江淮丘陵棉区棉花生产计算机管理决策系统(AHCCE)的研究 Ⅰ 基本思路与总体设计

ＡＨＣＣＥ（ＡＮＨＵＩＣＯＴＴＯＮＣＵＬＴＩＶＡＴＩＯＮＥＸＰＥＲＴＳＹＳＴＥＭ：ＣｏｔｏｎＰｒｏｄｕｃ－ｔｉｏｎＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄＤｅｃｉｓｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍｏｆＡｎｈｕｉＪｉａｎｇｈｕａｉｈｉｌｃｏｔｏｎｒｉｇｉｏｎ）是一个基于作物模拟模型的专家系统，它由数据库、知识库、模拟模型、推理机和数据及知识获取系统等部分组成。本文评述了建立ＡＨＣＣＥ的基本思路和步骤。     

普通小麦醇溶蛋白组份的分布及其与HMW——麦谷蛋

本研究利用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和改良的ＡＰＡＧＥ技术分析了１１２４份普通小麦材料的ＨＭＷ－麦谷蛋白基和麦醇溶蛋白谱带的组成，共分离组１８种主要的ＨＭＷ麦谷蛋白的等位变６７条不同迁移率的醇溶蛋白谱带。根据多元回归分析，筛选出ｇｌｉ４２．３，６２．７，３９．６（２），１１．４，２３，Ｇｌｕ５＋１０等蛋白谱带对以沉降值为代表的面包烘烤品质起增效作用。品种间品质性状是的２８－４２％可以由两种蛋白组份的差异所翊     

温光互作对不同生态型小麦品种发育效应的研究：Ⅰ.品种最长,最短…

试验在温光互作设计下，通过品种苗穗期（出苗－抽穗）对温光反应的变异分析看出，不同类型品种在不同温光组合下，不仅存在着最短与最长的苗穗期，而且不同类型品种，对温光反应类型不同，春性类型品种对春化基本无反应而对 光长反应敏感；强冬性类型品种对春化反应敏感，而对光长必须在一定春化量基础上才表现敏感，并且具有短日代替春化效应。一般冬性类型品种（主要指黄淮麦区的半冬性过渡类型）多为温光兼敏性，无短日春化特性     

光周期对大豆叶片内源激素含量及其平衡的影响

选用生育期不同的３个品种，采用酶联免疫检测技术（ＥＬＩＳＡ），研究了开花前和开花后光周期处理对大豆叶片内源激素含量及其平衡状况的影响。结果表明，短日照与长日处理相比，脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量显著上升，赤霉素（ＧＡ１＋３）含量及ＧＡ／ＡＢＡ比例明显下降，细胞分裂素（ＤＨＺＲ，二氢玉米素核苷）有下降趋势，生长素（ＩＡＡ）的变化不大。短日下ＧＡ和ＩＡＡ含量负相关，ＧＡ与ＡＢＡ正相关，长日下ＩＡＡ与ＤＨＺＲ负     

中外科品种光温互作效应比较研究

来源不同的参试冬小麦品种（春小麦品种）具有对春化（日长）反应敏感性远大于对日长（春化）反应的一般特征,但英国冬小麦兼有中国超强冬性品种的短日效应和冬性品种的春化累积量;美国冬性品种则兼有中国强冬性品种的春化累积量和冬性品种的长日反应特性。英、澳春性小麦对春化作用也有微弱反应,类似中国南方冬播春性小麦。中国中熟冬麦区温光条件与英美品种温光特性差异是引种生育期较长、成熟偏晚的主要原因。     

土壤水分和氮磷营养对冬小麦根苗生长的效应

在模拟田间原状土容重的条件下土培,研究了土壤水分和氮磷营养对小麦根苗生长及水分利用的效应。结果表明：在ＳＲＷＣ为４０％－７０％范围内,土壤水分亏缺严重,ＲψＷ和ＥＴ显著降低,根苗生长严重受阻,ＲＬ变短,ＲＤＷ降低,ＬＡ和ＰＤＷ减少;随着土壤水分趋于良好,ＲψＷ、ＥＴ和ＬＡ明显增加,ＲＤＷ和ＰＤＷ在ＳＴＷＣ为５５％－６２％之间时最大,而ＳＲＷＣ在５５％上下时ＲＬ达最长;土壤轻度干旱有利根系下扎,土壤     

含6X小黑麦血缘的抗病小麦新材料的种子储藏蛋白分析

６Ｘ小黑麦品种Ｖｅｎｕｓ和２个普通小麦品种杂交回交,选育出ＮＲ９８４９等８个系群９４个系,其中大部份抗条锈病或（和）白粉病。应用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电脉（ＡＰＡＧＥ）分析了ＮＲ９８４９等系群的６４个株及其亲本Ｖｅｎｕｓ、小偃６号和川育１２号的醇溶蛋白,结果表明,５０．００％的株系具有１ＲＳ／１ＢＬ所特有的Ｇ１ｄ１Ｂ３位点,２０．３１％的株系在Ｇｌｉ－２位点发生了普通小麦与６Ｘ小黑麦遗传物质重组;６４个株系中出现了１种亲本类型,３种重组类型和３种突变重组类型,突变率１５．６２％。ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）指出,大多数株系Ｇｌｕ－１位点与普通小麦亲本相同,即由Ｇｌｕ－Ａ１编码的亚基１,Ｇｌｕ－Ｂ１编码的亚基７＋８、１４＋１５,Ｇｌｕ－Ｄ１编码的亚基５＋１０、２＋１２。文中还讨论了６Ｘ小黑麦向普通小     

干旱对小麦幼苗SOD活性和CaM水平的影响

本研究结果表明，干旱引直小麦幼苗中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性和丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量增高，钙调素（ＣａＭ）水平下降。萎蔫的幼苗复水４天后，ＳＯＤ活性和ＭＤＡ含量又下降，恢复至对照水平，而ＣａＭ含量急剧上升且高于对照。研究还表明，ＳＯＤ可能不ＣａＭ的调节。财时对ＳＯＤ活力测定计算方法也进行了探讨。     

玉米新合成群体8种等位酶17个位点的遗传多样性及与数量性状相关？…

采用淀粉凝胶平板电泳方法,研究了华中农业大学４个玉米新合成群体（ＷＢＭ、ＬＢＭ、ＷＬＳ、ＬＬＳ）,２个美国群体（ＢＳＳＳＲ和ＢＳ１６）和６个自交系的ＡＤＨ、ＣＡＴ、ＥＳＴ、ＧＬＵ、ＧＯＴ、ＭＤＨ、ＰＧＤ、ＰＨＩ８种等位酶的１７个位点的４７个等位基因的遗传多样性及其与数量性状的相关。采用ＮＣⅡ遗传交配设计,６个群体与６人自交系组配成３６个组合,田间试验在武昌、安阳两地进行两年。标记分析表明,１７个等     

不同面包小麦品种的产量及蛋白质含量对氮肥用量的反应

通过田间试验和室内分析,研究不同面包小麦品种的产量及其蛋白质含量对氮肥用量的反应。结果表明,４个品种的产量,需肥量和籽粒蛋白质含量都有显著差异。应用 ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＦＥ法结合薄层扫描,得出安农９１９２和安农０１１６８的ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ组成为１,５＋１０,７＋８,山东１８７为１,１３＋１６,５＋１０,豫麦２８号为１,７＋９,５＋１０。根据多项式回归,４个品种的最高产量位点依次为８１０６．０,７２５５．５     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.