不同泌乳时间阿拉善双峰驼驼乳中氨基酸的含量变化

研究10峰阿拉善双峰驼第一次分娩后不同泌乳时间驼乳中氨基酸的含量变化。第一次所挤驼乳的蛋白中Thr、Met、Ile、Leu、Phe和Lys的含量分别为6．50、2．10、4．05、7．94、4．38和7．40g／100g，7d时驼乳蛋白中相应的值分别为4．54、2．86、5．50、9．46、4．40和7．89g／100g，之后含量保持相对稳定；而泌乳前1d的时间内必需氨基酸Val的含量较高，之后含量保持相对稳定（6．11—6．25g／100g）。分娩后第一次所挤初乳中Asp、Ser、Gly、Ala和Arg的含量分别为8．39、6．01、3．48、3．76和4．94g／100g，之后随泌乳时间的延长含量降低，到泌乳7d时分别为7．16、4．72、1．49、2．51和4．27g／100g，之后含量保持相对稳定。在研究的泌乳时间内乳样中His（2．50—2．75g／100g）和Phe（4．31-4．73g／100g）的含量没有大的变化。     

Successful medical treatment of an orbital osteoma in a dog

A 6‐year‐old neutered male German Shepherd‐mixed breed with a 2‐month history of bilateral conjunctival hyperemia, epiphora, and a firm, slowly progressive swelling of the medial canthal region of the left eye (OS) was examined. Ophthalmic examination OS revealed a firm and smooth mass, extending from the medial canthus toward the medial orbital wall. Indirect ophthalmoscopy revealed indentation of the nasal part OS, which corresponded to the position of the orbital mass. Orbital neoplastic diseases were the main differential considerations. Computerized tomography revealed a bony smooth orbital mass without bone destructive features. Biopsy was performed, and histologic features were suggestive of osteoma. Systemic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory (NSAID) drugs resulted in complete mass regression and absence of clinical signs for 5 years following initial diagnosis. This report describes the first case of canine orbital osteoma, which was responsive to NSAIDs.     

Diagnosis and medical treatment of otitis externa in the dog and cat

Otitis externa is no longer viewed as an isolated disease of the ear canal, but is a syndrome that is often a reflection of underlying dermatological disease. Causes are classified as predisposing (increase the risk of otitis); primary (directly induce otitis), secondary (contribute to otitis only in an abnormal ear or in conjunction with predisposing factors) and perpetuating (result from inflammation and pathology in ear, prevent resolution of otitis). Common primary causes include foreign bodies, hypersensitivity (particularly atopy and food allergy), keratinisation disorders (most commonly primary idiopathic seborrhoea and hypothyroidism) and earmites, particularly in cats. A systematic diagnostic procedure is required to identify causes and contributing factors. This should include history, clinical examination, otoscopy and cytology in all cases and culture and sensitivity as well as otitis media assessment and biopsy in severe and recurrent cases. Ancillary tests may be required depending on the underlying cause. Treatment consists of identifying and addressing predisposing and primary factors; cleaning the ear canal; topical therapy; systemic therapy where necessary; client education; follow-up; and preventive and maintenance therapy as required.     

Myeloproliferative disease in the dog and cat: clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment

The myeloproliferative diseases may present with a variety of clinical signs including regenerative or non-regenerative anaemias, bleeding diatheses, septicaemia or fever of unknown origin. These signs will raise suspicions of myeloproliferative disease but such disease may also be an incidental finding on routine haematological examination. In either case a bone marrow biopsy will be required for confirmation. Investigation for other causes of anaemia, haemostatic dysfunction or other causes of white cell abnormalities is important in animals where the peripheral blood and bone marrow findings are equivocal or atypical of myeloproliferative disease. Treatment of acute myeloproliferative diseases is presently impractical in veterinary medicine. Therapy of the chronic myeloproliferative diseases depends upon the suppression of the proliferation of the affected clones together with attention to the secondary effects of the disease and to the adverse effects of therapy.     

水貂、狐、貉胴体脂肪的高级脂肪酸测定

利用气象色谱仪对水貂、狐、貉胴体脂肪的脂肪酸组成进行测定,并通过不饱和脂肪酸所占比例和必需脂肪酸中亚油酸含量对其生物学价值进行了初步评定。     

Effect of excess levels of lysine and leucine in wheat‐based,amino acid‐fortified diets on the mRNA expression of two selected cationic amino acid transporters in pigs

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of excess levels of Leu and Lys on the expression of b^0,+ and CAT‐1 mRNA in jejunum, liver and the muscles Longissimus dorsi (LDM) and Semitendinosus (STM). Twenty pigs with an average initial BW of 16.4 ± 1.7 kg were used in a Randomized Complete Block. Dietary treatments (T) were as follows: T1, basal diet; T2, basal plus 3.5 g l ‐Lys/kg diet; T3, basal plus 1.5 g l ‐Leu/kg diet; T4, basal plus 3.5 g l ‐Lys plus 1.5 g l ‐Leu/kg diet. Diets in T1 and T3 met 100% the requirement of Lys for pigs within the 10 to 20 kg body weight range; diets in T2 and T4 contained 35% excess of Lys. Also, diets in T1 and T2 supplied 104%, whereas diets in T3 and T4 supplied 116% the requirement of Leu. The expression of b^0,+ in jejunum was reduced (p = 0.002) because of the supplementation of l ‐Leu, but l ‐Lys supplementation had no effect (p = 0.738). In contrast, the expression of b^0,+ in STM (p = 0.012) and liver (p = 0.095) was reduced by the high level of Lys, but Leu had no effect (p > 0.100). CAT‐1 expression in STM increased by high Lys (p = 0.023) and Leu (p = 0.007) levels. In liver, the expression of CAT‐1 substantially increased (p = 0.001) because of Lys. In conclusion, excess levels of dietary Lys and Leu affect the expression of cationic amino acid transporters, and this effect varies depending on the studied tissue.     

内蒙古白绒山羊小肠可吸收氨基酸模式对MDV和PDV组织游离氨基酸代谢影响的研究

选用3只体况良好,体重25～30kg的2周岁内蒙古白绒山羊半同胞羯羊,安装永久性十二指肠近端瘘管以及门静脉、肠系膜静脉、颈动脉、颈静脉慢性血插管进行试验。采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,3个试验处理的十二指肠氨基酸灌注模式分别为M、M90+C10、M80+C20。结果表明,小肠可吸收氨基酸模式对MDV和PDV组织SAA的净流量具有显著影响,其中Met随着绒毛模式所占比例的增加而显著提高(P<0105)。MDV组织Cys的净流量显著高于其小肠消失量。绒山羊胃肠道组织摄取了大量的BCAA。因此,在调整绒山羊小肠氨基酸模式时应注意BCAA,尤其是Leu的补充。小肠可吸收氨基酸模式对绒山羊体内氨基酸代谢的利用有显著影响,绒山羊小肠内理想的氨基酸模式应界于M90+C10和M80+C20之间。     

大恒优质鸡不同品系胸肌肌苷酸和鲜味氨基酸含量的研究

试验选取70日龄大恒优质肉鸡4个纯系与2个杂交品系共120只(各品系公、母各10只)为试验材料,对其胸肌肌苷酸和鲜味氨基酸的含量进行了研究。结果表明:①肌苷酸含量在品系间存在差异,其中S08品系的含量最高;除了S03与S08、S02与 S06、S02与 S08×S01、S06与 S08×S01之间差异不显著,其他各品系两两间均达到差异显著水平(P＜0.05);②谷氨酸、甘氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸和精氨酸含量在各品系间存在差异,其中杂交品系S08×S01的5种鲜味氨基酸含量均最高;③性别对肌苷酸的含量没有显著影响(P＞0.05)。大部分品系不同性别间的5种鲜味氨基酸含量均达到差异显著水平(P＜0.05)。     

不同物种乳氨基酸含量及组分的比较研究

为探讨不同物种乳氨基酸含量的差异及变化规律,本试验分别从北京、陕西、云南和青海等地区采集奶牛(高蛋白奶牛和低蛋白奶牛)、山羊、水牛和牦牛的乳样(各20个样品),乳样品经7.8 mol/L盐酸水解24 h后,采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定其中17种氨基酸含量,采用SAS 9.0和The Unscrambler 9.8软件分别对数据进行方差分析和主成分分析(PCA)。方差分析结果表明,牦牛乳中17种氨基酸含量均显著高于水牛乳、山羊乳、高蛋白奶牛乳和低蛋白奶牛乳(P<0.05);水牛乳中除苏氨酸、丝氨酸、缬氨酸和酪氨酸外,均显著高于山羊乳、高蛋白奶牛乳和低蛋白奶牛乳(P<0.05);山羊乳中苏氨酸、丝氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量均显著高于奶牛乳(P<0.05);除蛋氨酸外,高蛋白奶牛乳中氨基酸含量均显著高于低蛋白奶牛乳(P<0.05),4物种乳中总氨基酸含量均差异显著(P<0.05);PCA结果表明,水牛乳、牦牛乳、奶牛乳中氨基酸组成及含量相似,而山羊乳中由于较高含量的丝氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸和酪氨酸使得其与水牛乳、牦牛乳、奶牛乳明显区分开。提示,不同物种乳中氨基酸含量差异显著,且具有一定的种属特性。     

仔猪小肠对二肽吸收特点的研究

本试验采用体外外翻肠囊的方法研究了等摩尔浓度的Ｌ 甘氨酸 Ｌ赖氨酸组成的二肽（Ｇｌｙ－Ｌｙｓ）和游离甘氨酸和赖氨酸混合物（Ｇｌｙ＋Ｌｙｓ）在仔猪小肠各段的吸收特点。将仔猪小肠划分为空肠前段、中段、后段和回肠段,分别在各段设置了两个不同的培养液处理组,分别是浓度为２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｇｌｙ－Ｌｙｓ和Ｇｌｙ＋Ｌｙｓ混合物培养液组。每个处理３个重复（回肠段无重复）,每个重复为一个外翻肠囊,将每个外翻肠囊置１０ｍｌ培养液中培养１５分钟。旨在比较：体外培养１５分钟后,同一浓度下的Ｇｌｙ－Ｌｙｓ和Ｇｌｙ＋Ｌｙｓ在外翻肠囊各部位的吸收差别,从而确定Ｇｌｙ－Ｌｙｓ在仔猪各肠段的吸收特点。结果表明,同等摩尔浓度下,Ｇｌｙ－Ｌｙｓ组中的赖氨酸和甘氨酸在仔猪空肠中段肠组织的累积量显著大于Ｇｌｙ＋Ｌｙｓ组;从肠囊在１５分钟培养后总的氨基酸摄入量上看,Ｇｌｙ－Ｌｙｓ组的赖氨酸和甘氨酸在空肠中段高于Ｇｌｙ＋Ｌｙｓ组,且二者在赖氨酸上的差异显著。这说明,二肽中甘氨酸和赖氨酸至少在空肠中段的运输系统有别于游离态的甘氨酸和赖氨酸,且对二肽的运输显得比对游离氨基酸的运载更有效。     

Degradability of amino acids in selected legume forages using the in situ nylon-bag technique

This study was conducted to determine the amino acid profiles and rumen degradability of amino acids of three cultivated forage legumes – velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and silverleaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) – using the in situ nylon-bag technique. Two Friesian cows fitted with 10-cm-diameter rumen cannulae on a complete dairy feed ration (19% crude-protein dairy meal and maize silage) were used. Silverleaf desmodium had significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentration of amino acids compared with cowpea and velvet bean. Aspartic acid showed the highest (p < 0.05) concentration in all legumes and cysteine showed the lowest concentration. Legume forage of cowpea showed the highest (p < 0.05) level of degradability of amino acid followed by silverleaf desmodium and then velvet bean. Readily and slowly degradable components in all amino acids were highest (p < 0.05) in cowpea followed by silverleaf desmodium and then velvet bean. Moreover, silverleaf and cowpea showed higher (p < 0.05) levels of effective degradability of amino acids (at outflow rates p = 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06 h^?1) than velvet bean. Total amino acid disappearance was the least in velvet bean, which suggests that it can be used to supply bypass protein to the duodenum of the ruminant animal.     

Effect of different time intervals after feeding on plasma metabolites in growing pigs: an UPLC‐MS‐based metabolomics study

A diet consumed by pigs provides the nutrients for the production of a large number of metabolites that, after first‐pass metabolism in the liver, circulate systemically where they may exert diverse physiologic influences on pigs. So far, little is known of how feeding elicits changes in metabolic profiles for growing pigs. This study investigated differences in plasma metabolites in growing pigs at several intervals after feeding using the technique of metabolomics. Ten barrows (22.5 ± 0.5 kg BW) were fed a corn‐soybean meal basal diet and were kept in metabolism crates for a period of 11 days. An indwelling catheter was inserted into the jugular vein of each pig before the experimental period. Plasmas before and 1, 4, and 8 hr after feeding were collected at day 11 and differential metabolites were determined using a metabolomics approach. Direct comparison at several intervals after feeding revealed differences in 14 compounds. Identified signatures were enriched in metabolic pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, lysine degradation, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and lysine biosynthesis. These results suggest that plasma metabolites of growing pigs after feeding were modulated through changes in linoleic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism.     

Transnasal endoscopic treatment of equine sinus disease in 14 clinical cases

Transnasal endoscopic sinus treatment was used in four horses diagnosed with primary sinusitis and 10 horses with dental sinusitis. Pre-existing (n = 5) or surgically created (n = 9) sinonasal fistulae were used as portals for transnasal endoscopic exploration, debridement and lavage of the inflamed sinus cavities. Endoscopic sinonasal fistulation was performed using either trans-endoscopic diode laser fibre (four cases) or an electrocautery instrument under endoscopic control (five cases). All procedures were performed on standing sedated horses with the use of local anaesthesia. In six cases, the ventral concha was fenestrated in order to gain a portal into the ventral conchal and rostral maxillary sinus. In two cases the dorsal concha was fenestrated to access the caudal group of the paranasal sinuses. One case required fenestration of the ventral conchal bulla due to its empyema. Post-operative bleeding was controlled with a nasal cavity tamponade for 24 h. Endoscopic lavage and debridement of the inflamed sinuses were performed every 2–3 days. Medical treatment consisted of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In the cases of dental sinusitis, the underlying dental pathology was addressed. Median hospitalisation time was 10 days (range 5–25 days) and the median number of endoscopic procedures (including the initial procedure) was 4 (range 3–7). Cases were followed-up by telephone consultations with their owners. Intervals between discharge and last follow-up ranged from 4 to 22 months (median 9.5 months). Complete recovery was reported in 10 cases, clinical improvement (occasional nonpurulent discharge) in two cases. Two cases were readmitted due to recurrence of the purulent nasal discharge; both subsequently underwent trephination of the affected sinuses and made a full recovery after removal of the remaining pathological sinus content.     

反刍动物饲料氨基酸在小肠中消化的研究进展

反刍动物饲料蛋白质进入小肠,被降解为可吸收氨基酸或可吸收肽,最终以氨基酸或肽的形式被吸收或利用。作者对小肠氨基酸的来源、需要量、吸收和供应模式的调控进行了综述。并对今后反刍动物氨基酸营养研究进行了展望。     

Effects of the fattening period on the fatty acid composition of fat deposits and free amino acid and inosinic acid contents of the longissimus muscle in carcasses of Japanese Black steers

The effects of the fattening period on carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition of fat deposits, and muscle free amino acid (FAA) and inosinic acid (IMP) contents were evaluated in Japanese Black steers. Ten castrated, 10-month-old calves derived from the same sire were divided into five to be slaughtered at the age of 30 months after a 20-month fattening period (20-month group) and five to be slaughtered at the age of 34 months after a 24-month fattening period (24-month group). Concerning the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat, the percentage of palmitoleic acid was higher ( P  < 0.05) in the 24- than in the 20-month group, but no difference was noted in any other fatty acids. For intermuscular fat, no difference was observed in any fatty acids. The percentages of oleic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acid of intramuscular and perinephric fat were higher ( P  < 0.05) in the 24- than in the 20-month group. Of the FAAs in the longissimus thoracis muscle, the threonine and tyrosine contents were lower ( P  < 0.05) in the 24- than in the 20-month group. The IMP content was higher ( P  < 0.05) in the 24- than in the 20-month group, suggesting an effect of prolongation of the fattening period.