生化标记在河北省栽培平菇种质资源鉴别中的应用研究

采用体细胞营养亲和测定和酯酶同工酶分析对河北省广泛栽培的54个平菇菌株进行了种质鉴别和遗传多样性研究。结果表明:54个平菇菌株经营养亲和测定划分成了12个不同营养亲和群,酯酶同工酶分析结果表明,同一营养亲和群内菌株酯酶同工酶酶谱相同,不同营养亲和群菌株酯酶同工酶酶谱有差异。聚类分析结果表明,不同营养亲和群菌株相似系数为53%~91%。     

桑黄菌的酯酶同工酶分析

对4个不同桑黄菌株进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳酯酶同工酶分析、拮抗试验和菌丝培养观察。结果表明:酯酶同工酶电泳共检出迁移率不同的谱带16条,其中日本桑黄菌株、华中桑黄菌株与山东桑黄菌株和韩国桑黄菌株之间的酶谱差异明显;山东桑黄菌株和韩国桑黄菌株的酯酶同工酶谱相似。酯酶同工酶分析结果与拮抗试验和菌丝培养观察结果一致。     

杏鲍菇不同菌株生物学特性的研究

比较研究了杏鲍菇4个菌株的菌丝拮抗性、酯酶同工酶酶谱、菌丝生长速度、菌丝体生物量及多糖含量。结果表明，4个菌株问存在遗传差异。菌株X3菌丝生长速度最快，日均长速为0．69cm；菌株X2菌丝体生物量最高，为1．572g／100mL；菌株X1菌丝体多糖含量最低，仅为39.07μg／mg，菌株X2、X4和X3菌丝体多糖含量分别为84．28μg/mg、79．20μg／mg和78．99μg/mg。     

双孢蘑菇不同菌株生物学特性的研究

比较研究了13株双孢蘑菇菌株的菌丝生长势、出菇性状、菌丝拮抗性、酯酶同工酶酶谱等。结果表明,13个菌株中表现出一定的遗传差异性,部分菌株为同物异名。Ag-004菌株菌丝生长势最强,日平均生长速度0.54 cm·d~(-1),23d长满试管;出菇试验表明棕色蘑菇品种表现出比白色蘑菇品种产量高、较耐低温和抗逆性强的特性。大多数菌株之间表现出一定的拮抗反应,少部分菌株间拮抗现象不明显。酯酶同工酶酶谱出现3个区域,Rf=0.1758、0.2424、0.7697为所有菌株共有,可能为双孢蘑菇酯酶同工酶的特征谱带,Rf=0.8060为白色蘑菇品种的酯酶同工酶的特征条带,而Rf=0.7151为2个棕色蘑菇菌株所有,在所有的白色品种中几乎没有,Rf=0.7151可能为棕色蘑菇菌株的特征谱带。     

黑木耳液体菌丝球长期保藏菌种性状研究

对保藏了21年的3个黑木耳菌株进行菌丝形态、菌株酶活力及菌株遗传特性进行研究,结果显示：保藏菌株经CPDA培养活化后,保藏21年菌丝生长速度与4℃保藏菌丝生长速度无差别；酶活性与4℃保藏菌种比较有一定的差别,不同菌株反映不同；酯酶同工酶研究表明不同方法保藏的菌株,其同工酶酶谱基本谱带无改变,但特征性谱带存在差异。     

粤北野生灵芝与栽培灵芝同工酶及可溶性蛋白的研究

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分别对粤北5株野生灵芝与9株栽培灵芝进行酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶及可溶性蛋白进行比较与分析,并通过聚类分析对比各菌株间的遗传差异性.结果表明:酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱在酶带数量和酶活性方面都表现出一定的差异;供试各菌株间可溶性蛋白差别不大.进一步采用两种同工酶综合聚类分析发现,14株菌株分为13类,野生灵芝菌株与栽培菌株之间差异较大;这也表明同工酶技术在灵芝分类、鉴定、和遗传标记等方面都具有参考作用,且粤北地区野生灵芝资源潜在较大的开发利用价值.     

继代培养对蛹虫草菌丝生长速度及酯酶同工酶的影响

以蛹虫草菌株为试材,通过垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和菌丝生长速度测定,对不同代次蛹虫草菌丝生长速度和菌株酯酶同工酶表现型进行比较分析,旨在寻找蛹虫草菌种退化机理。结果表明:不同代次蛹虫草的菌丝生长速度差异不显著,而酯酶同工酶酶谱发生较大变异。9个菌株共有3条迁移率不同的条带,分别为0.63、0.65和0.67,其中F1、F3、F4和F5代菌株出现第2、3条酶带,迁移率分别为0.65和0.67,而F2、F6、F7、F8、F9代菌株发生变异,迁移率为0.67的条带消失,菌株酶谱条带中产生了迁移率为0.63的新条带。     

蛹虫草遗传多样性分析

比较12个蛹虫草菌株菌丝生长特性、子实体农艺性状,分析其酯酶同工酶,研究蛹虫草菌株的遗传特性及亲缘关系.结果表明:12个蛹虫草菌株的菌丝生长速度、菌丝密度、菌丝形态有一定差异,匍匐状菌丝更有利于现蕾;农艺性状不同的菌株间其酯酶同工酶酶带也不同,子实体农艺性状差异大的菌株其亲缘关系较远.酯酶同工酶电泳技术为蛹虫草良种选育...     

基于酯酶同工酶的暗褐网柄牛肝菌遗传多样性分析

从云南、四川两省9个采样地共收集31个暗褐网柄牛肝菌(Phlebopus portentosus)子实体,通过组织分离获得菌株,分别利用固体、液体培养基培养菌丝体,对其进行酯酶同工酶分析,通过酶谱聚类分析研究分离菌株的遗传多样性。结果表明,固体培养的菌丝体共检出10个酯酶同工酶条带、21种酶谱类型,每个菌株具有2条~5条同工酶条带;液体培养菌丝体共检出11个同工酶条带、23种酶谱类型,每个菌株具有2条~6条同工酶条带;2种培养方式下所有菌株均检出一条相对迁移率R_f=0.13、相对分子质量为136 kDa的同工酶条带;不同培养方式相同菌株的酯酶同工酶酶谱存在较大差异。在遗传距离为0.220时,固体培养菌丝体的酯酶同工酶酶谱聚为9类,液体培养的聚为7类;在遗传距离为0.300时,2种培养方式的酶谱均聚为4类;聚类结果与地理来源无相关性。暗褐网柄牛肝菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,为后续种质资源保护、优良菌株筛选和种性鉴定等工作提供参考。     

冀南平菇菌种资源鉴定研究

从冀南菌种市场随机采集7个平菇菌株,对其进行了拮抗性检测及酯酶同工酶检测.结果表明:5个菌株在酶带数量、位置、颜色上存在差异,其拮抗性检测结果均产生拮抗线,具有拮抗性,表明它们为独立的不同菌株;有2个菌株拮抗性检测结果表现为拮抗,酯酶同工酶检测结果酶带主带位置、数量、颜色相同,辅带位置数量略有差异,表明它们为亲缘关系较近的2个菌株,证明2种检测方法对平菇菌株鉴定均有效.被检测的2家公司在平菇菌株命名上未有同物异名或一物多名现象.     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Similitude,similarity, and scaling

An exceptionally rich and colorful literature, drawn in almost equal parts from pure mathematics, from the sciences, and from the technologies, has grown up over the years, which bear in different ways on the topics under discussion. It is the intent of the present paper to survey this far-flung literature, point out some of the commonalities and interrelationships which underlie it, and briefly indicate how it has been and can be applied. To my knowledge, this kind of review has not been attempted before.     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Wetlands, carbon, and climate change

Wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, yet are natural sources of greenhouse gases emissions, especially methane. We illustrate that most wetlands, when carbon sequestration is compared to methane emissions, do not have 25 times more CO₂ sequestration than methane emissions; therefore, to many landscape managers and non specialists, most wetlands would be considered by some to be sources of climate warming or net radiative forcing. We show by dynamic modeling of carbon flux results from seven detailed studies by us of temperate and tropical wetlands and from 14 other wetland studies by others that methane emissions become unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and radiative sinks. Furthermore, we estimate that the world’s wetlands, despite being only about 5–8 % of the terrestrial landscape, may currently be net carbon sinks of about 830 Tg/year of carbon with an average of 118 g-C m^?2 year^?1 of net carbon retention. Most of that carbon retention occurs in tropical/subtropical wetlands. We demonstrate that almost all wetlands are net radiative sinks when balancing carbon sequestration and methane emissions and conclude that wetlands can be created and restored to provide C sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on the climate due to methane emissions.     

Up-regulation of mRNA expressions of fas,bcl-2, bim,bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and bcl2l12 in K562 treated with bortezomib

AIM: To detect the treatment of K562 leukemia cells with bortezomib altering the expression of genes fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3.METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the inhibition of proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V staining and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). RT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expressions of fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9.RESULTS: Bortezomib caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and IC50 of 24 h and 48 h were 161.41 nmol/L and 96.33 nmol/L, respectively. At the concentration of 104 nmol/L, bortezomib induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, including increasing annexin-V positivity and decreasing the Δψm. RT-PCR showed that bortezomib up-regulated the mRNA expression of fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 and caspase-3, but mRNA expressions of bcl-2, bim and bax did not changed obviously.CONCLUSION: Bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of K562 and induces apoptosis, in which fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 or caspase-3 gene is one of the main genes taking part in.     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。     

Principles for forcing tulips,hyacinths, daffodils,Easter lilies and Dutch irises

Systematic investigations on the forcing of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, Easter lilies and Dutch iris have produced a fairly complete set of scientific principles. In this review, these principles have been classified into a 3-phase concept of forcing. These are: production, programming, and greenhouse. The production phase is defined as all processes which occur during bulb production and it terminates with the harvesting of the bulbs. The programming phase comprises all handling of the bulbs from harvesting until they are placed under greenhouse conditions. The greenhouse phase is the accelerated development of the bulbs until anthesis or marketing of the plants. These phases have been discussed relative to floral and root development and the basic environmental requirements of the bulb species.