电麻醉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼麻醉效应与血液生化指标的影响

为研究电麻醉工艺对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼麻醉效应与血液生化指标的影响,将暂养24 h后的石斑鱼投入电击箱,采用脉冲直流电压对鱼体进行电击,以未电击组作为对照组,通过计算麻醉率、休眠时间和72 h存活率作为其麻醉效应的评价指标,优选100 V、110 V和120 V 3组电压,通过测定血液中48 h内的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖、乳酸和皮质醇6项血液生化指标,分析鱼体的生理应激情况。结果显示:通电时间一定时,电压越大,麻醉率越高,休眠时间越长,存活率越低;试验鱼在电刺激期与电紧张期停留时间越短;100 V、110 V、120 V电压均能对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼完全麻醉且72 h存活率为100%。100 V试验组平均休眠时间17.0±3.84 min,且各项生化指标均优于其他试验组;与对照组相比,除谷草转氨酶数值较对照组明显上升外,谷丙转氨酶活力、乳酸脱氢酶活力均显著性低于对照组,血清中葡萄糖、乳酸以及皮质醇含量与对照组差异不显著。研究表明,采用100 V标准脉冲直流电电击3 s对鱼体没有永久性损伤,是一种耗时短、伤害小的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的麻醉方式,可以提升珍珠龙胆石斑鱼保活运输过程中的品质与效率。     

电麻醉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼麻醉效应与血液生化指标的影响

为研究电麻醉工艺对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼麻醉效应与血液生化指标的影响,将暂养24 h后的石斑鱼投入电击箱,采用脉冲直流电压对鱼体进行电击,以未电击组作为对照组,通过计算麻醉率、休眠时间和72 h存活率作为其麻醉效应的评价指标,优选100 V、110 V和120 V 3组电压,通过测定血液中48 h内的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖、乳酸和皮质醇6项血液生化指标,分析鱼体的生理应激情况。结果显示:通电时间一定时,电压越大,麻醉率越高,休眠时间越长,存活率越低;试验鱼在电刺激期与电紧张期停留时间越短;100 V、110 V、120 V电压均能对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼完全麻醉且72 h存活率为100%。100 V试验组平均休眠时间17.0±3.84 min,且各项生化指标均优于其他试验组;与对照组相比,除谷草转氨酶数值较对照组明显上升外,谷丙转氨酶活力、乳酸脱氢酶活力均显著性低于对照组,血清中葡萄糖、乳酸以及皮质醇含量与对照组差异不显著。研究表明,采用100 V标准脉冲直流电电击3 s对鱼体没有永久性损伤,是一种耗时短、伤害小的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的麻醉方式,可以提升珍珠龙胆石斑鱼保活运输过程中的品质与效率。     

嗜水气单胞菌对鲫三项血液指标的影响

用嗜水气单胞菌(浓度9×108CFU/mL)感染健康鲫(剂量为0.3mL/尾),4d后观察鲫的发病情况,并对鲫三项血液生化指标进行测定。结果表明:感染鲫表现出典型的嗜水气单胞菌引起的败血症症状,与对照组比较甘油三酯含量极显著下降,总蛋白含量显著下降,而谷丙转氨酶活性极显著升高。     

千岛湖鳙鱼保活运输技术

设计了3种型式千岛湖鳙鱼贮运工具和配套的水质处理净化装置,经过分析比较提出了相应的适用情况。就贮运密度、温度、pH值、氨氮和溶解氧对鳙鱼存活时间和存活率的影响进行了试验,得到保活技术方案:贮运密度300 kg/m3左右(冬季可略高),温度11~15℃,溶解氧大于8.5 mg/L,氨氮质量浓度小于0.68 mg/L。     

嗜水气单胞菌对金鲫血液学指标的影响

用嗜水气单胞菌对金鲫进行攻毒试验,对试验鱼进行血液有形成分指标和血液生化指标的测定.结果表明:单核细胞数、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、总胆固醇(CHO)、钾(K)对照组与试验组差异显著(P<0.05);红细胞总数、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、谷草转氨酶(AST/GOT)和胆碱酯酶(CHE)试验组与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01)...     

微波-超声协同强化NaCl改性沸石对罗氏沼虾模拟保活中水质氨氮去除的研究

为提高罗氏沼虾(Macrobyachium rosenberqii)保活的存活时间和存活率,通过正交试验确定微波与超声波协同强化NaCl溶液改性沸石工艺的最佳条件,测试水质氨氮质量浓度与pH、沸石投放量与吸附时间对其吸附性能的影响,研究罗氏沼虾保活过程中存活率与水质指标的变化并对改性沸石进行表征分析。结果显示:以粒径为1～2 mm的沸石进行先微波(230 W、10 min)后超声(560 W、28 kHz、50 min)强化氯化钠(NaCl)溶液(摩尔浓度0.8 mol/L)改性,在氨氮质量浓度为20 mg/L、pH为7.0的水体中投放30 g/L的改性沸石,吸附1 h的水质氨氮去除率相比未改性沸石提高20.88%;表征发现,沸石改性后比表面积增大,晶格未造成破坏,Na~+交换率显著提高,沸石硅铝比升高,能较好维持其电荷平衡;应用于罗氏沼虾模拟保活,使其存活率显著提高,其水质指标均得到有效控制。微波-超声波协同强化氯化钠溶液改性沸石可有效去除氨氮,可延长罗氏沼虾保活时间、提高存活率。     

外源性Vc对普安银鲫仔鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响

将维生素C添加到普安银鲫的孵化水体中,维生素C浓度设置为20、25、30和35 mg/L,记录孵化率及仔鱼存活率,测定各浓度组中普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)仔鱼发育过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,研究维生素C(Vc)对普安银鲫仔鱼发育的影响。结果显示:SOD和CAT的活性随着普安银鲫仔鱼发育时间的延长而增加,而GSH-Px活性则随着发育时间的延长而降低;30 mg/L的Vc溶液能显著(P0.05)提高普安银鲫仔鱼SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性,且SOD的活性在出膜72 h后开始显著降低(P0.05),而CAT和GSH-Px则无显著变化(P0.05)。结果表明:普安银鲫仔鱼中抗氧化作用以SOD和CAT为主;适宜浓度的Vc添加到普安银鲫的育苗水体中能提高仔鱼的抗氧化能力。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对氨氮胁迫下半滑舌鳎非特异性免疫酶活性、血液生化指标及相关基因表达量的影响

为探究益生菌对氨氮胁迫下半滑舌鳎的非特异性免疫酶活、血液生化指标及相关基因表达是否具有调节作用,实验首先选用枯草芽孢杆菌Y2益生菌对半滑舌鳎进行饲喂,然后对半滑舌鳎进行氨氮胁迫,胁迫过程中持续饲喂Y2并对相关指标进行监测。其中宏观生长指标结果显示,氨氮胁迫组半滑舌鳎体质量、体长低于非氨氮胁迫组,在氨氮胁迫及非氨氮胁迫条件下Y2组舌鳎体质量、体长高于空白对照组。免疫酶活测定结果显示,氨氮胁迫后半滑舌鳎血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、过氧化物酶(POD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均有所升高;在氨氮胁迫及非氨氮胁迫条件下饲喂Y2菌株的2组ACP、CAT和POD活性均高于其相应对空白照组。血液相关生化指标结果显示,非氨氮胁迫Y2组半滑舌鳎血清中白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLB)含量略高于空白对照组,白蛋白与球蛋白比值(A/G)较高,甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)含量差异较小;氨氮胁迫对照组舌鳎血清中ALB、CHO含量下降,GLB含量略有升高,血清中总蛋白(TP)及总脂肪呈下降趋势,且A/G降低,而氨氮胁迫Y2组比空白组舌鳎血清中ALB、TG及CHO含量升高,导致A/G升高。...     

怀山药皮对淇河鲫血清生化、免疫指标及组织结构的影响

为探究怀山药皮(Chinese yam peel,YP)对淇河鲫免疫的影响,选取平均体重为(106.76±3.74)g的淇河鲫240尾,随机分为对照组(NC)、0.5%怀山药皮添加组(LYP)、1%怀山药皮添加组(MYP)、2%怀山药皮添加组(HYP)4组,养殖8周,检测实验鱼生长指标、血清生化指标及免疫相关基因的表达情况。结果显示:添加怀山药皮对淇河鲫生长指标没有显著性影响;血液生化指标中谷草转氨酶活性在MYP组显著性降低,碱性磷酸酶的活性显著升高;与NC组相比,怀山药皮添加组肝脏细胞膜与核膜完整性增强,胞质破碎,核溶解、偏移现象减轻;与NC组相比,添加怀山药皮上调了抑炎因子(IL-10)、紧密连接蛋白基因(Claudin-1)、抗氧化基因(CAT和GST)和TLR通路基因(TLR4)mRNA表达量。以上结果表明,饲料中添加怀山药皮,能在一定程度上增强鱼体免疫力。     

MS-222对鳊鱼麻醉保活运输效果的研究

为研究MS-222对鳊鱼保活运输的影响,分析比较了在不同质量浓度MS-222(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg/L和120 mg/L)、不同水温(2、7、15、20℃)和不同鱼水质量比(2∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶5)下鳊鱼的存活率,从而确定及筛选最佳的保活运输条件,并检测和分析在保活运输试验中水质指标和鱼体生化指标的变化和影响。试验结果显示,当MS-222质量浓度为60 mg/L、水温7℃、鱼水比1∶3时,保活时间最长,鱼体存活率最高;随着保活时间的延长,水体指标中氨氮含量、微生物、pH均呈上升趋势,而溶解氧水平则呈下降趋势;在鱼体指标中,肌肉中糖原、pH下降,乳酸含量上升;在血液指标中乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、血糖、尿素和肌酐均显著增加(P<0.05),说明随着保活时间的延长,鱼体肝脏和肾脏组织代谢水平受到一定的影响,但其变化幅度均小于对照组。研究结果表明,在鳊鱼保活过程中可适当使用MS-222麻醉剂以延长存活时间和提高存活率。     

Evaluation of head-only and head-to-tail electrical stunning of farmed eels (Anguilla anguilla, L.) for the development of a humane slaughter method

The overall objective was to evaluate the suitability of electronarcosis as a stunning method for farmed eels. In the first experiment the minimum electrical current needed to induce a general epileptiform insult by head‐only stunning was assessed. The individual eels (n = 40) with a live weight of 700–800 g were fixed in a specially designed re‐strainer. The EEG (electroencephalogram) and ECG (electrocardiogram) recordings, observation of behaviour and responses to pain stimuli were used to assess unconsciousness, insensibility and cardiac function. The applied current of 150, 200 or 250 V, 50 Hz, AC was delivered via scissor‐model stunning tongs for approximately 1 s. A general epileptiform insult was observed in 31 eels for which a successful EEG recording was obtained, using 255 ± 4 V, 545 ± 32 mA, for 1.2 ± 0.2 s. The general epileptiform insult as measured on the EEG was characterized by a tonic/clonic phase and an exhaustion phase. The behaviour showed one phase: tonic cramps alternated by clonic ones. The heart rate was 22 ± 8 beats min^?1 (n = 23) prior to stunning. After stunning the ECG revealed fibrillation. In the second experiment the behaviour of seven individual eels able to move freely in water was observed after head‐only stunning (250 V). Two phases were distinguished. Limited tonic and clonic cramps combined with backward swimming were followed by heavy clonic cramps combined with unco‐ordinated movements such as jumping out of the water. A distinct exhaustion phase was not observed in all animals. In the third experiment a head‐to‐tail electrical method was examined in 15 eels for rendering the eels unconscious and insensitive prior to slaughter. They were stunned by applying 253 V for 3 s followed by 50 V for 5 min. In the fourth experiment nine eels were head‐only stunned with 260 V for 1 s immediately followed by 50 V for 5 min applied from head to tail. Results obtained in these two experiments were similar. After stunning no brain activity and no responses to pain stimuli on the EEG were observed and the ECG showed ventricular extra systolae. It was observed that it might take 60 ± 25 min or longer for a complete recovery. It can be concluded that for effective electrical stunning of eels with a weight of 700–800 g an average current of 545 ± 32 mA (at approximate 250 V, 50 Hz AC) is needed. In this case, within a confidence level of 95% at least 91% of the eels are effectively stunned (n = 31). Therefore, it is recommended to increase the minimum current for an effective stun in practice to 600 mA. Further research is needed to determine the conditions to induce permanent unconsciousness and insensibility of the eels to protect the animals at slaughter.     

休眠方式、温度和时间对离水储藏鲫鱼生理指标的影响

为研究休眠方式、温度和时间对鲫鱼活体离水后储藏的影响,将鲜活鲫鱼分别由室温(14 ℃)以1 ℃/h速率降温至0 ℃诱导休眠以及40 mg/L丁香酚浸浴2 min麻醉,在0、4、8 ℃条件下离水储藏,以血液指标、酶活力等反映鱼体在不同储藏时间下的生理状态及损伤程度。试验结果显示,丁香酚麻醉后鲫鱼血清皮质醇水平无明显变化。随离水储藏时间的延长,肝糖原逐渐消耗,琥珀酸脱氢酶活力升高,同时较高的储藏温度导致脑丙二醛含量升高,血清中乳酸含量及过氧化氢酶活力升高。试验结果表明,不同麻醉方式对离水储藏鲫鱼的存活能力无明显影响,影响鲫鱼存活能力的因素为储藏温度,其升高1 ℃,鲫鱼复苏时间延长一个等级的几率增大1.42倍。     

Electric stunning: a humane slaughter method for trout

The most common commercial slaughter method for portion-sized rainbow trout is asphyxiation in ice slurry. This method is however widely believed to expose the fish to unnecessary pain and suffering. The industry is consequently seeking an alternative method, which offers improved welfare of the fish at slaughter. Electric stunning of fish in water is identified as a suitable method. Parameters of an electric field that stuns trout beyond the point of recovery without causing carcass damage have been identified. A 60-s exposure to a 1000-Hz sinusoidal electric field of 250 V/m r.m.s. is recommended. Several practical options for implementing this method on commercial trout farms are identified and equipment for one of these approaches has been built and tested. The UK trout industry appears to be moving towards electric stunning as its preferred slaughter method.     

A feasible method for humane slaughter of eel (Anguilla anguilla L.): electrical stunning in fresh water prior to gutting

It was observed that farmed eels could be rendered unconscious and insensible instantaneously by passing an electrical current through fresh water. The general epileptiform insult on the EEG was characterized by a tonic/clonic and an exhaustion phase. After stunning, the ECG (electro‐cardiogram) revealed fibrillation. The electrical stunning parameters were on average 194 ± 4 V and 0.636 ± 0.040 A/dm² for 1.6 ± 0.4 s. Within a confidence level of 95%%, taking into account the number of animals with a reliable EEG (n = 29), at least 93% of all eels are effectively stunned in fresh water by an average current of 0.636 ± 0.040 A/dm². The behaviour of groups of five eels, which were able to move freely in the water was observed before and after stunning with 50 V and 0.17 A/dm². After 3‐s stunning, two eels were turned upside down. They changed to a normal position after 10 and 13 s respectively. Subsequently, all eels were very active in swimming behaviour and stopped swimming after 75 s. When stunned for a longer duration, all eels were turned upside down and stopped breathing for a limited period of time. In the last experiment the eels were stunned in fresh water (500 μS) with a voltage of 200 V for approximately 1 s, which was followed by 50 V for 5 min. As soon as the stunning started the water was de‐oxygenated by flushing nitrogen to kill the eels by suffocation during the period of unconsciousness and insensitivity. The oxygen saturation decreased from 74 ± 10 to 23 ± 11% at 22 °C. After stunning no brain activity and no responses to pain stimuli were observed on the EEG. The heart rate increased (P < 0.05) after stunning, which was followed by a significant decrease. Only 1 out of 18 eels returned partially from upside down to a normal position 2 h after stunning; however, the eel did not respond to pain stimuli in behaviour. The developed stunning procedure can be recommended for humane slaughter of 50‐kg batches of eels.     

Quality and biochemical properties of artificially hibernated crucian carp for waterless preservation

The aim of this study was to explore the artificial hibernation of crucian carp for?waterless preservation and to characterize the quality and biochemical properties during and after the hibernation. Anesthetized crucian carp using eugenol were stored at 8?°C with 90?% oxygen and 95–100?% relative humidity for 38?h and then transferred to fresh water to recover. Liquid loss and cooking loss had no significant changes (p?>?0.05). The total volatile basic nitrogen content and 2-thiobarbituric acid value in hibernated fish were significantly higher (p?<?0.05) than fresh and recovered groups. Serum cortisol, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities significantly increased (p?<?0.05) during hibernation, while glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) had no significant change (p?>?0.05). Both ACP and AKP activities decreased upon the fish recovered, but only the ACP activity returned to normal. However, there were increased serum glucose concentration, GOT and GPT activities in recovered fish. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that the artificially hibernated life of crucian carp was 38?h by the combination of anaesthetizing and low temperature. The muscle quality would not be influenced, and most of the stress responses would disappear after hibernated fish recovered.     

Preslaughter Anesthesia with Lippia alba Essential Oil Delays the Spoilage of Chilled Rhamdia quelen

This study evaluated whether anesthesia with essential oil (EO) of Lippia alba (300 mg L^?1 for 4 min) prior to electronarcosis (128 V m^?1 × 300 Hz for 5 s) or hypothermia (ice/water slurry) could delay fish spoilage during chilled storage of whole fish. Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) were subjected to two different pre-stunning treatments (water or anesthesia with EO of L. alba) followed by two different stunning procedures (hypothermia or electrical stunning), yielding four groups (n = 32/group): water (control) + hypothermia, water (control) + electrical stunning, EO of L. alba + hypothermia, and EO of L. alba + electrical stunning. After stunning, fish were slaughtered by percussion and stored in ice. Preslaughter anesthesia with the EO of L. alba extended fish shelf life by delaying the loss of freshness (nucleotide degradation), growth of Enterobacteriaceae, and fish deterioration (sensory evaluation). Such preservative effect was most remarkable for fish that were subsequently submitted to electrical stunning, as they had the lowest demerit scores and greatest shelf life in the sensory evaluation. Our results showed that preslaughter anesthesia with EO of L. alba followed by electrical stunning can delay the loss of freshness and extend fish shelf life during chilled storage.     

Electrical stunning of farmed Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.: a comparison of an industrial and experimental method

An industrial and experimental electrical method for stunning farmed Atlantic cod in air and seawater (SW), respectively, were compared. The impacts of sedation with AQUI‐S^? and exercise to exhaustion before electrical stunning were also assessed to monitor the possible depletion of rested muscle energy levels by electrical stunning. Stress (blood glucose, haematocrit, muscle pH, muscle excitability, high‐energy phosphates and rigor mortis) and flesh quality (fillet texture, colour, liquid leakage (LL), gaping, residual blood and K‐value) were assessed. For the industrial stunning method, an average of 41 V, 0.2 A dc was applied to individual cod for 18–27 s. For the SW method, a bipolar square wave current (170 Hz, 33% duty cycle) was applied for 5 s. After stunning, recovery was prevented by exsanguination in chilled SW. There were no differences (P>0.05) between the two stunning methods except for a higher ultimate fillet pH for cod stunned in air 8 days postmortem. Exercise before stunning depleted muscle energy levels at slaughter, increased LL and fillets had redder and darker flesh after storage on ice for 8 days. Electrical stunning (in air) of AQUI‐S^?‐treated fish partly depleted muscle energy levels (pH 7.3, ATP 18.7 μmol g^?1, PCr 70.1 μmol g^?1). However, flesh quality was not affected. Unless pre‐rigor filleting is the chosen processing strategy, electrical stunning of cod seems to be a promising stunning method.     

Influence of Electronarcosis on Behavioral Responses,Blood Markers,and Fillet Properties of Silver Catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Behavioral responses, blood markers, and fillet properties were investigated after silver catfish exposure to different electric field strengths, frequency, and duration of electric current in the preslaughter stunning. All combinations of electric fields and frequencies were able to stun fish. Longer apparent stun was obtained at the intermediate electrical frequencies. High electric field strength detracted the texture of fillets. At least 5 s was required to stun fish, and longer exposure to electrical current did not prolong the apparent stun or damage fillet properties. Results indicate that silver catfish are relatively resistant to electronarcosis.