基于光谱信息的作物氮素营养诊断研究进展

快速、准确地进行作物氮素营养诊断,有助于管理者及时、有效地采取相应的应对措施,既保障作物的高产量,又有效地管控、减少化肥施用量。由于作物氮素营养状况直接影响着作物的光谱信息,因此以作物光谱信息为依据进行作物氮素营养诊断极具潜力。对当前基于光谱信息进行作物氮素营养诊断的3种方法(便携式叶绿素仪法、高光谱遥感诊断法和数字图像分析诊断法)进行了综述,介绍了各个方法的原理、特点和研究进展,并对未来基于光谱信息的作物氮素营养诊断进行了展望。     

农情信息智能感知及解析的研究进展

现代农业中,农业生产者需要实时、准确、全面地了解农田环境和农作物的生长状态,并对得到的农田信息数据做出相应分析、归纳和决策。农情信息智能感知和解析技术在现代农业生产中具有不可替代的地位。本文从农情智能感知和信息解析技术2个方面展开论述,重点分析了国内外农业物联网农情信息智能感知技术和基于大数据分析的农情解析方法研究进展,详细介绍了基于农情信息的智能决策技术在农机装备智能化应用的研究现状,总结了目前农用传感器应用存在的问题,并对今后在农情感知、信息解析技术、农业数据库技术以及智能决策技术方面的发展提出了建议,以期为智慧农业的深入发展提供参考。     

Use of soil moisture data for refined GreenSeeker sensor based nitrogen recommendations in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Previous studies have shown the importance of soil moisture (SM) in estimating crop yield potential (YP). The sensor based nitrogen (N) rate calculator (SBNRC) developed by Oklahoma State University utilizes the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the in-season estimated yield (INSEY) as the estimate of biomass to assess YP and to generate N recommendations based on estimated crop need. The objective was to investigate whether including the SM parameter into SBNRC could help to increase the accuracy of YP prediction and improve N rate recommendations. Two experimental sites (Lahoma and Perkins) in Oklahoma were established in 2006/07 and 2007/08. Wheat spectral reflectance was measured using a GreenSeeker? 505 hand-held optical sensor (N-Tech Industries, Ukiah, CA). Soil–water content measured with matric potential 229-L sensors (Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT) was used to determine volumetric water content and fractional water index. The relationships between NDVI, INSEY and SM indices at planting and sensing at 5, 25, 60 and 75-cm depths versus grain yield (GY) were evaluated. Wheat GY, NDVI at Feekes 5 and soil WC at planting and as sensed at three depths were also analyzed for eight consecutive growing seasons (1999–2006) for Lahoma. Incorporation of SM into NDVI and INSEY calculations resulted in equally good prediction of wheat GY for all site-years. This indicates that NDVI alone was able to account for the lack of SM information and thus lower crop YP. Soil moisture data, especially at the time of sensing at the 5-cm depth could assist in refining winter wheat YP prediction.     

基于改进SHIPP模型的大型原油库区事故风险预测

隐患、未遂事故及无伤亡事故等异常事件是重大事故的早期预警和征兆,此类事件发生频率高,通过建立事故模型识别及纠正事件中的不安全因素能够有效预防重大事故发生。结合油库工艺特点和事故特征,对系统危害辨识、预测及预防(System Hazard Identification,Prediction and Prevention,SHIPP)模型改进,建立基于安全屏障的油库事故模型。采用故障树和事件树相结合的方式构建原因-后果关系模型,将故障树和事件树映射为贝叶斯网络以表征不确定性和条件依赖性。针对新的证据信息,通过贝叶斯网络更新机制实施概率更新;基于贝叶斯理论对现场异常事件数据进行经验学习,降低先验概率的不确定性,实现对油库事故的动态风险预测。对某油库算例分析结果表明,库区发生物质和能量释放的概率较大,整体安全性能趋于退化,应加强安全检查和隐患排查的力度。研究成果可为大型油库风险预测和事故预防提供科学指导和决策支持。     

Replicability of nitrogen recommendations from ramped calibration strips in winter wheat

Ramped calibration strips have been suggested as a way for grain producers to determine nitrogen needs more accurately. The strips use incrementally increasing levels of nitrogen and enable producers to conduct an experiment in each field to determine nitrogen needs. This study determines whether predictions from the program Ramp Analyzer 1.2 are replicable in Oklahoma hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Predictions are derived from 36 individual strips from on-farm experiments—two pairs of adjacent strips at each of nine winter wheat fields in Canadian County, OK. The two pairs of strips within each field were between 120 and 155 m apart. Each strip was analyzed three times during the 2006–2007 growing season. Nitrogen recommendations from Ramp Analyzer 1.2 are not correlated even for strips that were placed side by side, and recommendations from strips in the same field show no more homogeneity than randomly selected strips throughout the county. The results indicate that ramped calibration strips are unlikely to produce accurate nitrogen requirement predictions at any spatial scale, whether at the county level or for subsections of a single field. In contrast, a procedure that uses only measures from the plot with no nitrogen and the plot with the highest level of nitrogen applied does show replicability. Thus, improvements in the ramped calibration strip technology are needed if it is to become viable.     

基于〝3S〞技术的县级土地利用现状更新调查

为保持县级土地利用数据的现势性,基于“3S”技术研究了土地利用现状更新的方法。首先对遥感影像数据进行预处理和计算机自动分类,将自动分类结果、土地利用现状图和DOM叠加,利用人机交互解译的方法提取变化信息;然后,在GPS引导下进行实地调绘,将调绘结果录入土地利用数据库,并运用GIS空间分析方法更新土地利用现状。经过研究,利用“3S”技术更新县级土地利用现状数据是可行的。还对其中部分关键问题进行了讨论,并得出结论,整个数据更新是个系统工程,要通力配合,尤其注意外业调查与影像处理精度和解译精度。     

基于贝叶斯网络数据挖掘的蔬菜质量安全分析

蔬菜是人们日常生活的必须品,也是容易出现质量安全问题的产品。影响蔬菜质量安全的一个重要因素就是农药残留问题。以蔬菜农药残留检测数据为对象,利用贝叶斯网络进行数据挖掘,得到不同品种蔬菜的农药残留含量分布,以及同一品种在不同时间的分布趋势,经过可信度分析,该结论可信。该结果可为蔬菜的生产者、消费者以及监管人员提供一定的决策依据。     

以HJ-CCD影像为基础的冬小麦孕穗期关键苗情参数遥感定量反演

【目的】应用卫星遥感数据可以及时获取大田种植作物“面状”苗情信息,准确反映作物群体苗情状况及其趋势,服务于产量预报和实际生产。进一步深化冬小麦关键期苗情遥感反演机理与方法,为大田种植管理提供及时信息。【方法】结合2011-2013年定点观测试验,以环境减灾卫星HJ-CCD数据为遥感影像源,着重研究样本实验区孕穗期冬小麦关键苗情参数与籽粒品质参数和产量间及其与卫星遥感变量间的定量关系,进一步增强遥感反演的机理性和重演性,与地面实测结果一起建立模型共同分析,提高遥感反演的定量化水平和可信度;以相关性最高为原则,筛选反演孕穗期冬小麦叶面积指数、生物量、SPAD以及叶片含氮量的敏感卫星遥感变量,并以2013年数据为建模样本、2011年和2012年数据为验证样本,分别构建及评价基于HJ-CCD影像遥感变量孕穗期叶面积指数、生物量、SPAD和叶片含氮量监测模型。【结果】冬小麦处于孕穗期,植被衰减指数（PSRI）可作为反演冬小麦叶面积指数、SPAD和叶片含氮量的敏感遥感变量,比值植被指数（RVI）可作为反演冬小麦生物量的敏感遥感变量,所构建的遥感反演模型是可靠的,且精度较高,尤其利用PSRI反演叶片含氮量最可靠。模型的决定系数（R²）分别为0.651、0.585、0.630和0.675,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为1.344、4.62、0.618%和2 804.3 kg·hm^-2。以此为依据,为表征该研究的实际农学意义,对冬小麦不同等级的关键苗情参数进行遥感反演并制图分析,从而量化表达了冬小麦关键苗情参数区域空间分布,不仅有助于制定冬小麦田间补救措施和水肥资源调配方案,而且为农业政策的制订和粮食贸易提供决策依据。【结论】构建的冬小麦孕穗期关键苗情参数遥感反演模型是可行的,为大田生产提供了一种快速、便捷、费用低廉的大面积作物苗情参数提取方法,可支持农业研究者、涉农部门领导和种植管理者获取及时有效的农情信息。     

多特征融合的道路车辆检测方法

建立了当贝叶斯风险一定时,发送时间与干扰之间关系的模型.在此基础上,提出了2种满足干扰约束的算法,单用户感知模式下最大化系统吞吐量时的帧长设计算法和多用户合作感知模式下基于纽曼-皮尔逊准则的帧长设计算法.仿真结果表明,同已有算法相比,由于帧长的优化,即使贝叶斯风险较大,新算法也能取得相对较优的吞吐量.     

高分辨率卫星影像在城市数字地图更新中的应用

随着卫星影像分辨率的不断提高、影像信息的极大丰富 ,使得遥感数据应用于城市测绘成为可能 .该文概要介绍了高分辨率卫星影像在城市测绘中的最新应用 ,着重介绍了影像数据的纠正及利用正射影像更新 1∶10 0 0 0地形图数据的制作方法和生产工艺     

基于氮素运转原理和GRA-PLS算法的冬小麦籽粒蛋白质含量遥感预测

【目的】及时、有效地预测籽粒蛋白质含量,能够为优质小麦品种的收购和加工提供科学合理的决策支持信息。本研究从籽粒蛋白质形成的氮素运转规律出发,研究冬小麦籽粒蛋白质遥感预测的可行性及在区域与年际间的扩展性,为高分辨率遥感卫星进行大面积蛋白质预测提供理论依据。【方法】利用2012-2013年4个冬小麦品种×4个氮肥梯度的试验数据和地面高光谱数据进行建模;基于小麦籽粒蛋白质形成的氮素运转机理,通过分析籽粒氮素累积量的两个主要来源及其之间的比例关系,重点抓住开花前的植株氮素累积量再运转这一主要来源,而灌浆期根际的氮素直接吸收则通过其与前者的比例关系来确定,通过相关农学参数模型的耦合,同时加入温度影响因子对籽粒氮素运转的影响,初步阐明了利用开花期小麦叶片氮含量可以预测籽粒蛋白质含量的应用机理;然后选择与叶片氮含量相关的植被指数,利用灰色关联分析-偏最小二乘算法（GRA-PLS）选择与叶片氮含量关联度较高的植被指数并进行小麦叶片氮含量的估算,通过与氮素运转模型的耦合构建了基于氮素运转原理的籽粒蛋白质含量遥感预测模型;最后利用2009-2010年的品种×播期×肥料试验和2012-2013年的其他品种氮肥处理试验进行验证。【结果】（1）通过GRA方法对叶片氮含量和植被指数间的关联度进行计算,选择关联度较大的前5个植被指数进行叶片氮含量建模,其植被指数分别为mND705、NDVIcanste、Readone、DCNI和NDCI;（2）通过PLS方法构建的叶片氮含量模型,建模结果的预测值与实测值的决定系数（R2）和均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.859和0.257%,验证结果的R2和RMSE分别为0.726和0.063%,利用GRA-PLS方法估算叶片氮素含量具有较好的稳定性;（3）构建的蛋白质预测模型,建模结果和验证结果的预测值与实测值的R2和RMSE分别为0.713、1.30%和0.609、1.19%,预测模型具有较高的精度与可靠性。【结论】基于氮素运转规律构建的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量遥感预测模型,可以作为应用开花期遥感信息来预测籽粒蛋白质含量的机理性解释,初步实现了本研究区域和年际间的籽粒蛋白质含量预测,具有一定的应用前景。     

黑龙江省森林防火地理信息辅助决策支持系统设计

为实现我国最大林区森林火灾的准确预测预报和快速扑火,黑龙江省森林防火地理信息决策支持系统以先进的计算机、遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统等技术为手段,集地理信息、森林资源信息和防火专题信息为一体,实现了森林防火信息管理与更新,火情监测与定位,森林火险天气预测预报,火险等级预测预报,林火行为预测、模拟和仿真,森林防扑火应急指挥,森林防扑火方案辅助决策,扑火力量GPS实时监控与现场指挥,以及森林火灾损失评估等多项功能.为省级防火部门进行宏观管理,分析决策提供多要素、多层次、多功能、多时态的空间信息服务.其目的是实现森林防火指挥快速化、决策科学化、调度实时化和防火信息资源化.     

基于遗传算法改进 BP 神经网络的遥感影像分类研究

遥感影像分类是遥感信息提取的重要手段,是目前遥感技术中的热点研究内容,有效地选择合适的分类方法是提高遥感影像分类精度的关键。BP神经网络具有收敛快和自学习、自适应性强的特点。在遥感图像分类中,BP神经网络能充分利用样本集的信息,自动建立分类模型,但由于BP神经网络的权值和阀值能直接影响BP神经网络模型的分类精度,因此该研究通过遗传算法来确定BP神经网络的最优权值和阀值,从而提高BP神经网络的分类精度。以LandsatTM遥感图像作为数据源,以长江中游一武汉市为研究地区,建立了基于BP神经网络模型的遥感分类模型和基于遗传算法改进BP神经网络模型的分类模型,对分类结果进行了定量分析。结果表明：在样本相同的情况下,基于遗传算法改进BP神经网络的遥感影像分类精度要高于BP神经网络的遥感影像分类精度。     

基于土地利用的遥感影像协同式解译

从人工解译到半自动解译,再到智能化解译,遥感影像解译的理论和方法不断发展。基于遥感影像的土地利用更新调查中,需要进行影像解译以识别各种土地类型,虽然采用了土地利用信息的智能化解译方法,但土地利用分类的精度有限,仍需人为参与解译工作,并充分利用土地利用现状数据库的资料辅助解译,形成土地利用协同式解译,以提高土地利用分类的精度。利用2005年武汉市南湖地区的SPOT影像和土地利用现状数据库的信息进行土地利用协同式解译,结果表明:土地利用协同式解译能很好地提高遥感影像的解译精度。     

一种基于地理信息服务平台的小麦种植面积变化监测方法研究

快速、准确地监测全国粮食主产区小麦种植面积的变化情况,可以为政府有关部门进行农业决策提供信息支持。采用布设地面样方的方法监测小麦种植面积,利用现有的地理信息公共服务平台,结合遥感信息技术,探讨了一种作物面积遥感监测的新方法。通过与农业部小麦种植面积遥感监测成果资料进行对比分析,验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。     

植物氮素营养诊断的进展与展望

根据植物氮素营养诊断的发展脉络,总结了化学诊断和无损测试技术的主要内容,重点阐述了植株硝酸盐快速诊断、叶绿素仪和遥感技术在作物氮素营养诊断及氮肥推荐中的应用原理、优缺点以及发展现状,提出可将叶绿素仪和遥感技术结合使用、利用叶绿素荧光技术诊断植物氮素营养以及将植物氮素营养诊断技术应用于森林生态系统健康和生态系统服务功能的评估。     

基于"3S"技术的通河县土地利用变更调查方法研究

"3S"技术具有快速、准时地采集、存储管理、更新、分析、应用数据的能力,可在较短时间内利用较少的人力、财力掌握资源的基本情况."3S"技术的集成系统构成了动态的对地观测体系,特别是高分辨率遥感技术和GIS的快速发展,为土地利用更新调查提供了坚实的技术支撑.为保持县级土地利用数据的现实性,本文以通河县为例,研究了在"3S"技术支持下的土地利用更新调查方法.     

Spectral and thermal sensing for nitrogen and water status in rainfed and irrigated wheat environments

Variable-rate technologies and site-specific crop nutrient management require real-time spatial information about the potential for response to in-season crop management interventions. Thermal and spectral properties of canopies can provide relevant information for non-destructive measurement of crop water and nitrogen stresses. In previous studies, foliage temperature was successfully estimated from canopy-scale (mixed foliage and soil) temperatures and the multispectral Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI) was effective in measuring canopy-scale N status in rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems in Horsham, Victoria, Australia. In the present study, results showed that under irrigated wheat systems in Maricopa, Arizona, USA, the theoretical derivation of foliage temperature unmixing produced relationships similar to those in Horsham. Derivation of the CCCI led to an r ² relationship with chlorophyll a of 0.53 after Zadoks stage 43. This was later than the relationship (r ² = 0.68) developed for Horsham after Zadoks stage 33 but early enough to be used for potential mid-season N fertilizer recommendations. Additionally, ground-based hyperspectral data estimated plant N (g kg⁻¹) in Horsham with an r ² = 0.86 but was confounded by water supply and N interactions. By combining canopy thermal and spectral properties, varying water and N status can potentially be identified eventually permitting targeted N applications to those parts of a field where N can be used most efficiently by the crop.     

Winter wheat identification by integrating spectral and temporal information derived from multi-resolution remote sensing data

Timely crop acreage and distribution information are the basic data which drive many agriculture related applications. For identifying crop types based on remote sensing, methods using only a single image type have significant limitations. Current research that integrates fine and coarser spatial resolution images, using techniques such as unmixing methods, regression models, and others, usually results in coarse resolution abundance without sufficient detail within pixels, and limited attention has been paid to the spatial relationship between the pixels from these two kinds of images. Here we propose a new solution to identify winter wheat by integrating spectral and temporal information derived from multi-resolution remote sensing data and determine the spatial distribution of sub-pixels within the coarse resolution pixels. Firstly, the membership of pixels which belong to winter wheat is calculated using a 25-m resolution resampled Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image based on the Bayesian equation. Then, the winter wheat abundance (acreage fraction in a pixel) is assessed by using a multiple regression model based on the unique temporal change features from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series data. Finally, winter wheat is identified by the proposed Abundance-Membership (AM) model based on the spatial relationship between the two types of pixels. Specifically, winter wheat is identified by comparing the spatially corresponding 10×10 membership pixels of each abundance pixel. In other words, this method takes advantage of the relative size of membership in a local space, rather than the absolute size in the entire study area. This method is tested in the major agricultural area of Yiluo Basin, China, and the results show that acreage accuracy (Aa) is 93.01% and sampling accuracy (As) is 91.40%. Confusion matrix shows that overall accuracy (OA) is 91.4% and the kappa coefficient (Kappa) is 0.755. These values are significantly improved compared to the traditional Maximum Likelihood classification (MLC) and Random Forest classification (RFC) which rely on spectral features. The results demonstrate that the identification accuracy can be improved by integrating spectral and temporal information. Since the identification of winter wheat is performed in the space corresponding to each MODIS pixel, the influence of differences of environmental conditions is greatly reduced. This advantage allows the proposed method to be effectively applied in other places.