Growth hormone suppresses the expression of IGFBP-5, and promotes the IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of Akt in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Growth hormone (GH) plays a specific role to inhibit apoptosis in the bovine mammary gland through the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I system, however, the mechanism of GH action is poorly understood. In this study, we show that GH dramatically inhibits the expression of IGFBP-5, and GH along with IGF-I enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt through the reduction of IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-5. To determine how GH affects Akt through IGF-I in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), we examined the phosphorylation of Akt in GH treated BMECs and found that IGF-I induced phosphorylation of Akt was significantly enhanced by the treatment with GH. We demonstrated that GH reduces mRNA and protein expression of IGFBP-5 in BMECs, but it does not affect the expression of IGFBP-3. To determine that the enhanced effect of the Akt phosphorylation by the treatment of GH is due to the inhibition of the expression of IGFBP-5, we examined the effect of IGFBP-3 and -5 on the phosphorylation of Akt through IGF-I in the GH-treated BMECs. The phosphorylation of Akt was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner when IGFBP-5 was added at varying concentrations and was also inhibited in the presence of IGFBP-3. The results of this study suggest that GH plays an important role on mammary gland involution in bovine mammary epithelial cells.     

Effects of tripeptides and lactogenic hormones on oligopeptide transporter 2 in bovine mammary gland

This study was conducted to investigate the expression of oligopeptide transporter 2 (PepT2) and its potential function in bovine mammary gland. First, the PepT2 mRNA and protein were determined in cultured mammary epithelial cells. Then the effects of lactogenic hormones (prolactin, hydrocortisone or insulin) and substrate (threonyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine) on PepT2 were investigated. The PepT2 mRNA and protein were successfully detected in bovine mammary epithelial cells. PepT2 gene expression was enhanced by the addition of 50, 500 and 5000 ng/ml prolactin, 10 and 100 ng/ml hydrocortisone, and 50, 500, 5000 and 50,000 ng/ml insulin. PepT2 mRNA abundance was increased when 5, 10 and 15% of threonyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine was included. Responses of PepT2 to lactogenic hormones and oligopeptide inferred that it may play an important role in bovine mammary gland.     

Three‐dimensional culture system can induce expression of casein in immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cells

Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) are not ideal models for long‐term studies of lactation mechanisms because these cells in a monolayer culture system cannot be polarized to simulate the physiological functions in vitro. We investigate the effects of different culture models and karyotypes on casein expression in a three‐dimensional (3D) culture system. The immortalized cells' karyotypes were analyzed at passages 10, 20, 30 and 40 to detect the effects of chromosome stability. Western blotting examined that whether or not the immortalized cells at passages 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 could induce expression of casein in a 3D culture system. The proper polarization of the acinar structures was monitored. BMECs were successfully immortalized. The cell karyotype at passage 30 remained at 60 chromosomes and the average value was 57.1 ± 0.40 after passage 40. The polarized protein's levels were up‐regulated in 3D culture compared to 2D culture. Expression of αs1, β and κ‐casein could be detectable in a passage range in 3D culture. Expression of αs2‐casein was undetectable in all experimental groups. However, all casein expressions were barely detectable in traditional 2D culture system. Therefore, 3D culture system is an important tool for the long‐term study of lactation mechanisms in vitro.     

雌激素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中酪蛋白和甘油三酯表达的影响

为探讨雌激素对乳腺上皮细胞中酪蛋白及甘油三酯表达的影响,试验于2018年2月至2018年4月在新疆肉乳用草食动物营养实验室进行,实验选取扩增生长状态良好的乳腺上皮细胞,添加0、50、100、200μmol/l雌激素孵育乳腺上皮细胞后,分别在12、24、48、72 h后检测各组细胞酪蛋白及甘油三酯表达的情况。结果显示,在12 h时,添加50μmol/l雌激素组CSN1的表达量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),添加50μmol/l雌激素组TG表达量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);50μmol/l雌激素添加组CSN1表达量显著高于200μmol/l雌激素添加组(P<0.05),且极显著高于100μmol/l雌激素添加组(P<0.01),100μmol/l雌激素添加组CSN2表达量显著高于200μmol/l雌激素添加组(P<0.05),50μmol/l雌激素添加组TG表达量极显著高于100、200μmol/l雌激素添加组(P<0.01);添加50μmol/l雌激素时,12、48、72 h的CSN1表达量显著高于24 h(P<0.05),在72 hCSN2表达量显著高于其他各时间点(P<0.05),24、72 h时TG表达量显著高于12、48 h(P<0.05)。结果发现,添加雌激素可以促进乳腺上皮细胞中CSN1、CSN2及TG的表达。200μmol/l在一定条件下促进CSN1的表达效果最好;100、200μmol/l雌激素添加组均能够促进CSN2的表达,且100μmol/l促进CSN2的表达效果最好,尤其是在12、24 h;50、200μmol/l雌激素添加组可以促进TG的表达,但100μmol/l雌激素添加组能够抑制TG的表达。     

金黄色葡萄球菌对体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞PDGF-BB mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

为研究金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMEC)中PDGF-BB m RNA及蛋白表达的影响,本研究采用热灭活的不同浓度的S.aureus菌液(0、105、106、108cfu/m L)作用于BMEC,分别在不同时间点(6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h)利用荧光定量PCR和western blot方法检测PDGF-BB m RNA及其蛋白的相对表达量。结果显示,不同浓度菌液处理组的PDGF-BB m RNA相对表达量随着作用时间延长表达量升高(p0.05)。6 h处理组随着菌液浓度的升高,PDGF-BB m RNA的相对表达量呈升高趋势;12 h处理组随着菌液浓度的升高,PDGF-BB m RNA的相对表达量呈降低趋势;24 h和48 h处理组105cfu/m L菌液处理组PDGF-BB m RNA相对表达量最高(p0.05)。同时,各时间点不同浓度菌液处理组PDGF-BB蛋白的相对表达量和m RNA表达基本一致。本研究表明,热灭活的S.aureus能够促进BMEC PDGF-BB m RNA和蛋白的表达。     

Growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis in bovine skeletal muscle cells without altering insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA expression

Growth hormone is a major stimulator of skeletal muscle growth in animals, including cattle. In this study, we determined whether GH stimulates skeletal muscle growth in cattle by direct stimulation of proliferation or fusion of myoblasts, by direct stimulation of protein synthesis, or by direct inhibition of protein degradation in myotubes. We also determined whether these direct effects of GH are mediated by IGF-I produced by myoblasts or myotubes. Satellite cells were isolated from cattle skeletal muscle and were allowed to proliferate as myoblasts or induced to fuse into myotubes in culture. Growth hormone at 10 and 100 ng/mL increased protein synthesis in myotubes (P < 0.05), but had no effect on protein degradation in myotubes or proliferation of myoblasts (P > 0.05). Insulin-like growth factor-I at 50 and 500 ng/mL stimulated protein synthesis (P < 0.01), and this effect of IGF-I was much greater than that of GH (P < 0.05). Besides stimulating protein synthesis, IGF-I at 50 and 500 ng/mL also inhibited protein degradation in myotubes (P < 0.01), and IGF-I at 500 ng/mL stimulated proliferation of myoblasts (P < 0.05). Neither GH nor IGF-I had effects on fusion of myoblasts into myotubes (P > 0.1). These data indicate that GH and IGF-I have largely different direct effects on bovine muscle cells. Growth hormone at 10 and 100 ng/mL had no effect on IGF-I mRNA expression in either myoblasts or myotubes (P > 0.1). This lack of effect was not because the cultured myoblasts or myotubes were not responsive to GH; GH receptor mRNA was detectable in them and the expression of the cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) gene, a well-established GH target gene, was increased by GH in bovine myoblasts (P < 0.05). Overall, the data suggest that GH stimulates skeletal muscle growth in cattle in part through stimulation of protein synthesis in the muscle and that this stimulation is not mediated through increased IGF-I mRNA expression in the muscle.     

牛乳腺上皮细胞的分离培养

为了对牛乳腺上皮细胞(MECs)进行分离、培养和鉴定,并研究细胞分泌功能,试验通过胶原酶消化法分离得到了牛乳腺上皮细胞,采用传代法对细胞进行纯化,对细胞标志蛋白进行免疫荧光染色鉴定,通过体外诱导和RT-PCR分析鉴定细胞的分泌功能。结果表明:分离到的牛乳腺上皮细胞具有典型乳腺上皮细胞的形态特征,表达广谱角蛋白,经诱导后可分泌β-酪蛋白。     

Gene expression and hormonal regulation of adiponectin and its receptors in bovine mammary gland and mammary epithelial cells

Although the functions of adiponectin, a differentiated adipocyte‐derived hormone, in regulating glucose and fatty acid metabolism are regulated by two subtypes of adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs; AdipoR1 and AdipoR2), those in ruminants remain unclear. Therefore we examined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of adiponectin and its receptors in various bovine tissues and mammary glands among different lactation stages, and the effects of lactogenic hormones (insulin, dexamethasone and prolactin) and growth hormone (GH) on mRNA expression of the AdipoRs in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). AdipoRs mRNAs were widely expressed in various bovine tissues, but adiponectin mRNA expression was significantly higher in adipose tissue than in other tissues. In the mammary gland, although adiponectin mRNA expression was significantly decreased at lactation, AdipoR1 mRNA expression was significantly higher at peak lactation than at the dry‐off stage. In BMEC, lactogenic hormones and GH upregulated AdipoR2 mRNA expression but did not change that of AdipoR1. In conclusion, adiponectin and its receptor mRNA were expressed in various bovine tissues and the adiponectin mRNA level was decreased during lactation. These results suggest that adiponectin and its receptors ware changed in mammary glands by lactation and that AdipoRs mRNA expression was regulated by different pathways in BMEC.     

金黄葡萄球菌对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞E钙黏蛋白表达的影响

为研究金黄葡萄球菌(S.aureus)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMEC)E-cadherin表达的影响,分别采用金黄葡萄球菌及热灭活的金黄葡萄球菌菌液作用于BMEC。金黄葡萄球菌以MOI 100∶1分别感染细胞0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0h,热灭活的金黄葡萄球菌菌液以不同浓度(0,104,105,106,107,108 CFU/mL)刺激细胞,之后利用实时荧光定量PCR方法和Western blot方法检测E-cadherin mRNA及其蛋白的相对表达量。结果显示:金黄葡萄球菌在感染细胞2h之后,E-cadherin mRNA及其蛋白的表达量较未感染组显著降低(P0.05);不同浓度的热灭活的金黄葡萄球菌菌液处理细胞的E-cadherin mRNA及其蛋白的表达量较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。本研究表明,金黄葡萄球菌及热灭活的金黄葡萄球菌菌液均能够降低奶牛乳腺上皮细胞E-cadherin mRNA及其蛋白的表达。     

A proteomic analysis of the effect of growth hormone on mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) cells in the presence of lactogenic hormones

The bovine mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) cell line is able to uniformly differentiate and secrete casein proteins in response to dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin and is extensively used to study bovine mammary epithelial cell (MEC) function. Somatotropin, or growth hormone (GH), has been shown to increase milk protein synthesis both in vivo and in mammary cell models and to induce cytoskeletal rearrangement in a 3T3 fibroblast cell line and a Chinese hamster ovary cell line. To identify the nature of the effects of GH in MECs cultured with lactogenic hormones, changes in global protein expression were assessed in the MAC-T cell line with the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time of flight mass spectrometry. Forty proteins were differentially expressed in response to GH (P < 0.05) and were related to metabolism, the cytoskeleton, protein folding, RNA and DNA processing, and oxidant stress. These widespread changes in protein expression are indicative of a global role of GH in overall cellular differentiation that may underlie the direct modulation of milk component synthesis in MEC models that have been described to date.     

苜蓿素对脂多糖诱导下奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症和乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响

为分析苜蓿素对脂多糖诱导下体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞抗炎和乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响,本研究将体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞分成4组,即基础培养基(对照)和基础培养基中分别加入1μg·m L-1LPS(L)、1μg·m L-1LPS+10μg·m L-1苜蓿素(L+T)和10μg·m L-1苜蓿素(T)。结果显示,1)与对照组相比,L组奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的活性显著下降(P0.05),而T组则显著升高(P0.01)。2)L+T组细胞的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于L组(P0.01),而一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量则显著低于L组(P0.01)。3)LPS能够显著升高细胞的白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、Toll样受体2(TLR2)、TLR4和髓样分化因子88(My D88)表达水平(P0.01),而添加苜蓿素能够显著降低IL-1β、TNF-α、TLR2和TLR4的表达水平(P0.01)。4)与对照组相比,T组细胞的酪氨酸激酶2(JAK2)、信号转导子和转录激活子5(STAT5)、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)、真核细胞始动因子4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)和核糖体S6蛋白激酶1(S6K1)表达量显著升高(P0.01),而碱性氨基酸转运载体1(CAT1)表达量显著降低(P0.01)。LPS能够显著降低细胞的CAT1、L型氨基酸转运载体1(LAT1)、STAT5、m TOR和4EBP1表达水平(P0.01或P0.05),而添加苜蓿素能够显著升高STAT5表达水平(P0.01)。结果表明,乳腺细胞在LPS刺激下,导致细胞内炎症因子基因表达升高和抑制乳蛋白合成相关基因的表达,而添加苜蓿素能够抑制乳腺细胞内炎症因子基因表达,但对乳蛋白合成的相关基因表达作用不明显;无LPS刺激下,添加苜蓿素能够提高乳腺细胞活性和促进乳蛋白合成相关基因的表达。     

山羊乳腺上皮细胞的生长特性

用组织块培养法获得山羊乳腺细胞原代培养物。根据山羊乳腺成纤维细胞与上皮细胞对胰蛋白酶的敏感性不同将二者分离纯化，对细胞生长特性进行了光镜观察。结果如下：细胞可形成闭合型细胞群和开放型细胞群。乳腺上皮细胞与成纤维细胞混生时，细胞之间形成许多腔状结构。纯化的乳腺上皮细胞通过单细胞悬浮后传代，部分细胞形成岛屿状聚集，部分细胞以贴壁的自由单个细胞散在形式存在。上皮细胞增殖可形成圆顶型结构，呈乳头状，称之为乳球体；可产生乳腺上皮细胞并分泌乳汁。山羊乳腺上皮细胞含不同的细胞类型．大多数上皮细胞呈短梭形或多角形。细胞之间紧密相靠。互相衔接。连接成片，呈蜂窝状；细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形．核仁2～4枚；部分细胞呈圆饼状，体积较大；出现部分长形细胞；接触抑制的上皮细胞形态不均一。纯化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞传代至第15代时其生长仍正常，经透射电镜观察发现细胞表面微绒毛极为发达，细胞质中线粒体和粗面内质网丰富，细胞质内有大量脂滴及小泡，表明第15代山羊乳腺上皮细胞增殖活力旺盛。染色体数目分析表明．该细胞系稳定，在离体培养条件下细胞不发生转化。山羊乳腺上皮细胞系的细胞染色体数目为60．染色体组型为2n=60。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的体外分离培养及超微结构鉴定

通过组织贴块法取部分奶牛乳腺组织进行培养,并通过在培养基中添加适当浓度的营养因子以及控制消化时间将成纤维细胞去除,纯化出原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞。通过免疫荧光鉴定,形态学观察,扫描电镜和透射电镜检测原代乳腺上皮细胞特性。观察结果显示,本试验分离培养的牛乳腺上皮细胞角蛋白18免疫荧光染色鉴定结果呈阳性。形态学观察及超微结构观察显示,试验所分离的上皮细胞呈鹅卵石样单层聚集,胞内有丰富的线粒体和内质网,细胞状态良好,传至15代以上细胞依然增殖旺盛,因此可以作为研究奶牛乳腺机能的重要工具。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞的体外培养与鉴定

为体外培养纯化出稳定的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,试验通过外科手术的方法取妊娠后期或泌乳期的荷斯坦奶牛乳腺组织,分离乳腺腺泡,用组织块法体外培养奶牛乳腺细胞,应用差时胰酶消化法和差速贴壁法将奶牛乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞分别纯化出来,并用免疫组化的方法对细胞的纯度进行鉴定。结果表明:纯化的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞多为多角形,细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,核仁清晰可见,多呈鹅卵石样或铺路石样生长,并可分泌乳滴,角蛋白-18反应阳性,波形蛋白反应阴性;纯化的奶牛乳腺成纤维细胞多为长梭形,呈旋涡状或放射状生长,角蛋白-18反应阴性,波形蛋白反应阳性;经纯化后2种细胞的纯度均可达95%以上,可满足后续试验的要求。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中Bta-miR-877靶基因的初步验证

利用高通量测序的方法筛选出在高脂奶牛和低脂奶牛中差异表达的miR-877和其预测的靶基因。通过生物信息学方法预测出edn1、ptgis可能是miR-877的靶基因,之后通过荧光定量检测miR-877以及其靶基因的表达量。结果显示,转染miR-877mimics组miR-877的相对表达量显著高于转染miR-877inhibitor组;靶基因的相对表达量,转染miR-877mimics组的edn1、ptgis基因表达水平均显著低于转染miR-877inhibitor组(P<0.01)。经GraphPad Prism6分析显示,edn1、ptgis基因的相对表达量与miR-877的表达量呈负相关,初步验证edn、ptgis是miR-877的靶基因。本试验为深入了解miR-877在乳脂质代谢调节中的作用提供依据,从而为生产实践提供一定的理论基础。