山体开挖面快速植被恢复的方法与效果比较

山体边坡开挖面快速植被恢复是一门新兴的边缘学科,厚层基材喷混植生方法在山体开挖面的生态防护特别是高陡岩质边坡的植被恢复中应用十分广泛,本文结合水利水电、高速公路等基础设施建设和房地产开发中造成的裸露边坡植被恢复与生态防护问题,介绍植被恢复的护坡原理、技术方案、植物组合配方的难点解决对策与效果比较。     

岩质边坡植被护坡技术在深圳的应用研究

在自然环境条件下,岩体(特别是硬岩)裸露难以依靠自然恢复岩面生态,而人工干预是岩质边坡生态恢复的有效技术途径。基于生态护坡技术和植被群落构建思想,根据边坡修复中采用不同的生态护坡技术和植物物种选择而呈现出多样的恢复效果,从边坡特点与护坡技术、植生基材设计与配比、植物配置和植被群落构建的关系等方面,对深圳岩质边坡人工生态恢复工程案例进行研究,以期对深化深圳边坡生态恢复工作、创新边坡生态恢复工程技术、提高工程设计水平具有促进作用;同时,也可以进一步丰富边坡植被恢复理论,完善边坡修复工程的实践经验。     

浙江舟山市岙山油库人工坡面植被恢复

以浙江舟山市定海岙山岛狗头颈南部的岙山油库人工坡面植被恢复为例,详细阐述了人工坡面植被恢复的区划、微地形划分及特征、植被恢复的依据、植被恢复使用的工艺方法,说明了人工坡面植被恢复技术在边坡工程中的应用;人工坡面植被恢复技术的研究,对开展生态植被恢复具有重要指导作用,对提高边坡防护与绿化水平有着十分重要的实践意义。     

边坡的生态恢复探析

因自然灾害以及公路、铁路、采矿等工程建设,导致许多边坡裸露。针对这些被破坏生态的边坡进行植被恢复保护已受到社会各界的高度重视。边坡的生态恢复技术对于恢复生态环境具有十分重要的意义。为此,简要阐述边坡的生态恢复原理及其植物类型的选择,进而浅探边坡生态恢复方法。     

矿山边坡植被恢复目标和方法探讨

矿山生态环境的状况和治理已经成为我国生态环境建设与发展的重要内容之一,其中,矿山边坡植被的恢复是矿山生态环境治理的主要目的。因此,本文将从植被恢复的概念着手,对矿山边坡植被恢复的目标进行阐述,并分析了如何恢复矿山边坡植被的方法,最后做出总结。     

承德中东部山区公路边坡类型划分及植物配置研究

基于公路边坡立地条件,对承德市中东部山区公路进行边坡类型划分,在此基础上进行植被配置研究,以提高公路边坡植被恢复措施的针对性和适应性。以承德市机场连接线为研究对象,将承德中东部山区公路边坡按坡面组成、坡度和坡向3个因子划分为土石混合斜、陡阳边坡,岩质斜阳边坡,土石混合斜、陡阴边坡和岩质斜阴边坡4种类型。通过对乡土植物和同类型公路边坡植被恢复调查,筛选出乡土植物和绿化经验植物共12种,用于研究区公路边坡植被恢复。遵循适地适树基本原理,基于物种Pearson相关分析与关联性检验,对区域内不同类型公路边进行植被恢复植物种类搭配,提高公路边坡植被恢复的科学性和合理性。     

海岛矿山生态修复边坡植物多样性分析

通过对舟山市16个修复边坡进行植被恢复状况的调查,分析了其边坡植物的多样性。结果表明:恢复时间较长、矿区的土壤基质良好,水分条件充足,矿区周围原生植被较好的地点植被恢复后的植物种类丰富度较高。舟山市边坡复绿植物种类较多,其中种数最多的是禾本科,其次是豆科、菊科、木犀科、蔷薇科、山茶科、樟科、苦木科。从群落组成结构看,主要形成了以马棘、紫穗槐等灌木为优势种的乔灌草植物群落结构。草本、木本植物的均匀度都较高,木本植物的多样性和丰富度较草本的高。结合植被调查和植物多样性分析的结果,针对海岛特殊的气候环境提出了海岛边坡修复植物选择原则,同时,类比与海岛边坡类似条件下生长良好的植物,建立了几种植物配置模式,为同类型的边坡绿化植物的选择提供参考。     

高速公路边坡喷播绿化施工技术研究

高速公路修建时大规模的挖方边坡对沿线的自然环境和景观将产生负面影响,可能导致一系列不良后果,如水土流失,植物群落被破坏,景观质量下降等。为缓解这些不利影响,本着因地制宜,切实可行,经济有效,景观优美的原则,采用草灌结合的植被护坡技术,力求使道路沿线的自然景观得到恢复和再造,以满足环境保护的需要。边坡喷播绿化基材改善了边坡的生态环境条件。通过向坡面喷射有机基材(由土壤、有机质、肥料、水泥、保水剂等混合干料加水搅拌后用特制液压喷射机械将基材喷射到岩面),使原来不能生长植物的岩石坡面,有了植物生长的基盘,再向基盘喷播植物种子,在人工养护之下将恢复岩石边坡的自然植被,使单调的边坡形成绿色植被,最大限度恢复自然景观的现代设计理念,达到环保的目的。本文主要是讲述在高速公路岩石边坡挂镀锌铁丝网液压客土喷播绿化施工技术方面的研究。     

三维排水柔性生态边坡工程初探

随着我国工业化水平进程的加快,生态环境破坏也日益严重。本文以园林绿化工程中的边坡绿化为对象,重点介绍了三维排水柔性生态边坡技术的优点及应用。该技术可快速建造植被,并与周边植被快速融合,有利于生态系统快速恢复,有利于将边坡环境迅速还原成自然状态,,促进景观的整体协调统一。     

道路边坡植被护坡技术应用探析

<正>植被护坡是利用植被涵水固土的原理稳定岩土边坡同时美化生态环境的技术,是涉及岩体工程、恢复生态学、植物学、土壤肥料学等多学科于一体的综合工程技术,其防护设计合理与否直接关系到工程的控制效果与成败。植物根系的锚固作用,体现在其提供的抗滑力上。目前,国内对公路岩石边坡的植被防护研究仍处     

植被护坡研究进展

植被护坡具有美化环境、防止水土流失、成本低、促进生态平衡等优点,具有广阔的发展前景。综合国内外的一些研究成果,从植被护坡机理、护坡植物选择、植被护坡技术应用等几个方面加以概述,探讨植被护坡的发展方向。     

植被和坡度对边坡稳定性的影响分析

边坡工程的稳定性问题是岩土工程的主要研究内容之一。随着我国经济、科技水平的不断发展和进步,人们对边坡稳定性的研究是从早期通过长期的观测统计出数据,慢慢发展到现在采用模拟试验来完成研究。边坡稳定性分析和评价是边坡工程研究的核心,在研究中人们发现:不同坡度对于边坡的稳定性有着不同程度的影响。本试验就从不同坡度条件下,有无植被2种坡度在降雨条件下进行研究分析。     

Error assessment in decision-tree models applied to vegetation analysis

Methods were developed to evaluate the performance of a decision-tree model used to predict landscape-level patterns of potential forest vegetation in central New York State. The model integrated environmental databases and knowledge on distribution of vegetation. Soil and terrain decision-tree variables were derived by processing state-wide soil geographic databases and digital terrain data. Variables used as model inputs were soil parent material, soil drainage, soil acidity, slope position, slope gradient, and slope azimuth. Landscapescale maps of potential vegetation were derived through sequential map overlay operations using a geographic information system (GIS). A verification sample of 276 field plots was analyzed to determine: (1) agreement between GIS-derived estimates of decision-tree variables and direct field measurements, (2) agreement between vegetation distributions predicted using GIS-derived estimates and using field observations, (3) effect of misclassification costs on prediction agreement, (4) influence of particular environmental variables on model predictions, and (5) misclassification rates of the decision-tree model. Results indicate that the prediction model was most sensitive to drainage and slope gradient, and that the imprecision of the input data led to a high frequency of incorrect predictions of vegetation. However, in many cases of misclassification the predicted vegetation was similar to that of the field plots so that the cost of errors was less than expected from the misclassification rate alone. Moreover, since common vegetation types were more accurately predicted than rare types, the model appears to be reasonably good at predicting vegetation for a randomly selected plot in the landscape. The error assessment methodology developed for this study provides a useful approach for determining the accuracy and sensitivity of landscape-scale environmental models, and indicates the need to develop appropriate field sampling procedures for verifying the predictions of such models.     

A model of arctic tundra vegetation derived from topographic gradients

We present a topographically-derived vegetation model (TVM) that predicts the landscape patterns of arctic vegetation types in the foothills of the Brooks Range in northern Alaska. In the Arctic there is a strong relationship between water and plant structure and function and TVM is based on the relationships between vegetation types and slope (tan ) and discharge (), two independent variables that can be easily derived from digital terrain data. Both slope and discharge relate to hydrological similarity within a landscape: slope determines the gravitational hydrological gradient and hence influences flow velocity, whereas discharge patterns are computed based on upslope area and quantify lateral flow amount. TVM was developed and parameterized based on vegetation data from a small 2.2 km² watershed and its application was tested in a larger 22km² region. For the watershed, TVM performed quite well, having a high spatial resolution and a goodness-of-fit ranging from 71–78&percnt;, depending on the functions used. For the larger region, the strength of the vegetation types predictions drops somewhat to between 56–59&percnt;. We discuss the various sources of error and limitations of the model for purposes of extrapolation.     

白马雪山保护区松茸生长状况定点观测研究

通过连续4年对白马雪山保护区松茸子实体发生及生长状况进行监测,监测内容包括子实体发生数量、生长周期、空间位置变化,并此基础上分析了坡度、坡向、植被类型、降雨量与松茸子实体发生及生长状况的关系。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-Diversity and vegetation structure as influenced by slope aspect and altitude in a seasonally dry tropical landscape

Topography strongly affects the distribution of insolation in the terrain. Patterns of incoming solar radiation affect energy and water balances within a landscape, resulting in changes in vegetation attributes. Unlike other regions, in seasonally dry tropical forest areas the potential contribution of topography-related environmental heterogeneity to β-diversity is unclear. In Mt. Cerro Verde (Oaxaca), S. Mexico, we: (1) modelled potential energy income for N- and S-facing slopes based on a digital elevation model, (2) examined the response of vegetation structure to slope aspect and altitude and (3) related variations in plant diversity to topography-related heterogeneity. Vegetation survey and modelling of potential energy income (SOLEI-32 model) were based on 30 plots equally distributed among three altitudinal belts defined for each slope of the mountain; combining the three altitudinal belts and the two slopes produced six environmental groups, represented by five vegetation plots each. Potential energy income was about 20% larger on the S than on the N slope (9,735 versus 8,138 MJ/m²), but it did not vary with altitude. In addition, the temporal behaviour of potential energy income throughout the year differed greatly between slopes. Vegetation structure did not show significant changes linked to the environmental gradients analysed, but altitude and aspect did affect β-diversity. We argue that the classic model of slope aspect effect on vegetation needs reconsideration for tropical landscapes. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.     

十种藤本植物边坡适应性研究

对边坡10种藤本植物的移栽成活率、植被覆盖度、萌蘖性能、苗长等性状进行了研究.结果表明:10种植物都能适合边坡条件,其中地枇杷、爬山虎、扶芳藤在边坡环境下表现最优,其次为薜荔、常春油麻藤.由此表明,地枇杷、扶芳藤适宜在边坡生长,具有较高的推广价值.     

京津冀地区矿山排渣场植被演替规律

植被自然恢复演替过程对矿山废弃地人工辅助植被恢复设计与实施效果评价均具有重要的借鉴价值。为了探索京津冀地区矿山排渣场植被演替规律，以京津冀地区典型矿山为例，运用典型样地和样方法，在详细调查获取数据的基础上，分析矿山排渣场自然恢复50年内的植物多样性变化特征。结果表明：当年内植物多样性指数变化呈波浪状，先增加后减少，然后再增加；先锋植物为一年生草本植物，植物种群从藜→蒿草；植物种群变化可划分为6个阶段：一年生草本阶段→多年生草本阶段→灌草阶段→灌木阶段→灌木与林木混合阶段→林木阶段。可见，矿山排渣场植被自然恢复具有较强的规律性，基于植物自然演替规律，首年内宜种植一年生草本类植物，有利于促进矿山废弃地植被恢复进程。