl or ³⁶Cl labelled KCl were examined in 15 days old seedlings of 3 cultivars of rice differing in their tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, the effects of 10, 100 and 1000 ppm (N)₂S on their uptake were studied. It was found that in general, the salt‐tolerant cultivars BR and PNL‐1 absorbed more Na and translocated a lesser proportion of it to the shoot, compared to the salt‐sensitive IR‐8, from 0.1 mM NaCl. The presence of (N)₂S reduced the uptake of Na in all the cultivars. It was also found that the presence of 100 ppm K, KN or NNreduced Na absorption from 0.1 mM NaCl significantly in all the cultivars, and the translocation to shoot in BR‐ Chloride transport from 0.1 mM NaCl was reduced by (N)₂S in all the cultivars. The 3 cultivars differed significantly in the rates of absorption and transport of Na and Cl. The results indicate that PNL‐1 which is a cross of IR‐8 X BR, has inherited the salt tolerance trait from BR. Lower rates of Na translocation to the shoot can be used as an index of salt tolerance in rice.     

我国酸性硫酸盐土壤中铁锰形态转化及迁移

酸性硫酸盐土壤酸性很强，有机质含量高，造成了这种土壤所特有的铁锰淋洗、转化和迁移规律。研究结果表明：在酸性硫酸盐土壤中全铁含量较低，一般在３５－５０ｇ／ｋｇ（以Ｆｅ２Ｏ３计），全锰含量也低，一般在０．２５－０．５５ｇ／ｋｇ（以ＭｎＯ计），一般滩涂中全铁大于６０ｇ／ｋｇ，全锰大于１ｇ／ｋｇ。酸性硫酸盐土壤中，铁的游离度较小，一般在３７－７０％，铁的活化度较大，一般在８－２０％，而滩涂中铁的游离度一般     

An examination of the total analysis of major elements in soil samples

Recently conventional chemical analyses were mostly replaced by instrumental analysis. Although results from both methods were examined in details after the samples had been solubilized or extracted by appropriate techniques, the solubilization method was considerably altered so as to be convenient for the following analysis. In atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), for example, fusion technique was mostly inadequate because of the higher salts concentration in the obtained solution. The use of H₂SO₄ must also be avoided in acid digestion for SO₄ ^2- precipitates with Sr²⁺ or La³⁺ which must be added to eliminate interferences in the succeeding procedure. Therefore, it is essential to consider the whole scheme including sample treatments to evaluate the suitability of instrumental analysis. In this experiment, the suitability of the methods which have been employed in our laboratory was examined by analyzing 9 rock standards.     

Denitrification potential in a grassland subsoil: effect of carbon substrates

We examined the potential of a subsoil to denitrify nitrate under optimal anaerobic conditions in a laboratory-based incubation when supplied with a range of C substrates of increasing recalcitrance. Both topsoil and its associated subsoil were supplied with nitrate and either glucose, starch or cellulose. Microbial respiration and the evolution of N₂O and N₂ were measured. The subsoil supported low amounts of microbial activity and responded only to the glucose treatment; with less than one-fifth of the N₂O production measured in the top soil. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the denitrification potential of this particular subsoil is relatively low and that only simple carbohydrates could be utilised readily by the resident microorganisms.     

Availability and extractability of soil manganese in a liming experiment

Abstract

The availability of soil Mn to corn in relation to extractability of soil Mn by EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂, CH₃COONH₄, hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄ as affected by liming was evaluated under field conditions on a single soil type. EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂ and CH₃COONH₄‐extractable Mn were related inversely to available Mn. No useful relationships were found between hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄‐extractable soil Mn and Mn uptake by sweet corn.     

CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes of upland black spruce (Picea mariana) forest soils after forest fires of different intensity in interior Alaska

Abstract

Forest fires can change the greenhouse gase (GHG) flux of borea forest soils. We measured carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes with different burn histories in black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in interior Alaska. The control forest (CF) burned in 1920; partially burned (PB) in 1999; and severely burned (SB1 and SB2) in 2004. The thickness of the organic layer was 22 ± 6 cm at CF, 28 ± 10 cm at PB, 12 ± 6 cm at SB1 and 4 ± 2 cm at SB2. The mean soil temperature during CO₂ flux measurement was 8.9 ± 3.1, 6.4 ± 2.1, 5.9 ± 3.4 and 5.0 ± 2.4°C at SB2, SB1, PB and CF, respectively, and differed significantly among the sites (P < 0.01). The mean CO₂ flux was highest at PB (128 ± 85 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) and lowest at SB1 (47 ± 19 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) (P < 0.01), and within each site it was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01). The CO₂ flux at SB2 was lower than that at CF when the soil temperature was high. We attributed the low CO₂ flux at SB1 and SB2 to low root respiration and organic matter decomposition rates due to the 2004 fire. The CH₄ uptake rate was highest at SB1 [–91 ± 21 μg CH₄-C m^?2 h^?1] (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01) but not soil moisture. The CH₄ uptake rate increased with increasing soil temperature because methanotroph activity increased. The N₂O flux was highest [3.6 ± 4.7 μg N₂O-N m^?2 h^?1] at PB (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that the soil temperature and moisture are important factors of GHG dynamics in forest soils with different fire history.     

Acidifying emissions in The Netherlands

The emission of acidifying compounds to air in the Netherlands, expressed as acidifying equivalents, consisted in 1992 mainly of NO_X (45%), NH₃ (35%) and SO₂ (20%). Transportation, agriculture and large combustion plants each contributed about 30% to the national total emission of acidifying compounds. The emissions from transportation activities mainly consisted of NO_X, while in agriculture NH₃ emission strongly dominated. Combustion processes in large combustion plants resulted both in SO₂ emissions (especially from refineries) and NO_X emissions (especially from public power plants). The total emission of acidifying substances decreases steadily in the Netherlands. The emission in 1992 was 24% lower than in 1985. It is expected to decrease further in future. The emission levels in 1992 and 1993 still are more than twice as high as the emission objective for the year 2000, set by Dutch environmental policy.     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅵ.胶散复合体的化学组成及其结合特征

本文研究水热条件渐变的地带性土壤中Ｇ１、Ｇ２组胶散复合体有机、无机物的化学组成及其结合特点。结果表明：Ｇ２组中铁有积累现象，游离态铁、铝氧化物含量为Ｇ２＞Ｇ１，但均随土壤类型变化。松结态腐殖质（Ｈ１）为Ｇ１＞Ｇ２，紧结态腐殖质（Ｈ３）则为Ｇ１＜Ｇ２。可提取腐殖质中，松、稳结态腐殖质之比值Ｈ１／Ｈ２和胡敏酸、富里酸之比值ＨＡ／ＦＡ，除个别土壤之外，都相关不大。Ｇ１、Ｇ２两组复合体中都含有一定数量的络     

Sulfur dioxide inhibition of photosynthesis at different CO2 and O2 concentrations in relation to photorespiration

The mechanism of SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis in intact leaves of tomato and maze was studied to evaluate SO₂ inhibition of photorespiration. Leaf tissues were fumigated with SO₂ under photorespiratory (low CO, and/or high O, concentrations) and non-photo-respiratory conditions. When tomato leaf disks were fumigated with 10 ppm SO₂ at 2, 21 and 100° o O., SO₂ inhibited photosynthesis at 2% O₂ in the same degrees as at 21% O₂. SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis was depressed at higher CO₂ concentrations when the disks were fumigated with SO₂ at different CO₂ concentrations. High CO₂ concentrations also reduced the photosynthesis inhibition of maize leaf disks. These results suggest that SO₂ inhibits photosynthesis through other mechanisms than photorespiration inhibition and confirm the view that SO₂ competes with CO₂ for the carboxylating enzymes in photosynthesis     

Factors regulating acetylene reduction assay for measuring heterotrophic nitrogen fixation in water-logged soils

In the C₂H₂-C₂H₄ assay for measurement of heterotrophic N₂ fixation in water-logged soils, the diffusion of C₂H₂ into the soil and the recovery of C₂H₄ from it are critical factors regulating the assay result. To establish an C₂H₂-C₂H₄ assay technique suitable for waterlogged soils, the C₂H₂-reducing activities (ARA), assayed by varying the method of assay gas filling, the pC₂H₂ of the assay gas, the duration of assay incubation and of soil vibration before the gas sampling, were compared.

A maximum ARA was measured when the following set of procedures were applied to the soil sample in assay flasks: 1) a 4-fold repetition of I-min evacuation under 0.01 atmospheric pressure and the subsequent I-min filling under 1 atmospheric pressure with assay gas at pC₂H₂ of 0.1 atm, 2) an assay incubation for 3 hr, and 3) a sampling of an aliquot of the headspace gas after strongly vibrating the flask for 1 min.

The ARA measured by this technique was several times larger than those measured by the techniques hitherto applied, and corresponded to an almost 80% of the V _max of the sample. This technique was, therefore, proposed for the assay of heterotrophic N₂ fixation in waterlogged soils.

A striking depression of ARA in the soil sample prepared with agitation indicated that a microbial ecosystem established in the soil should be kept as undisturbed as possible throughout the C₂H₂-C₂H₄ assay.